array:22 [ "pii" => "S1130862122000687" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2022.03.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-08-01" "aid" => "1981" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U.. All rights reserved" "copyrightAnyo" => "2022" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2022;32 Supl 2:S1-S5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:17 [ "pii" => "S1130862122000699" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2022.03.008" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-08-01" "aid" => "1982" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2022;32 Supl 2:S6-S10" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Occupational health and safety management system and work-related accidents among hospital nurses" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S6" "paginaFinal" => "S10" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ayu Indra Dewi, Elly Wardani" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ayu Indra" "apellidos" => "Dewi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elly" "apellidos" => "Wardani" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862122000699?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000032000000S2/v1_202208030734/S1130862122000699/v1_202208030734/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "“Why do nurses do not report”: A qualitative study of underreported workplace violence (WPV) in emergency department (ED)" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "S1" "paginaFinal" => "S5" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Rosa Galica Gita Gressia, Said Usman, Hajjul Kamil, Hilman Syarif, Suryane Sulistiana Susanti" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rosa Galica Gita" "apellidos" => "Gressia" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Said" "apellidos" => "Usman" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hajjul" "apellidos" => "Kamil" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hilman" "apellidos" => "Syarif" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Suryane Sulistiana" "apellidos" => "Susanti" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "suryane.s.susanti@ui.ac.id" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Master Program of Nursing Science, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Master Program of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 765 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 134493 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Themes and sub-themes.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Workplace violence (WPV) has threatened many health workers in hospital. Violence can be described as abusive behaviours to others and causing physical or non-physical injury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Emergency department (ED) is one of the units in the hospital that provides critical care and treatment. Thus, it is more at risk in experiencing WPV. Study showed that ED is the most unit in hospital which exposed to WPV and verbal abuse is the most form of violence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Moreover, the patient's relatives tends to be the main perpetrator of violence in the hospital.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the COVID-19 pandemic, the WPV against the nurses increased in the health sector. Many nurses are discriminated from the environment and called as “disease spreaders”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> More than 50% of emergency nurses experienced WPV in America, about 80% in South Africa,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> 36% in Australia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> 30% in Saudi Arabia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and more than 50% of nurses in China.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Furthermore, the nurses also exposed to WPV at least one in a day in Malaysia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and in Indonesia, 54.6% nurses experienced WPV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, the Indonesian National Nurse Association of Aceh Region (2019) reported that since January to November 2019 there were two major cases WPV and must be resolved legally. Nurses considered WPV as part of their work routine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> They considered ED as a safe place to work even though most of them experienced the WPV. These situations has contributed to nurses in underreporting the WPV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Some nurses choose to tolerate WPV which enable them to preserve from reporting to their managers or tend to minimize the actual problems the workplace (underreported).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nurses considered limited feedback or punishment if the violence caused the serious problem.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The reporting is a learning process to prevent and reduce the violence. However, nurses experienced WPV prefer underreport it for several reasons.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The main aim of this study was to explore underreported WPV against the ED nurse with phenomenology study. The specific aim is to determine the internal circumstances that influence in reporting to the ED nurse who experience violence in their workplace.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive phenomenological approach by utilising in-depth interviews were conducted for this study. It aims to explore the internal circumstances of the ED nurses in reporting WPV. The data were collected and analysed in order to obtain the concrete meanings in a study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before the data collection, this study have got the ethical clearance. Ethical committee approval were obtained on April 20th, 2020 by the Faculty of Nursing Research Ethics Committee, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Decision Number: 112010120320) and institutional permissions were obtain on April 20th, 2020.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The location of study was in a general hospital in one of the District in Aceh province (name removed to maintain confidentiality). This hospital was a government hospital where the bed occupancy ratio was 324 units.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author take a prolonged engagement in this study even pandemic COVID-19 in the setting of the study. Firstly contacted the head nurse of the ED to introduce ourselves and explain the aims of the study by phone. Then, the authors made a prolonged engagement with potential participants and explained the aims of the study, called and sent the messages to get confirmation as a participants by phone.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A purposive sampling technique utilised in this study. Data saturation reached after 8 interviews with the participants. The participants were ED nurses and have been 20−40 years old, the work experience 1−10 years, and the education levels were Diploma and Bachelor of nursing.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The instruments data were the authors, data gemographic, the interview guide and field noted. A semi structured interview guide was developed based on the literature on ED nurses in reporting WPV topic from empirical evidence based. The main reference from Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Country Case Studies Research Instruments by International Labour Office (ILO), International Council of Nurses (ICN), World Health Organisation (WHO) and Public Service International (PSI).</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This interview guide was prepared by the authors and consists of four main questions and 22 probing words for every participant. The interviews were conducted by phone since the collecting data situated during the pandemic COVID-19 crisis (between April and May 2020) which required physical distancing and adhering to health protocols. The phones interviews lasted for 20−40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, and recorded by phone application “auto call recorder”.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The interviews were anonymous and voluntary and the participants were able to interrupt their participation when they wanted. The participants were informed about the study verbally and in writing and dissemination of the study results. Everybody who was interviewed signed their informed consent and was assured of the confidentiality and anonymous nature of the data collected.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Field notes were undertaken soon after each interviews in order to document the context such as participants’ voice tone during the interviews and the author's thought and feelings towards the interview process. The collected data was thematic analysed and used the Miles and Huberman technique. This techiques involved collecting the data, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, researchers obtained supporting data obtained from interviews to the head of nursing management, but it was not analyzed. This supporting data as an additional information on the results. Furthermore, the author reduced the data or wrote down the conversations of the eight participants and the notes that written by the authors describing the situation and conditions of the study in the form of a transcript. Then, synchronized between the results of the conversation and the field notes to obtain continuity of the interviews that had been compiled. The authors write separate statements in the table to provide codes (keywords) based on the research objectives of the interview results obtained.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information was analyzed systematically. The purpose of analyzing systematically is that the data sources that have been obtained produce conclusions in the form of categories consisting of themes and sub-themes that describe the meaning and represent the results of the research obtained.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author presented the data in the form of a table which contained the text that already had the code and the theme flow into the categorization matrix. Then, groups the coding according to the sub-themes based on the research results and combines the supporting sub-themes to become an appropriate theme. Then the researcher regrouped the themes obtained into two main categories representing the results of the research objectives. Last, the author provided a summary explanation of the answers to the questions during the interview.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants had a violence experience since work in ED like verbal and physical violence. They never got training about violence. The hospital have not the regulation and unit to manage the violence so when the violence happened nurses tried to handle themselves based on their experience or make a report if the violence had the negative effect to patient and system of care in the hospital.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Result</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants were 8 the ED nurses. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> provides the demographic characteristics of the participants. All participants involved in this study were the ED nurses around 29−32 years old. Most participants were male and their education level is the diploma nursing academic degree with the most working experience around 5−10 years.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The themes illustrate the internal circumstances of ED nurses who experience WPV in their workplace. Three themes emerged which were “Dilema of nurses in reporting”, “Ready or not you have to deal with it” and “The iceberg phenomena”. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> describes the themes and sub-themes.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Theme 1. Dilemma of nurses in reporting</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This theme described the problematic situation confronted by the ED nurses in reporting WPV. There were three sub-themes emerged in this theme, namely (1) WPV as part of work routine, (2) lack of motivation to report, and (3) anxiety in reporting WPV. The nurses considered WPV as part of work routine in ED and mostly never responded to when they report it. These circumstances reduced their motivation to report the WPV. Underreported WPV also harmed the nurses since the threat they experienced both physically and psychologically.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every society has characteristics or features inherent in its own life system with different behavioral habits. Nurses considered that WPV occurred because the Acehnesse people had a character with a loud and firm voice and lived in a coastal area, so a crowd is a situation that usually occurs in areas where nurses work. As the participants illustrated below:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The violence happened in every shifts, so it's a normal situation...really... we get use to it...</span>” (P3)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0010"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">You know how the Acehnesse people are...they tend to speak loudly...</span>” (P5)</p></span></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lack of motivation in reporting WPV by the nurses mostly caused by the unappreciated, unprotected, and unavoidable conflict whenever the WPV occurred. The participants mentioned regarding this situation below:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0015"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Even though we’ve conducted the best nursing treatment to the patients but the family still doesn’t appreciate us...</span>” (P8)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0020"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Because there's no protection here, even if we’ll die, then we only get social assurance from the hospital... There is always conflict in working at emergency department and we can not avoid it...</span>” (P7)</p></span></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variously, the nurses also reported of anxiety and feeling terrified in reporting WPV to their managers. The respondents usually be blamed from their work environment.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0025"><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">When we report, we will continue to be blamed...</span>” (P7)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0030"><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The family still think that we are not working optimally and often blame us when there is a problem in the ED...</span>” (P3)</p></span></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, the nurses also experienced some threats from the family of their patients every time they felt dissatisfied of the treatment. The anxiety mentioned by the respondents below:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0035"><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">We’re scared, the family hit us and they will usually confronts us in groups...</span>” (P3)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0040"><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Most of the time the threats come immediately from the patients’ family”</span>(P1)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Theme 2. Ready or not, you have to deal with it</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This theme explained the measures undertaken by the nurses in dealing with WPV. Two sub-themes emerged from this theme, namely (1) Coping mechanism in dealing with WPV and (2) Tolerance of WPV. Most ED nurses have limited options, instead to prepare in dealing with violence. The nurses are adaptive beings who have the response to various situations in ED as a coping mechanism.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the nurses have been able to adapt with WPV (adaptive), they chose to not report it, since the nurses have been ready with anything happened in their work environment. They have been ready to deal with the perpetrators, the impact of violence, and had the techniques in dealing with WPV, since they have learned from the previous experiences.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0045"><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ready or not... we have been ready to deal... I think it's safe... we’re ready because we know that ED is more risk of violence</span>” (P6)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0050"><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">We’ve experienced to deal with violence, so we already know the strategy... experience taught many things for us”</span> (P7)</p></span></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, the ED nurses also have tolerated WPV as a form of coping mechanism. They still assumed ED as a safe place to work, since WPV is considered as normal situation.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0055"><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The working environment is safe, if the violence happened, we usually solved it and I’ve been ready for it</span>” (P4)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0060"><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Well, we can only be patient... even if they talk loudly, we’ll just smile at it</span>” (P8)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Theme 3. The iceberg phenomena</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This theme illustrated the incidents of WPV that were not reported and identified. There were two sub-theme identified within this theme, namely (1) WPV with serious problem will be reported and (2) WPV with less serious problem will not be reported.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ED nurse categorised WPV as minor and major violence cases. Minor WPV identified as less serious which often occurred within the workplace. The major acts of violence identified as WPV that occurred at any time with serious consequences (sentinel incidents). If WPV only categorized as a less serious problem, the nurses will not report it. WPV is considered as a serious problem if the leader obtained notification of the problems which contributed to WPV. The participants illustrated below:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0065"><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The patient's family made a phone call to the top management about the incident, after that we were asked for clarification...</span>” (P3)</p></span></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sometimes if there is violence we immediately solve it or if it is serious we will report it. We’re afraid...the family will immediately contact the top manager</span>” (P1)</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast, WPV considered as unconcerned problem when it has been resolved and reconciled between the patient/family and the nurses. This was one of the reasons for the nurses underreported the violence.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0070"><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">If the violence can be resolved by myself and clarified the problem between I and the patient, so I will not report the violence again...</span>” (P2)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0075"><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">If the verbal abuse that happened between me and the patient or family is over. I didn’t report anymore...</span>” (P8)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reporting WPV is one of the steps to build the learning culture and make the hospital to be safe working environment. Some hospitals still had not implemented WPV regulations and formal reporting system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Moreover, some nurses prefer to tolerate WPV, underreported to their managers or tend to minimize the actual problems (underreported) for the internal and external reasons. The internal factors which describing the nurses’ initiatives in reporting the WPV and the external factors that portrayed the environment influences in underreported WPV.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were several conditions where nurses had perception that WPV is normal and feel afraid to report their WPV since the threat that they have received both physically and psychologically. Some conditions were fear, physical injury, anxiety, nervousness, mental disorders and job dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the community characters also contributed to the motivation of the nurses to report the WPV.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The consideration of WPV as a part of the nurses’ work routine were supported by some researches.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,11</span></a> Some evidences regarded fear, physical injury, anxiety, mental disorders and job dissatisfaction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In conducting their task, ED nurses are expected to provide immediate treatment and services based on the level of triage for both critical and new patients. This condition has made the ED as one of the most hazardous units of becoming exposed to WPV.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> This study revealed that nurses have limited option in dealing with WPV. Most nurses considered that the ED nurses as one of a risk professions for violence because they worked in a vulnerable environment. These reasons caused them to not report their WPV.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nurses are adaptive human beings who have the response to various situations in their environment as a coping mechanism. Some nurses has accepted WPV and faced it with a smile. When the nurses have been able to adapt WPV (adaptive), they tend to underreported their WPV. The nurses have been ready for violence and have learned from previous experiences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> This study also indicated that the identified incident of WPV were only a small part of the violence. However, there were still some other major violence that can be occurred at any time with a more serious impact (sentinel event). The nurses assumed only WPV which become serious incidents will be reported. The incidents will be a serious problem if the patient's family have contacted the leader immediately, before the problem is solved in the ED. In contrast, if WPV only occurred as minor incidents they would not report them instead to accept their WPV.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no tolerance to violence and this commitment must be build by hospital as a culture to increase the safety staff.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The training program WPV for nurses should be reinforced regarding all forms of unacceptable WPV based on regulation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In decreasing the dilemma of nurses in reporting WPV, top managers in hospital should declared and implemented the tolerance for violence. Then, the nurse managers and committees are considered as a protector of the nursing profession. Thus, moving from “blame culture” to “learning culture” is one of solutions to create “reporting culture”.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declared that they have no competing interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1753075" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Result" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1544142" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Result" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Theme 1. Dilemma of nurses in reporting" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Theme 2. Ready or not, you have to deal with it" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Theme 3. The iceberg phenomena" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack619474" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-09-26" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-03-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1544142" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Nurse" 1 => "Emergency department" 2 => "Workplace violence" 3 => "Underreported" 4 => "Qualitative" 5 => "Phenomenology" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Violence is a serious problem against emergency nurses which negatively affects the quality of nursing care unit. Most emergency nurses have accepted violence as part of their work. So many violences were not reported for some reasons related of their experiences.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objective was to explore WPV based on the internal circumstances of the ED nurses.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive phenomenological approach was conducted in this study by utilising in-depth interviews. There were eight ED nurses whom selected by purposive sampling. The collected data were thematic analysed by using Miles and Huberman technique.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Result</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study identified three themes, (1) Dilemma of nurses in reporting, (2) “ready or not you have to deal with it”, and (3) the iceberg phenomena. The finding illustrates the internal factors that influenced the nurses in reporting WPV.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study emphasised that hospitals should eliminate the “normalization” of violence to reduce the incidents, and moving from “blame culture” to “learning culture” in order to build “reporting culture”. Moreover, education and training program should be reinforced regarding all forms of unacceptable violence. Furthermore, top managers must protect and provide adequate support to the staff who experienced the violence.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Result" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd Aceh International Nursing Conference (AINC). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 765 "Ancho" => 2333 "Tamanyo" => 134493 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Themes and sub-themes.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics/Categories \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20–29 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30–39 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Education</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diploma nursing academic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bachelor of nursing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Work experience</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1−5 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5−10 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of the participants.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Guidelines for Safety and Health Programs" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "OSHA" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2016 October" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The consequences of violence against nurses working in the emergency department: a qualitative study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "H. 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