metricas
covid
Buscar en
Gastroenterología y Hepatología
Toda la web
Inicio Gastroenterología y Hepatología Detección precoz de la enfermedad hepática crónica en población adulta apare...
Información de la revista
Vol. 35. Núm. S2.
Diagnóstico y seguimiento de la fibrosis hepática mediante marcadores séricos directos (ELF)
Páginas 23-29 (diciembre 2012)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 35. Núm. S2.
Diagnóstico y seguimiento de la fibrosis hepática mediante marcadores séricos directos (ELF)
Páginas 23-29 (diciembre 2012)
Diagnóstico y seguimiento de la fibrosis hepática mediante marcadores séricos directos (ELF)
Acceso a texto completo
Detección precoz de la enfermedad hepática crónica en población adulta aparentemente sana en atención primaria
Early detection of chronic liver disease in primary care in the apparently health adult population
Visitas
5255
Llorenç Caballería
Autor para correspondencia
lcaballeria.bnm.ics@gencat.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
, Pere Torán
Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, IDIAP Jordi Gol, CIBERehd, Mataró, Barcelona, España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen

Las enfermedades hepáticas son muy prevalentes y constituyen un problema sanitario de gran magnitud, ya que evolucionan hacia formas severas. En los países occidentales, la cirrosis y el cáncer primitivo de hígado se encuentran entre las 10 primeras causas de muerte entre los adultos. Además, la inflamación crónica del hígado, independientemente de la etiología, se encuentra asintomática en la mayoría de los casos; ello implica que su diagnóstico se realiza cuando ésta se encuentra en fases avanzadas, muchas veces en situación de irreversibilidad y con pocas posibilidades de tratamiento. Por lo tanto, lo ideal sería identificar a los pacientes en fases iniciales de la inflamación crónica del hígado, lo cual permitirá incidir de manera efectiva en su historia natural, y detener o retrasar su evolución. Hasta ahora nos basamos en la alteración de las pruebas de función hepática, ya sea para conocer la etiología, así como, según el grado de afectación, la presencia de una enfermedad hepática, o bien a través de los hallazgos de la ecografía abdominal que sugieren la presencia de cambios sugestivos de hepatopatía crónica. Sin embargo, desde hace unos años se han diseñado unos métodos no invasivos, tanto marcadores serológicos (directos e indirectos) de fibrosis como radiológicos (especialmente la elastografía) basados en la medición de la elasticidad hepática, que permiten cuantificar de forma no invasiva el grado de tejido fibroso presente en el hígado. Por ello, la utilización de métodos no invasivos puede ser una herramienta muy útil para la detección precoz de enfermedades hepáticas.

Palabras clave:
Fibrosis hepática
Cirrosis hepática
Hígado graso no alcohólico
Ecografía abdominal
Atención primaria
No invasivo
Elastografía
Fibroscan
Abstract

Liver diseases are highly prevalent and are a major health problem as they progress to more severe forms. In the west, cirrhosis and primitive liver cancer are among the first 10 causes of death in adults. Moreover, chronic liver inflammation, irrespective of cause, is usually asymptomatic. Consequently diagnosis tends to be established when the disease is in the advanced stages and is thus irreversible and with few treatment possibilities. Therefore, ideally, diagnosis would be established in the initial phases of chronic liver inflammation, which would allow the natural history of the disease to be altered by either halting or delaying progression. To date, physicians have been guided by alterations in liver function tests to identify the etiology of liver disease or-depending on the severity of involvement-the presence of liver disease. Abdominal ultrasound findings can also reveal alterations suggesting the presence of chronic liver disease. However, in the last few years, noninvasive methods have been designed. These include serological markers (direct and indirect) of fibrosis and radiological tests (especially elastography) based on measuring liver elasticity, which allow noninvasive quantification of the degree of fibrous tissue in the liver. The use of noninvasive methods may be highly useful in the early detection of liver diseases.

Keywords:
Liver fibrosis
Liver cirrhosis
Nonalcoholic fatty liver
Abdominal ultrasound
Primary care
Noninvasive
Elastography
Fibroscan
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
K.M. Fleming, G.P. Aithal, M. Solaymani-Dodaran, T.R. Card, J. West.
Incidence and prevalence of cirrhosis in the United Kingdom, 1992–2001: a general population-based study.
J Hepatol, 49 (2008), pp. 732-738
[2.]
W.R. Kim, R.S. Brown Jr., N.A. Terrault, H. El-Serag.
Burden of liver disease in the United States: summary of a workshop.
Hepatology, 36 (2002), pp. 227-242
[3.]
D. Schuppan, N.H. Afdhal.
Liver cirrhosis.
[4.]
J.D. Browning, L.S. Szczepaniak, R. Dobbins, P. Nuremberg, J.D. Horton, J.C. Cohen, et al.
Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethinicity.
Hepatology, 40 (2004), pp. 1387-1395
[5.]
L.A. Adams, J.F. Lymp, J. St. Sauver, S.O. Sanderson, K.D. Lindor, A. Feldstein, et al.
The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study.
Gastroenterology, 129 (2005), pp. 113-121
[6.]
S.M. Martínez, G. Crespo, M. Navasa, X. Forns.
Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis.
Hepatology, 53 (2011), pp. 325-335
[7.]
D.S. Pratt, M.M. Kaplan.
Evaluation of abnormal liver-enzyme results in asymptomatic patients.
N Engl J Med, 342 (2000), pp. 1266-1271
[8.]
P.T. Giboney.
Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient.
Am Fam Physician, 71 (2005), pp. 1105-1110
[9.]
E.G. Giannini, R. Testa, V. Savarino.
Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians.
CMAJ, 172 (2005), pp. 367-379
[10.]
A. Moreno, L. González, J. Mendoza-Jiménez, L. García-Buey, R. Moreno.
Utility of analytical parameters in the diagnosis of liver diseases.
An Med Intern, 24 (2007), pp. 38-46
[11.]
L.l. Caballería, G. Pera, M.A. Auladell, P. Torán, L. Muñoz, D. Miranda, et al.
Prevalence and factors associated with the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population in Spain.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 22 (2010), pp. 24-32
[12.]
G. Targher, C.P. Day, E. Bonora.
Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
N Engl J Med, 363 (2010), pp. 1341-1350
[13.]
American.
Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: evaluation of liver chemistry tests.
Gastroenterology, 123 (2002), pp. 1364-1366
[14.]
W. Goessling, L.S. Friedman.
Increased liver chemistry in an asymptomatic patient.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 3 (2005), pp. 852-858
[15.]
S.L. Friedman.
Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis.
Gastroenterology, 134 (2008), pp. 1655-1669
[16.]
D. Nguyen, J.A. Talwalker.
Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis.
Hepatology, 53 (2011), pp. 2107-2110
[17.]
J.A. Carrión.
Evaluación de la fibrosis asociada a la enfermedad hepática.
Gastroenterol Hepatol, 35 (2012), pp. 38-45
[18.]
F. Imbert-Bismut, V. Ratziu, L. Pieroni, F. Charlotte, Y. Benhamou, T. Poynard.
Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study.
Lancet, 357 (2001), pp. 1069-1075
[19.]
G. Bedogni, S. Bellentani, L. Miglioli, F. Masutti, M. Passalacqua, A. Castiglione, et al.
The Fatty Liver index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population.
BMC Gastroenterol, 6 (2006), pp. 33
[20.]
G. Bedogni, H.S. Kahn, S. Bellentani, C. Tiribelli.
A simple index of lipid overaccumulation is a good marker of liver steatosi.
BMC Gastroenterol, 10 (2010), pp. 98
[21.]
J.B. Dixon, P.S. Bhathal, P.E. O’Brian.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predictors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in the severely obese.
Gastroenterology, 121 (2001), pp. 91-100
[22.]
C.T. Wai, J.K. Greenson, R.J. Fontana, J.D. Kalfleish, J.A. Martero, H.S. Conjeevaram, et al.
A simple non-invasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Hepatology, 38 (2003), pp. 518-526
[23.]
A.L. Williams, J.H. Hoofnagle.
Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology, 95 (1988), pp. 734-739
[24.]
V. Ratziu, P. Giral, F. Charlotte, E. Bruckert, V. Thibault, I. Theodorou, et al.
Liver fibrosis in overweigt patients.
Gastroenterology, 118 (2000), pp. 1117-1123
[25.]
S.A. Harrison, D. Oliver, H.L. Arnold, S. Gogia, B.A. Neuschwander-Tetri.
Development and validation of a simple NAFLD clinical scoring system for identifying patients without advanced disease.
Gut, 57 (2008), pp. 1441-1447
[26.]
A. Vallet-Pichard, V. Mallet, B. Nalpas, V. Verkarre, A. Nalpas, V. Dhalluin-Venier, et al.
FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. Comparison with liver biopsy and FibroTest.
Hepatology, 46 (2007), pp. 32-36
[27.]
X. Forns, S. Ampurdanes, J.M. Llovet, J. Aponte, L. Quinto, E. Martínez-Bauer, et al.
Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model.
Hepatology, 36 (2002), pp. 986-992
[28.]
L.A. Adams, M. Bulsara, E. Rossi, B. DeBoer, D. Speers, J. George, et al.
Hepascore: an accurate validated predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection.
Clin Chem, 51 (2005), pp. 1867-1873
[29.]
P. Cales, F. Oberti, S. Michalak, I. Hubert-Fouchard, M.C. Rousselet, A. Konate, et al.
A novel panel of blood markers to assess the degree of liver fibrosis.
Hepatology, 42 (2005), pp. 1373-1381
[30.]
T. Poynard, P. Lebray, Ingiliz, A. Varaut, B. Varsat, Y. Ngo, et al.
Prevalence of liver fibrosis and risk factors in a general population using non-invasive biomarkers (FibroTest®).
BMC Gastroenterol, 10 (2010), pp. 40
[31.]
W.M. Rosenberg, M. Voelker, R. Thiel, M. Becka, A. Burt, D. Schuppan, for European Liver Fibrosis Group, et al.
Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study.
Gastroenterology, 127 (2004), pp. 1704-1713
[32.]
S. Tanwar, P.M. Trembling, I.N. Guha, J. Parkers, P. Kaye, A.D. Burt, et al.
Validation of PIIINP for the detection and assessment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
[33.]
M. Ziol, A. Handra-Luca, A. Kettaneh, C. Christidis, F. Mal, F. Kazemi, et al.
Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Hepatology, 4 (2005), pp. 48-54
[34.]
L. Sandrin, B. Fourquet, J.M. Hasquenoph, S. Yon, C. Fournier, F. Mal, et al.
Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis.
Ultrasound Med Biol, 29 (2003), pp. 1705-1713
[35.]
L. Castera.
Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.
Hepatol Int, 5 (2011), pp. 1511-1517
[36.]
M. Viganò, S. Paggi, P. Lampertico, M. Franquelli, S. Massironi, G. Ronchi, et al.
Dual cut-off transient elastography to assess liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B: a cohort study with internal validation.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 34 (2011), pp. 353-362
[37.]
M. Yoneda, M. Yoneda, H. Mawatari, K. Fujita, H. Endo, H. Lida, et al.
Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Dig Liver Dis, 40 (2008), pp. 371-378
[38.]
W.W. Wong, J. Vergniol, G.L. Wong, J. Foucher, H.L. Chan, B. Le Bail, et al.
Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Hepatology, 51 (2010), pp. 454-462
[39.]
P. Nahon, A. Kettaneh, I. Tengher-Barna, M. Ziol, V. De Lédinghen, C. Douvin, et al.
Assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography in patients with alcoholic liver diseases.
J Hepatol, 49 (2008), pp. 1062-1068
[40.]
L. Castera, X. Forns, A. Alberti.
Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography.
J Hepatol, 48 (2008), pp. 835-847
[41.]
P. Del Poggio, S. Colombo.
Is transient elastography a useful tool for screening liver disease?.
World J Gastroenterol, 28 (2009), pp. 1409-1414
[42.]
D. Roulot, J.L. Costes, J.F. Buyck, U. Warzocha, N. Gambier, S. Czernichow, et al.
Transient elastography as a screening tool for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in a community-based population aged over 45 years.
[43.]
J. Verniol, J. Focher, E. Terrebonne, P.H. Bernard, B. Le Bail, W. Merrouche, et al.
Noninvasive tests for fibrosis and liver stiffness predict 5-year outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Gastroenterology, 140 (2011), pp. 1970-1979
Copyright © 2012. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos