array:23 [ "pii" => "S1130862119305005" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.11.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-03-01" "aid" => "1213" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U.. All rights reserved" "copyrightAnyo" => "2019" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2020;30 Supl 2:398-402" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130862119305017" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.126" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-03-01" "aid" => "1214" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2020;30 Supl 2:403-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The serum contents of glutathione peroxidase in umbilical cord blood of low born bodyweight babies and normally born bodyweight babies" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "403" "paginaFinal" => "407" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Nur Israyati, Irfan Idris, Martira Maddeppungeng" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nur" "apellidos" => "Israyati" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Irfan" "apellidos" => "Idris" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Martira" "apellidos" => "Maddeppungeng" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862119305017?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000030000000S2/v2_202305161211/S1130862119305017/v2_202305161211/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130862119304991" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.11.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-03-01" "aid" => "1212" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2020;30 Supl 2:394-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Justice for women in handling the case of household violence through integrated criminal justice system (study in Merauke District)" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "394" "paginaFinal" => "397" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 848 "Ancho" => 1485 "Tamanyo" => 68091 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Number of cases 2016–2018.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Mulyadi Alrianto Tajuddin, Marlyn Jane Alputila, Amir Ilyas" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mulyadi Alrianto" "apellidos" => "Tajuddin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marlyn Jane" "apellidos" => "Alputila" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Amir" "apellidos" => "Ilyas" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862119304991?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000030000000S2/v2_202305161211/S1130862119304991/v2_202305161211/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "An environmentally safe level of faecal sludge management and socio-economic demographic analysis" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "398" "paginaFinal" => "402" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Sartika Simanjuntak, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo, DJoko M. Hartono, Hasnawati Amqam" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Sartika" "apellidos" => "Simanjuntak" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "apulyntika@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tri Edhi Budhi" "apellidos" => "Soesilo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "DJoko M." "apellidos" => "Hartono" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hasnawati" "apellidos" => "Amqam" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Kampus UI Salemba, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Environmental Engineering Study, Civil Engineering Study Program, University of Indonesia, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 721 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 139459 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Collection and emptying of faecal sludge by household family member in West Sumatera and Lampung.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globally, 2.7 billion people rely on on-site sanitation. However, the lack in managing faecal sludge that accumulates over time in septage or pit latrines has significant health and environmental implications. As a result, faecal sludge management (FSM) has become a key component of providing universal sanitation access. Untreated faecal sludge can contaminate the environment and generate risk to public health life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Disposal of faecal sludge to an open drain will increase pathogens into the environment and may cause diarrhoea. Inadequate sanitation is estimated to cause the 280,000 diarrhoeal deaths per year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Faecal sludge removed from on-site sanitation such as septic tanks, latrines, toilets, and pit latrines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> contains a large number of microorganisms. Untreated faecal may lead to significant risks to humans, either through direct or indirect exposure. Such wastes need to be managed so that the adverse effects are minimised to protect the environment and human health.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were 53.61% of households in West Sumatra have final disposal of faeces into septic tanks and a very low percentage (0.76%) was processed through a Wastewater Management System.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Meanwhile, in Lampung, 59.60% of households end stool disposal is connected to septic tanks, 0.04% was discharged to SPAL, and 8.25% is discharged into ponds or rice fields in rivers or lakes or sea. This condition indicated that many households do not meet safe environmental sludge management. Waste from sewage sludge potents to pollute ground and surface water which is harmful to human health.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of this study is to present an analysis of the level of safety of sludge management at the household level based on household economic and social demographics (wealth quantiles, number of family members, house ownership status.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study used data from the Water and Sanitation Study of Voice for Change Partnership program in West Sumatra and Lampung provinces. The selection of study locations in the district area was based on low sanitation coverage. There were 4 sub-districts involved in each of Lampung and West Sumatera. The selection was based on distance (remote, medium and close). A total of 3106 households were involved in the study (1499 in West Sumatera and 1607 in Lampung).</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An assessment of the level of sludge management at the household level was carried out in the collection and desludging of sludge stage. The level of faecal sludge safety was analysed starting from the management level with the lowest (score 0) to an acceptable safe management level (score 4). The safety level was analysed according to the economic and social characteristics of household demographics. Household economic and social demographic variables were assessed for their level of association at the level of safety of the sludge management introduction into the environment. Data was analysed using SPSS software.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The safety level of FSM in emptying and collection is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. The variance proportion of the safety level of sludge management was most prominent among household economic status in West Sumatera and Lampung based on wealth quantiles. It is indicated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. Faecal sludge collection and emptying based on house ownership is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>. Households that have their own home tended to have safe sludge management. Safety level management of sludge into the environment according to the number of family members is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>. The ideal family in this study was defined as four members in a household.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis with logistic regression (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) showed that home-ownership related significantly to the safe faecal sludge management. This was indicated by the value of Exp(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span>). Households that owning the home had safer FSM 1.4 times compared to those not owning the house. Household with ideal family member had safer FSM 1.2 times compared to those with unideal family member.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The safety of sludge management at the house level in this study was assessed from the condition of the toilets connected to septic tanks that were watertight and sludge is not discharged into the environment, desludging septic tanks and sludge is managed safely (manual with protective equipment, cover septic tanks or in a closed container).</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The level of safety of sludge management in the environment at the household level in West Sumatra was at the lowest level. The majority of households that have not managed the sludge in collection and desludging of septic tanks were at 49–70%. The majority of households did not have latrine or even if they have it but disposal of sludge directly into the environment. The level of sludge management that was safe in the environment was only at 12–28%. The proportion of households that had not manage collection and desludging mostly found in Sumpur Kudus sub-district, Sijunjung District. Only less than 30% of households controlled the faecal (12–28%). This situation can be a potential hazard for humans and environment.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Household economic status and household ownership have potential for both safe and unsafe level of sludge management. The study showed that the proportion of poorer households was larger within those who have not yet properly managed the sludge in the environment. Likewise, the level of safety of safe sludge in the environment is higher on wealthier families. Variations in the proportion of the level of safety of household sludge management according to household economic status are prominent in West Sumatra. The findings of this research are in accordance with the theory stated that one of the main causes of environmental problems is poverty.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study shows that in Lampung the proportion of households with a safe level of sludge management in the environment is 6% higher in households that own their own houses than those who do not own their own homes. Studies in the West Sumatra showed that the proportion of households with an environmentally safe level of sludge management is 12% higher in households that have their own homes. This indicated that households that have their own houses have the potential to manage safer sludge management in the environment.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The previous study showed that private and public utilities often avoid costs such as the creation of sewage disposal networks in settlements on a fixed status of homeownership. Status of rented households was less willing to pay (investment) for sanitation facilities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> The study was in accordance with the findings of research on the level of safe sludge management which is influenced by the factors of house ownership. This may be due to the low desire to invest for toilet facilities, septic tanks and also desludging.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study showed that safety level of FMS into environment among members with the ideal number of family members or less ideal is not too many different both in West Sumatra and Lampung. There is no significant difference between the types of family member.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies revealed that household size is a positive driver of latrine ownership or use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> This is in accordance with the study findings The most reason of households with less ideal family member may not want to build a latrine including septic tank facilities and the cost of draining sludge due to cost considerations. Based on study findings in implementing FSM it should adopt socio-cultural acceptance including sanitation technology to be sustainable practices and preferences of the local context.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Some efforts in improving FSM practices on household-level can be made, such as meetings between the sanitation service providers and the household users to ensure social aspect of household users can be accepted to meets the preferences of the households.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is concluded that only a small proportion of households have safe emptying and collection in West Sumatera and Lampung. The safety level of sludge management is higher in wealthier families. Households with a higher level of ownership tend to have safer faecal management. The level of safe sludge management in the environment was higher in households with an ideal number of family members.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1899035" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642848" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack667147" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642848" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Faecal sludge management" 1 => "Universal access to sanitation" 2 => "Sustainable development" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This paper evaluates faecal sludge management at the household level in the collection and emptying based on economic status, household member and house ownership in West Sumatera and Lampung.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data collection was carried out from household survey data collection. The variables of this study were the level of safety of sludge management on the environment and the economic and social level of household demographics.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Result</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The level of safety of sludge management in the environment at the household level in West Sumatra were at the lowest level. The majority of households had not manage the sludge in collection and desludging of septic tanks was 49–70%. The safe level of sludge management reached only 12–28%.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study reveals the majority of households in both provinces do not have proper FSM in collection and emptying.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Women and Societal Perspective on Quality of Life (WOSQUAL-2019). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 762 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 185784 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">FSM emptying and collection in West Sumatera and Lampung.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 929 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 170918 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Collection and emptying of faecal sludge by household economic status in West Sumatera and Lampung.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 815 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 141086 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Collection and emptying of faecal sludge by house ownership in West Sumatera and Lampung.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 721 "Ancho" => 1255 "Tamanyo" => 139459 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Collection and emptying of faecal sludge by household family member in West Sumatera and Lampung.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">S.E. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Wald \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">df \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sig. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Exp(<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Self-owned housing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.399 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.144 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.665 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.490 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Family member \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.196 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.088 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.983 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.026 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.217 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Constant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−1.504 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">94.973 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">.222 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3173532.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The relationship among the variables.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Ross I, Scott RE, Blackett IC, Hawkins PM. 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An environmentally safe level of faecal sludge management and socio-economic demographic analysis