Family resilience minimizes post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review

Wakhid, Abdul; Hamid, Achir Yani S.
doi:10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.01.002
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the period 2010&#8211;2018&#44; there were 17&#44;103 disaster events with more than 18 million victims&#44; both dead&#44; injured&#44; suffering and displaced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> A total of 335 people died as a result of the disaster&#44; 969 people were injured&#44; and surprisingly&#44; there were 3&#46;22 million people were displaced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It was still remembered Aceh tsunami disaster in 2004&#46; Recently&#44; earthquake in Lombok&#44; then Palu&#44; and last tsunami in Sunda strait&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Understanding traumatic stress in individuals is interesting to find various ways to survive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The trauma brought fear and disturbance&#44; feel anxious&#44; even after the cessation of the disaster&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Young people were more likely to be affected by disasters than adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Resilience is an important concept in mental health theory and research to affect people&#39;s capacity or ability to anticipate&#44; prepare&#44; respond&#44; and recover quickly from the impact of the disaster&#46; The main purpose of this review is to investigate family resilience in the context of disaster&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study critically examines&#44; evaluate&#44; and synthesize literature on resilience and related constructs in family caregiving and family resilience were the support of our systematic review&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A systematic search on 5 electronic databases was published between 2014 and 2018 was performed using Proquest&#44; MEDLINE&#44; CINAHL&#44; Science Direct&#44; and Springer Link&#46; The keywords research is&#58; &#8216;family resilience&#8217;&#44; &#8216;disaster&#8217;&#44; and &#8216;Posttraumatic stress disorder&#8217;&#46; The search was limited to English language and quantitative method&#46; Studies selected for inclusion examined aspects of resilience among families with post-traumatic syndrome distress including &#40;a&#41; a subjective &#40;qualitative&#41; or objective appraisal of changes since disaster &#40;longitudinal data&#41;&#59; or &#40;b&#41; standardized scores&#44; clinically meaningful categorization of families &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; based on cut-scores&#41;&#44; or a comparison with norms or control groups&#46; Included studies investigated family or family members who experienced post-traumatic syndrome distress&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A three-phased screening process was used&#46; Firstly&#44; the authors found 823 articles from the search&#46; 14 articles were removed due to duplication&#46; Secondly&#44; titles of the 809 articles were reviewed&#46; 122 articles were included in the next step&#46; Thirdly&#44; the first author reviewed abstracts of the 122 studies&#46; Fourthly&#44; the author reviewed eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria of 27 articles&#46; Articles were included for further review if they dealt with the disaster&#44; family resilience and post-traumatic syndrome distress in human populations&#46; Finally&#44; 11 articles were included in this study &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first and second authors extracted data from the 11 articles in a systematic and standardized way&#44; summarizing study characteristics and general findings&#46; All studies were coded and then analyzed the relationship related to disaster variables&#44; family resilience&#44; and PTSD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Part I&#58; characteristics of the studies in the review</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The all the reviewed studies were quantitative&#44; with most studies used cross-sectional study &#40;54&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; used systematic review &#40;18&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; and used quasi-experiment&#44; used descriptive-analytic and used cohort study each 9&#46;1&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#58; 1&#47;443&#59; 51&#37;&#41;&#59; 41&#37; used qualitative methods &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> 1&#47;435&#59; marked in text with QL&#41;&#44; and the rest used mixed methods designs &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> 1&#47;47&#59; 8&#37;&#59; marked in text with mix&#41;&#46; The sample size varied from 52 to 3315 families&#46; A wide variety of time since the disaster was included in the studies&#44; between after 12 months to 12&#46;4 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Part II&#58; narrative summary of studies that have been reviewed</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A narrative review was found based on four aspects of family function&#44; namely&#58; conflict&#44; communication&#44; family support&#44; and resilience promoting the program&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conflict</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vulnerable traumatic experiences cause conflict between family members&#44; families with others due to inaccuracies in discussing traumatic events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The results of the study found that conflict occurred due to negative interactions with family members can be the cause and consequences of PTSD symptoms experienced a conflict of 18&#37; of respondents&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the one hand&#44; negative interactions with family members can reflect the current family situation which is characterized by chronic conflict and difficult interpersonal relationships due to family member conflicts&#46; Exacerbation of PTSD symptoms tends to lead to tension&#44; disagreements&#44; and conflicts in personal relationships&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Communication</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Communication is the ability to convey and accept opinions to others&#46; Communication affects family toughness by 9&#37;&#46; Improving positive communication skills to family members can also facilitate system change&#46; Strong families will maintain or improve communication in the family in response to disasters and their communication patterns will be open&#44; clear and effective&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This communication construct was discussed in two quantitative studies&#46; The results of the study found that the lack of communication between family members had the opportunity to increase the incidence of PTSD in families after 14 months of experiencing a disaster&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Communication between people is the key to the success of handling problems&#46; The presence of all vulnerable people&#44; including children&#44; women&#44; the elderly&#44; and people with disabilities in the learning period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Family support</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Family support can be demonstrated by various forms of support&#44; psychological support and social support of 54&#46;5&#37;&#46; Family resilience involves more than managing stressful conditions&#44; carrying burdens&#44; or surviving an ordeal&#47;exams they experience&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Families with resilience are expected to maintain or increase support in response to disasters&#46; Family support is discussed in four quantitative studies&#46; The beneficial effects of social support in maintaining mental health regardless of stressful experiences have in line with these findings&#44; less perceived social support was&#44; relative to the resilient class&#44; associated with membership in the PTSD and high distress class&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> There was an association between utilization of psychosocial support and experiencing earthquake-related PTSD symptoms was significant who received psychosocial support were experiencing earthquake-related PTSD symptoms 2 months post-disaster&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Social support obtained by victims of the earthquake after 6 years showed surprising results&#44; that 46&#37; received low social support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Resilience promoting program</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study found that 3 studies reported that families of disaster victims needed support to increase disaster preparedness to prevent depression and PTSD &#40;27&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; The intervention programs used different approaches &#40;positive psychology techniques&#44; CBT&#44; transformational coping&#44; acceptance and commitment therapy&#44; mindfulness&#44; interpersonal therapy&#44; attention and interpretation therapy&#44; relaxation and diaphragmatic breathing&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These findings replicate previous results of the study who also found a four-class solution with very similar symptom profiles as the optimal fit for their data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Findings of both studies&#44; therefore&#44; indicate that among people exposed to trauma and loss&#44; subgroups are separable both by symptom severity and dominance of a particular syndrome &#40;e&#46;g&#46; some with PTSD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The psychosocial support system has a very important role in protecting individuals against disasters and their effects&#46; The family-based approach is one of the important approaches to implementing psychosocial support programs in disasters&#46; In this approach&#44; the family&#39;s desire to control and manage crises is the main focus in education that supports the family&#39;s role in dealing with psychosocial problems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Exploration of the effects of interventions reveals that participation increases disaster preparedness decreases depression and symptoms associated with PTSD and increases awareness to help others in a social context&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Resilience promoting programs determined with certain output by the target&#44; including building awareness to help other people&#44; sharing information about disaster preparedness&#44; and establishing self-copying mechanisms&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the authors acknowledge and understand individual resilience&#44; little is known about family resilience after the experience of facing disasters&#46; To advance this field of research&#44; subsequent work must be theory-based&#44; match measurement indicators with indicators of interest &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; include all family members&#41;&#44; and use appropriate statistical methods to collect data from each family member in the family&#44; to provide an overview more clearly how the resilience that needs to be built is based on the perspective of each family member according to their age level &#40;children&#44; adolescents&#44; adults&#44; retirees and the elderly&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A study showed the interaction between resilience and social support significantly contributed to the explained variance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;01&#41;&#44; with the results indicating that resilience had a positive effect on QOL and that social support was a moderator for the positive resilience effects on QOL&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review concludes that there are several obstacles&#46; We consider family resilience as the ability to recover and recover from previous conditions &#40;normal family psychosocial conditions before a disaster&#41; and optimal family function within the family&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; data regarding family functions before a disaster occurs&#44; longitudinal data that check changes in family function from time to time after experiencing a disaster are rarely found&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ability to conclude the resilience of families facing disasters is also hampered by the lack of studies that use this framework as a basis for their research approach&#46; Other conceptualizations of family resilience cannot be applied to the existing literature&#46; For example&#44; various theories of family resilience<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> do not see family functioning as an attractive goal&#46; Conversely&#44; family functions are conceptualized as a process or means to achieve family resilience&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In this model&#44; other results are evidence of resilience&#44; such as the ability of families to succeed in meeting future challenges&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> to maintain family units&#44; or to promote the development of individual members&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> These results are rarely if ever&#44; assessed in the context of a disaster&#46; The definition of other resilience in the context of handling PTSD is rarely conducted research that is associated with the formation of family resilience as a caregiver who treats family members who have PTSD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Limitations</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the problems mentioned above&#44; certain characteristics of the research base make it very difficult to draw strong conclusions&#46; Variations from quantitative studies with various designs&#44; some use control groups and some not use&#46; Besides&#44; almost all studies rely on reports of the emergence of PTSD with signs of depression even though there are known weaknesses associated with this method&#46; The assessment of observations on family interactions is needed in improving our understanding of family defense adaptation in the face of disasters experienced&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Suggestions for future research</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further research should be focused on family-level responses to various disasters by adopting a family resilience model&#46; Research with a mixed-method design&#44; is needed to assess the various relevant constructs including the characteristics of the sample&#44; the psychosocial abilities possessed by the sample&#44; and the process of functioning in the family that is aligned with the family toughness model&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Implications for clinical practice</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Firstly&#44; studies must focus on the impact of disasters to assess stability of family functions and family functions&#46; Secondly&#44; health workers assist to families to aware possibility of cultural differences&#44; must consider families in a larger socio-ecological context&#44; and pay attention to subgroups that may be at high risk&#46; Finally&#44; psychosocial support in the family after disaster needs to be carried out continuously and scheduled to be free from the psychosocial impacts&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence for family resilience after the disaster in many domains of family functioning but there are subsets of families that may struggle with the challenges posed by disaster&#46; Further research conducted from the perspective of family resilience theory is needed to close gaps in the literature&#44; refine family resilience models&#44; and provide clear guidelines for integrating these data into clinical practice&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack459086"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-08-27"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-12-16"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1225136"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Disaster"
            1 => "Family resilience"
            2 => "Post-traumatic stress disorder"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study aimed to systematically examine the factors associated with family resilience to minimize the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder &#40;PTSD&#41; due to disasters&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Systematic reviews were carried out using the PRISMA model&#46; The articles were collected from 5 database sources including Proquest&#44; MEDLINE&#44; CINAHL&#44; Science Direct&#44; and Springer Link&#46; The keywords used are family resilience&#44; post-traumatic stress disorder&#44; and disaster&#46; Inclusion criteria include English language&#44; quantitative study&#44; articles published from 2014 to 2018&#46; The author found review of 823 articles&#44; finally selected 11 articles that meet the inclusion criteria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Family resilience was affected by conflict &#40;18&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; communication &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#44; family support &#40;54&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; and improvement in resilience programs &#40;27&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Psychosocial support in the family after the family experiencing a disaster needs to be carried out continuously and scheduled&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Method"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference of Indonesian National Nurses Association &#40;ICINNA 2019&#41;&#46; Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow chart of the study selection process&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Findings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cohen&#44; Goldberg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>Country not display&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Resilience promoting program&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zokaeefar&#44; Mirbeigi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>Iran&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CommunicationResilience promoting program&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Heeke&#44; Stammel<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>Columbia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ConflictResilience promoting program&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nickerson&#44; Liddell<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Resilience promoting program&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nguyen&#44; Chatters<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>USA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Conflict&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sakuma&#44; Takahashi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>Japan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Communication&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akhter&#44; Sarkar<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Resilience promoting program&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Welton-Mitchell&#44; James<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>Nepal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Resilience promoting program&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Thordardottir&#44; Gudmundsdottir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>Iceland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Family support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Wang and Xu<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Family support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Wang and Xu<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>China&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Family support&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Building resilience&#58; the relationship between information provided by municipal authorities during emergency situations and community resilience"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "O&#46; Cohen"
                            1 => "A&#46; Goldberg"
                            2 => "M&#46; Lahad"
                            3 => "L&#46; Aharonson-Daniel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.techfore.2016.11.008"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Technol Forecast Soc Change"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "121"
                        "paginaInicial" => "119"
                        "paginaFinal" => "125"
                      ]
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                  ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of counseling and psychosocial support maneuvers in natural disasters in Hormozgan"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Zokaeefar"
                            1 => "S&#46; Mirbeigi"
                            2 => "H&#46; Eskash"
                            3 => "M&#46; Dousti"
                            4 => "A&#46; Sedaghatpishe"
                            5 => "H&#46; Shafii"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.429"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Procedia &#8211; Soc Behav Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "185"
                        "paginaInicial" => "35"
                        "paginaFinal" => "41"
                      ]
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            2 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Conflict-related trauma and bereavement&#58; exploring differential symptom profiles of prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress disorder"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Heeke"
                            1 => "N&#46; Stammel"
                            2 => "M&#46; Heinrich"
                            3 => "C&#46; Knaevelsrud"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/s12888-017-1286-2"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "118"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28356093"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0115"
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Nickerson"
                            1 => "B&#46;J&#46; Liddell"
                            2 => "F&#46; Maccallum"
                            3 => "Z&#46; Steel"
                            4 => "D&#46; Silove"
                            5 => "R&#46;A&#46; Bryant"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/1471-244X-14-106"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMC Psychiatry"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "106"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24712883"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Family&#44; friends&#44; and 12-month PTSD among African Americans"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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