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Vol. 26. Núm. 3.
Páginas 157-168 (julio - septiembre 2007)
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Vol. 26. Núm. 3.
Páginas 157-168 (julio - septiembre 2007)
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Células T reguladoras y tolerancia en trasplante: Efecto de la inmunosupresión farmacológica
Regulatory t cells and tolerance in transplantation: effect of immunosuppression
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D. San Segundo1, M.J. Benito1, G. Fernández-Fresnedo2, M.J. Marín1, M. Arias2, M. López-Hoyos1, Nicole Thielens1,
Autor para correspondencia
nicole.thielens@ibs.fr

Correspondence to: Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1 (France). Phone number: 33 4 38 78 95 79. Fax: 33 4 38 78 54 94
1 Servicios de Inmunología, Santander
2 Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander
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Resumen

El beneficio sustancial que supone el trasplante en aquellos pacientes con enfermedades terminales se contrarresta por la tasa moderada de supervivencia del injerto a largo plazo. Esto se debe en gran medida a los fármacos inmunosupresores que inhiben inespecíficamente la respuesta inmunitaria para evitar el rechazo pero que acarrean gran número de efectos adversos responsables del rechazo crónico. Por ello, el principal objetivo en el trasplante es alcanzar una ausencia de respuesta inmunitaria frente a los aloantígenos del donante sin necesidad de administraciones prolongadas de fármacos inmunosupresores. En los últimos años, las células T reguladoras, sobre todo aquellas que muestran el fenotipo CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ (conocidas como células Tregs), han demostrado su capacidad de controlar las respuestas inmunitarias frente a aloantígenos del donante, por lo que poseen un gran potencial en el establecimiento de tolerancia del trasplante in vivo. La mayoría de las evidencias proceden de modelos experimentales aunque últimamente han aparecido trabajos que abordan el papel de las células Tregs en el contexto clínico del trasplante. En dicho contexto, un factor esencial a considerar es la presencia de inmunosupresión farmacológica en prácticamente el 100% de los pacientes. Hallazgos recientes demuestran cómo existen fármacos que favorecen la inducción y/o mantenimiento de las células Tregs en pacientes trasplantados. De todos ellos, los inhibidores de mTOR se muestran como los que más favorecen el desarrollo de Tregs en el trasplante de órganos actual. Estrategias que se plantean en un futuro cercano son la estimulación ex vivo de células Tregs purificadas con aloantígenos del donante, o incluso la transfección con FOXP3 de células alorreactivas CD4+CD25.

Palabras clave:
CD25
Células Tregs
FOXP3
Inmunosupresión
Tolerancia
Trasplante
Abstract

The poor long-term graft survival rate counteracts the important advance that transplantation is for end-stage disease patients. This is mainly due to the use of immunosuppressants that nonspecifically inhibit the immune response to avoid graft rejection but that bring a number of adverse effects leading to chronic rejection. Thus, the major goal in transplant medicine is to reach an absence of immune response towards donor alloantigens without the need of long-term immunosuppressant drugs. In the last years, regulatory T cells, mainly those with a CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ phenotype (named as Treg cells), have demonstrated an inhibitory effect on immune responses against donor alloantigens. As a consequence, they are a potential tool in the development of transplant tolerance in vivo. Most of the evidence comes from experimental models, although recent works address the role of Treg cells in the clinical setting of transplantation. In such a setting, the coexistence of immunosuppression in almost 100% of the patients is an essential factor to consider. Recent findings show that different drugs favour the induction and/or maintenance of Treg cells in transplant recipients. Among them, mTOR inhibitors seem to promote the development of Treg cells at present. Next strategies include the ex vivo stimulation of sorted Treg cells with donor alloantigens or the transfection of alloreactive CD4+CD25– cells with FOXP3.

Key words:
CD25
FOXP3
Immunosuppression
Tolerance
Transplantation
Treg cells
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Copyright © 2007. Sociedad Española de Inmunología
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