Información del artículo
Los hospitales son lugares donde los antimicrobianos ejercen una alta presión selectiva. Por este motivo, las bacterias que producen infecciones hospitalarias necesitan ser no sólo virulentas, sino también resistentes a los antimicrobianos. En esta revisión analizamos el efecto que tiene la adquisición de un fenotipo de resistencia a los antimicrobianos sobre el fitness y la virulencia bacteriana. Además de ello, revisamos la existencia de mecanismos comunes a la virulencia bacteriana y a la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. En esta línea, se hace especial hincapié en el papel que tienen los sistemas de bombeo múltiple de drogas sobre la virulencia bacteriana. Dado que los patógenos oportunistas tienen con frecuencia un origen medioambiental, se discute también el papel que tienen los ecosistemas naturales, y su eventual contaminación, en la selección de bacterias resistentes a los antimicrobianos.
Palabras clave:
Antimicrobianos
Resistencia
Virulencia
Bombas de expulsión activa
Hospitals are places with high selective pressure by antimicrobial agents. For this reason, bacteria producing nosocomial infections need to be not only virulent, but also resistant to antimicrobial agents. In the present review we analyse the effect of the acquisition of an antibiotic resistance phenotype in bacterial fitness and virulence. Besides that, we review as well the existence of common mechanisms for resistance to antimicrobial agents and bacterial virulence. In this line, we highlight the role of multidrug efflux pumps on bacterial virulence. Since opportunistic pathogens frequently have an environmental origin, we also discuss the role of natural ecosystems, as well as their potential contamination, on the selection of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents.
Key words:
Antimicrobial agents
Resistance
Virulence
Efflux pumps
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