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Tierradentro, G. Hernández Oñate, M.Á. Campo, O.L. Hincapié Gallón" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L.M." "apellidos" => "Tierradentro" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Hernández Oñate" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.Á." "apellidos" => "Campo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O.L." "apellidos" => "Hincapié Gallón" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0211563824000683?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/02115638/0000004600000005/v1_202409060546/S0211563824000683/v1_202409060546/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>" "titulo" => "The arrangement of short exercise intervals protocols influences the amount of carbohydrate oxidation in inactive overweight adult men: Pilot study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "275" "paginaFinal" => "281" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "S. Villanueva, L.M. Trujillo, F. Vargas, A. von Oetinger" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Villanueva" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L.M." "apellidos" => "Trujillo" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Vargas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "von Oetinger" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "astridvon@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Dentistry and Health, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Americas, Santiago, Chile" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Silva Henríquez Catholic University, Santiago, Chile" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Autonomous University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La disposición de protocolos de ejercicio interválicos cortos influye en la cantidad de oxidación de carbohidratos en los varones adultos inactivos con sobrepeso. Estudio piloto" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1657 "Ancho" => 2000 "Tamanyo" => 65798 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total CHO and FAT oxidation by exercise protocol. DIP: decreasing intensity protocol, CIP: constant intensity protocol, IIP: increasing intensity protocol.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="tb0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Introduction</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a pathology of heterogeneous etiology characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects of insulin action, insulin secretion, or both.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The population with DM2 is predicted to be about 439 million worldwide by 2030. Chronic diabetes is related to dysfunction of several organs, especially the blood vessels, eyes, nerves, foot, kidneys, and heart.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondly, obesity is considered a pandemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2016 more than 1900 million adults over 18 years old were overweight, of which 650 million were obese.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Besides, obesity and overweight determine a high risk of chronic non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and a large proportion of them have insulin resistance increasing the probability of incidence of diabetes mellitus in this population group.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing is a vital step for effective DM management, and the target glycemic control was defined as HbA1c<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Being physically active is considered a protective factor for the entire population, independently of BMI(body mass index).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> At the same time, there is scientific evidence that has shown that the amount of glucose oxidized during moderate to high intensity exercise on glucose, is found to be oxidized at relatively high rates (up to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/min).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various exercise referral protocols have been planned for individuals to achieve maximum CHO oxidation. Within these programs, bouts of aerobic with anaerobic exercise alternate with periods of rest have been widely studied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However, it is necessary to determine the design of a protocol that could allow the optimization of CHO oxidation and the applicability in populations who need to have better glycemic control such as those resistant to insulin and DM. Therefore, this study aims to compare three different protocols of interval exercise performed at constant, increasing, and decreasing intensity respectively, in an inactive population of individuals with elevated BMI and insulin resistance. Our hypothesis is that bouts of exercise of increasing intensity is the most effective protocol over CHO oxidation compared to the other protocols, with equal duration and average intensity.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Methods</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Setting and Participants; 10 male volunteers were recruited by telephone, inactive, ages between 30 and 39 years, and with BMI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≥<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25. Their main features were age 33.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.9 years; height 174.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm; weight 92.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg; body fat (determined by bioelectrical impedance with body composition analyzer TBF-300A, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan), 29.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.4% and BMI 30.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The level of physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> resulting in inactive subjects according to the WHO classification.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Their sedentary condition was later confirmed by the volunteers who reported no practice of physical activity at least for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min three times a week. The subjects had no concomitant diseases or were under drug treatment that was relevant for the purposes of this investigation.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">They all underwent a general medical evaluation before the study, including blood glycaemia (85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl); lipid profile (total cholesterol 210<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, HDL 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, VLDL 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl, LDL 127<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl and triglycerides 190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR 2,44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.28). The body fat (determined by bioelectrical impedance measurement with TBF-300A body composition analyzer, TANITA, Tokyo, Japan), 29.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.4%. They also underwent a cardiac stress test (ECG) according to standard protocol with normal results for all subjects. The results of these measurements per individual as well as peak oxygen consumption (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">peak</span> VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>) are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, no significant differences found between participants.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All subjects signed an informed consent before the beginning of the study. The research was previously approved by the Bioethics Committee for Human Research of the Faculty of Medicine, University Diego Portales, Chile (CEEC-FacMed-UDP-03-2023).</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participants underwent four evaluations, spaced apart by a minimum of three days and a maximum of seven days. Initially, peak aerobic power (PAp) was measured using a magnetic cycle ergometer (Jaeger, Würzburg, Germany) with a load-increasing protocol of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W every 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. The subjects achieved a mean VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> peak of 31.41<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span> (mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SEM), meeting two out of the four criteria established by the American College of Sport Medicine for determining PAp. In the second phase, the subjects were randomly assigned to one of the exercise protocols: constant intensity, decreasing intensity, or increasing intensity. The remaining two protocols were randomly assigned to the subjects in the third and fourth phases until all the established protocols were completed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exercise protocols consisted of three sessions, each lasting 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, with 5-min rest intervals between them. In the constant intensity protocol (CIP), the workload was set at 55% of the PAp. The increasing intensity protocol (IIP) involved working at 40%, 55%, and 70% of the PAp. Conversely, the decreasing intensity protocol (DIP) required working at 70%, 55%, and 40% of the PAp, as depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before performing the exercise protocols, each subject underwent a 12-h fasting period. On the day preceding the test, subjects refrained from engaging in high-intensity exercise and consuming food that could potentially impact their physical work capacity. Prior to commencing any protocol, the subjects were required to rest in a seated position for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min, during which the first blood sample was obtained from the right antecubital vein. Following this, a respiratory quotient (Q) analysis was conducted for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min while the subjects were at rest. After this period, the subjects started pedaling on the cycle ergometer at a workload of 20W for a 5-min warm-up to minimize the risk of injuries.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ratio of oxidized substrates (carbohydrates and fats) was estimated based on the respiratory quotient (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span>) for each period. The calories derived from carbohydrates were expressed as caloric equivalents of glycogen, while the calories from fats were expressed as caloric equivalents of a representative triglyceride called palmitoyl-stearoyl-oleoyl glycerol. The values for the first three minutes of each exercise interval were not included due to the variability of Q during that period.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous recording of Q was carried out throughout the entire exercise session and extended for 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min after completion. Additional blood samples were collected immediately after the exercise and again 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min later. Furthermore, the participants were asked about their perceived exertion at the end of each exercise session using the Borg scale.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> All the protocols were conducted in a controlled ambient temperature ranging from 21 to 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respiratory gasses were measured using an ergo spirometer (Oxycon Pro, Jaeger, Würzburg, Germany) that was calibrated before each evaluation. This instrument allowed for the collection of average oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production data every 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s through breath-by-breath analysis. The collected blood samples were immediately refrigerated and sent to the Bioanalysis Laboratory Ltda. Chile (Av. Providencia 2392; Santiago, Chile).</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Plasma glucose concentration was determined using the glucose-peroxidase enzyme method, which exhibited an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 0.6% and an inter-assay coefficient of variation of 1.3%. Insulin levels were measured using the immune chemiluminescence method, with a sensitivity of 6.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pM, an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 2.0%, and an inter-assay coefficient of variation of 5.0%. In addition, capillary lactate levels were determined on-site using an automatic analyzer that extracted blood from the fingertips (Sirius, h/p/cosmos, Nussdorf-Traunstein, Germany).</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rate of fat and carbohydrate oxidation was calculated using stoichiometric equations as described by Frayn.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The caloric equivalent of palmitoyl-stearoyl-oleoyl-glycerol and glycogen was used as a reference for calculating the oxidation rates of fat and carbohydrates, respectively.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To estimate the contribution of protein intake to caloric consumption, a nitrogen excretion rate of 0.135<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span> was assumed. This value is an average commonly used in these types of studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To investigate the effects of different exercise protocols on the participants, three groups were examined using the same set of individuals. The exercise protocols used were Continuous Interval Protocol (CIP), Increasing Interval Protocol (IIP), and Decreasing Interval Protocol (DIP). Each protocol involved three measurements taken at different time points. The statistical software used was SPSS version 19.0. First, a Friedman test was conducted to determine if there were significant differences across the three measurement moments within each exercise protocol. The Friedman test is a non-parametric test suitable for analyzing repeated measures data. This analysis allowed us to assess whether the measurement moments (M1, M2, and M3) differed significantly within each exercise protocol.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Next, a second Friedman test was performed to compare the total CHO oxidation between the three groups. This analysis aimed to investigate whether there were significant differences in the overall CHO consumption among the CIP, IIP, and DIP groups. Subsequent post hoc comparisons using the Durbin-Conover test were performed to explore the specific group differences.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both Friedman tests were chosen due to the non-parametric nature of the data and the violation of assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality and homogeneity of variances. The significance level was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">α</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 for both analyses.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Results</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">About capillary lactate, blood glucose and insulin concentration; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>egarding blood glucose levels, there were no significant differences observed among the three protocols (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), indicating that glycaemia remained relatively stable during the exercise sessions. On the other hand, insulinemia (insulin levels) showed a significant decrease only in the decreasing intensity protocol (DIP) compared to the other protocols (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01), suggesting a different hormonal response in that specific protocol.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast, capillary lactate values demonstrated significant differences between the pre-exercise samples and the immediately after exercise samples in all three protocols (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). This indicates an increase in lactate production as a result of the exercise. Furthermore, the post-exercise capillary lactate values were significantly different among the three protocols (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01), with the decreasing intensity protocol (DIP) resulting in lower lactate levels compared to the other protocols. This suggests that the DIP may lead to a lower lactate accumulation or faster lactate clearance compared to the other exercise protocols.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total caloric expenditure did not show significant differences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) among the three protocols, with values ranging from 5.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2 to 6.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kcal<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span>. These findings indicate that the overall energy expended during the exercise sessions was similar across all protocols, suggesting that the total energy expenditure was comparable regardless of the specific protocol employed.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, significant differences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) were observed between the increasing intensity protocol (IIP) and the other protocols in the post-exercise period and in the total sum of rest periods between exercise intervals. This indicates that the IIP may have resulted in a higher energy expenditure during the recovery period and throughout the entire exercise session compared to the other protocols.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When examining total calories derived from carbohydrates, significant differences were observed in Oxidation between protocols (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15.2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) being increasing intensity protocol (IIP) significantly different from DIP and CIP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001), but not CIP of DIP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.398) indicating higher carbohydrate utilization compared to the other protocols. Regarding the distribution of carbohydrate calories, the IIP demonstrated the highest percentage at 84%, followed by the CIP at 76%, and the DIP at 72%. These results indicate that the IIP protocol relied more prominently on carbohydrates as a fuel source compared to the other protocols. It suggests that the intensity of the exercise protocol influenced the utilization of carbohydrates as the primary energy source during the exercise sessions. For Fat Oxidation all protocols are significantly different, being IPP which consumes less fat (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18.2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001). In the constant intensity protocol (CIP), there is a noticeable trend of increasing fat oxidation and decreasing carbohydrate oxidation over time. Particularly, during the first exercise interval, there is a notable decline in carbohydrate consumption accompanied by an increased reliance on fat oxidation. This pattern of decreasing carbohydrate utilization and increasing fat utilization is observed consistently across all three protocols.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CHO and FAT oxidation rate are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For all interval protocols, the Friedman test revealed a significant difference between repetitions (three measurement moments) for all pairwise comparisons CIP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">CHO</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18.2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001), CIP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">FAT</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20.0, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001), DIP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">CHO</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20.0, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001), DIP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">FAT</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20.0, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001), IPP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">CHO</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18.2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) excepting IPP<span class="elsevierStyleSup">FAT</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">χ</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.027) where 40% is significantly different only to 70% (but not 40–55% neither 55–70%). These findings indicate that there were distinct variations in the measured variables between each repetition within each protocol.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the exercise periods at 55% of PAp across the three protocols, significant differences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01) were observed between the increasing and decreasing periods, with the increasing intensity protocol resulting in higher carbohydrate utilization. Additionally, significant differences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01) were noted between the first period of the constant protocol and the subsequent two periods, indicating variations in carbohydrate utilization within the constant intensity protocol.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perception of effort, showed significant differences (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01), observed in the average ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for the three protocols. The increasing intensity protocol (IIP) had an average RPE of 16.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.7, indicating a perceived effort level of hard to very hard. The constant intensity protocol (CIP) had an average RPE of 14.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.4, corresponding to a perceived effort level of something hard to hard. The decreasing intensity protocol (DIP) had the lowest average RPE of 12.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.3, indicating a perceived effort level of moderate to something hard. These differences in perceived exertion among the protocols were statistically significant.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study provides support for the idea that the increasing intensity protocol (IIP) results in significantly higher carbohydrate oxidation compared to the continuous intensity protocol (CIP) and decreasing intensity protocol (DIP) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). The findings suggest that within each protocol, the carbohydrate consumption varies between exercise intervals. Specifically, the IIP shows a trend of increasing carbohydrate consumption with each repetition, while the CIP and DIP demonstrate a decrease in carbohydrate consumption with each repetition. Overall, the IIP protocol shows the highest overall carbohydrate energy consumption, while the CIP and DIP do not differ significantly in total carbohydrate consumption. Based on these findings, it is recommended to utilize an incremental protocol to maximize carbohydrate oxidation.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CHO and fat oxidation are the dominant sources of aerobic ATP production and both pathways must be heavily upregulated during exercise to meet the increased energy demand. Within this paradigm, there is room for shifts between the proportion of energy that is provided from CHO and fat. It has long been known that increasing the availability of endogenous or exogenous CHO can increase the oxidation of CHO and decrease the oxidation of fat. The shift in CHO metabolism would target the enzymes that play key roles in regulating CHO metabolism and oxidation. Inside the muscle these could include glucose uptake (GLUT4), phosphorylation (hexokinase II), glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase), glycolysis (phosphofructokinase) and conversion to acetyl CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the crossover concept, endurance training results in muscular biochemical adaptations that enhance lipid oxidation as well as decrease the sympathetic nervous system responses to given submaximal exercise stresses. These adaptations promote lipid oxidation during mild- to moderate-intensity exercise. In contrast, increases in exercise intensity are conceived to increase contraction-induced muscle glycogenolysis, alter the pattern of fiber type recruitment, and increase sympathetic nervous system activity. Therefore, the pattern of substrate utilization in an individual at any point in time depends on the interaction between exercise intensity-induced responses (which increase CHO utilization) and endurance training-induced responses (which promote lipid oxidation).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The findings are consistent with previous studies how is the study conducted by Yukio et al. (2016), which included eleven individuals with type 2 diabetes (DM2), were the main findings of the study suggest that aerobic exercise performed at 120% of the lactate threshold (LT) is more effective in enhancing carbohydrate oxidation during exercise, promoting glycemic control during and after exercise, and resulting in a higher percentage of fat oxidation during the post-exercise recovery period, compared to aerobic exercise performed at 80%LT and the control condition. These results indicate the potential benefits of higher-intensity aerobic exercise for optimizing substrate utilization and improving metabolic outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> On the other hand, Lima et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> conducted a study to examine the impact of two different exercise intensities, moderate-intensity training (MIT) and 90% of the lactate threshold (90%LT), on individuals with DM2 using a cycle ergometer. The results showed that both maximal exercise and 90%LT led to a higher percentage of carbohydrate utilization compared to the rest condition. Similar results even though the intensity used was higher than our protocol. Further research is needed to explore the specific intensity of exercise required to maximize carbohydrate oxidation in individuals with metabolic disorders.</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Now, what could be the probable physiological explanation of the differences demonstrated in terms of CHO oxidation in the 3 protocols?</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is characterized by increased triglyceride (TG) storage in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, leading to various metabolic abnormalities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Resistance exercise has been suggested as a valuable approach to address obesity and associated metabolic diseases, as it promotes the mobilization and oxidation of TGs from these tissues. However, obese individuals may have a limited ability to utilize endogenous TGs during exercise, attributed to decreased sensitivity to catecholamine stimulation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,19</span></a> This physiological condition could explain why the IIP protocol, with its limitations in oxidizing TGs during the initial sessions, resulted in a greater reliance on carbohydrate (CHO) as an energy source. The negative energy balance in the first 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of the IIP protocol likely contributed to this preference for CHO oxidation, a situation that may not have occurred in the DIP and CIP protocols.</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of this study are undoubtedly achieving a larger sample and ideally evidencing the physiological effects throughout the life cycle.</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is interesting and innovative about this research is its utilization of interval protocols with varying intensities. This approach undoubtedly enhances patient adherence and reduces the perception of effort when compared to continuous exercise routines. Therefore, this strategy aligns with a therapeutic approach that is more feasible to implement in patients who are inherently less physically active than the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conclusions</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increasing intensity protocol (IIP) resulted in a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation during exercise compared to moderate-intensity exercise and control sessions. Additionally, during the post-exercise recovery period, the IIP showed a higher percentage of fat utilization. These findings suggest that high-intensity aerobic exercise, even when performed for a short duration, can have positive effects on substrate oxidation, particularly in relation to carbohydrates. These results have implications for individuals with insulin resistance or DM2, as they suggest that high-intensity exercise may be beneficial in improving carbohydrate metabolism and control of blood glucose levels. Exercise can therefore be an important tool in the prevention and management of DM2, as it affects carbohydrate utilization and helps regulate blood glucose levels.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no funding for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2236198" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1871659" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2236197" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1871660" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-12-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2024-07-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1871659" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Carbohydrate" 1 => "High-intensity interval training" 2 => "Aerobic exercise" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1871660" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Carbohidratos" 1 => "Entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad" 2 => "Ejercicio aeróbico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this research is to explore the influence of different exercise protocols on carbohydrate oxidation.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Design</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Uncontrolled experimental study.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">They recruited ten inactive male subjects, 30–39 years old, with elevated body mass index (BMI). Each participant was evaluated in four separate sessions. First session consisted in determining peak aerobic power (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>AP), following sessions participants realized three equivalent exercise protocols; each one consisted of three bouts of 15-min exercise separated by 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. Constant intensity protocol (CIP) included exercise at 55% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>AP, while the other (increasing and decreasing) consisted in exercise at 40%, 55% and 70% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>AP in an increasing or decreasing order respectively.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IIP (increasing intensity protocol) causes a progressive increase in carbohydrate oxidation comparative to DIP (decreasing intensity protocol and CIP protocols (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). In the third period of protocol IIP oxidized significantly more carbohydrate than the other two.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Carbohydrate oxidation in exercises at intervals of different intensity depends on the order of these periods, being greater when performed increasingly, being more useful for sedentary subjects with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. This approach undoubtedly enhances patient adherence and reduces the perception of effort when compared to continuous exercise routines.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de esta investigación es explorar la influencia de diferentes protocolos de ejercicio sobre la oxidación de carbohidratos.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Diseño</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio experimental no controlado.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reclutaron diez sujetos masculinos inactivos, de 30 a 39 años, con índice de masa corporal (IMC) elevado. Cada participante fue evaluado en cuatro sesiones separadas. La primera sesión consistió en determinar la potencia aeróbica máxima (pAP), en las siguientes sesiones los participantes realizaron tres protocolos de ejercicio equivalentes; cada uno consistió en tres series de ejercicio de 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min separadas por 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. El protocolo de intensidad constante (CIP) incluyó ejercicio al 55% de la pAP, mientras que el otro (aumentante y decreciente) consistió en ejercicio al 40, 55 y 70% de la pAP en orden creciente o decreciente, respectivamente.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El protocolo de intensidad creciente (IIP) causa un aumento progresivo en la oxidación de carbohidratos en comparación con el protocolo de intensidad decreciente (DIP) y el protocolo CIP (p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). En el tercer período del protocolo IIP oxidó significativamente más carbohidratos que los otros dos.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La oxidación de carbohidratos en ejercicios a intervalos de diferente intensidad depende del orden de estos periodos, siendo mayor cuando se realizan de forma creciente, siendo más útil para sujetos sedentarios con resistencia a la insulina y a la diabetes mellitus. Este enfoque sin duda mejora la adherencia del paciente y reduce la percepción de esfuerzo en comparación con las rutinas de ejercicio continuo.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Diseño" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1551 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 288927 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Exercise protocols. CIP: constant intensity protocol, IIP: increasing intensity protocol, DIP: decreasing intensity protocol.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1657 "Ancho" => 2000 "Tamanyo" => 65798 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total CHO and FAT oxidation by exercise protocol. DIP: decreasing intensity protocol, CIP: constant intensity protocol, IIP: increasing intensity protocol.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Values \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">174.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BMI (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> peak (ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">210.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HDL (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LDL (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">127.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VLDL (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Triglycerides (mg/dl) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">190.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fat (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3644916.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of the measurements.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tb0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATEXTO" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "texto" => array:1 [ "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Key points</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased intensity exercise prescription is more effective for carbohydrate oxidation.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Protocol prescription of increasing intensity can achieve better metabolic control for people with glycemic alteration.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Future research is needed to determine if lower durations and intensities achieve the same metabolic benefits.</p></li></ul></p></span></span>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "World Health Organization. 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Original
The arrangement of short exercise intervals protocols influences the amount of carbohydrate oxidation in inactive overweight adult men: Pilot study
La disposición de protocolos de ejercicio interválicos cortos influye en la cantidad de oxidación de carbohidratos en los varones adultos inactivos con sobrepeso. Estudio piloto
a Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
b School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Dentistry and Health, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
c School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Americas, Santiago, Chile
d School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Silva Henríquez Catholic University, Santiago, Chile
e Autonomous University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile