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Vol. 26. Núm. 2.
Páginas 65-72 (abril - junio 2007)
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Vol. 26. Núm. 2.
Páginas 65-72 (abril - junio 2007)
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Implication of the tetraspanin CD9 in the immune system and cancer
Implicación de la tetraspanina cd9 en el sistema inmune y en el cáncer
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5554
S. Ovalle, M.D. Gutiérrez-López, A. Monjas, C. Cabañas
Autor para correspondencia
cacabagu@med.ucm.es

Correspondence to: Instituto de Farmacología y Toxicología (CSIC-UCM), Facultad de Medicina UCM, Avda Complutense, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Phone number: 34-91 394 1444. Fax: 34-91 394 1469
Instituto de Farmacología y Toxicología (CSIC-UCM), Madrid
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Resumen

Las tetraspaninas son moléculas de la superficie celular de amplia distribución en los organismos eucarióticos. Poseen como característica estructural peculiar cuatro dominios transmembranales, regiones N- y C-terminales intracitoplásmicas, y dos lazos extracelulares de distinto tamaño. También poseen un motivo de secuencia CCG en el lazo extracelular mayor, así como residuos polares conservados en los dominios transmembranales. Las células sanguíneas de los mamíferos expresan combinaciones peculiares de distintas tetraspaninas, incluyendo los antígenos de diferenciación CD9, CD37, CD53, CD81/TAPA-1, CD82, CD151/PETA-3 y CD231/TALLA1.

En este trabajo se resumen la estructura y las interacciones de sus regiones citoplásmicas con proteínas del citoesqueleto y señalizadoras, como la proteína cinasa C (PKC) o la Fosfatidil-Inositol 4-cinasa (PI4-K). Sus interacciones específicas con otras tetraspaninas, con integrinas, antígenos de histocompatibilidad, y miembros de la superfamilia de las inmunoglobulinas son también revisadas.

Las tetraspaninas son proteínas “adaptadoras” o “facilitadoras”. Al formar parte de complejos moleculares, modulan funciones celulares clave que incluyen la fusión celular, la adhesión, la migración, la diferenciación y la transducción de señales. Las tetraspaninas se organizan en una red con distintos niveles de asociación, determinados por su resistencia a la solubilización por detergentes. En concreto, se analizan las tetraspaninas como reguladoras del Sistema Inmunitario gracias a sus interacciones con los receptores de antígeno de los linfocitos T y B, las moléculas de histocompatibilidad de clase I y clase II, y los co-receptores CD2, CD4, CD5, CD8 y CD19. Por último, se revisa detalladamente el papel de la tetraspanina CD9 en la función de las células linfoides y mieloides, su relevancia en infecciones como el HIV, y la importancia de su asociación con integrinas en la progresión cancerosa.

Palabras clave:
Tetraspaninas
Integrinas
HIV
Cáncer
CD9
CD37
CD53
CD81
TAPA-1
CD82
CD151
PETA-3
CD231
TALLA1
Abstract

Tetraspanins are cell surface proteins widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms. They characteristically span four times the plasma membrane, have intracellular N and C terminal regions, and two extracellular loops of unequal size. Tetraspanins also possess a CCG motif in the large extracellular loop, and conserved polar residues in the transmembrane domains. Mammalian blood cells express different sets of tetraspanins including the differentiation antigens CD9, CD37, CD53, CD81/TAPA-1, CD82, CD151/PETA-3 and CD231/TALLA1.

Here, tetraspanin structure and their cytoplasmic tail interactions with cytoskeletal and signalling proteins like Protein kinase C (PKC) or Phosphatidyl Inositol 4-kinase (PI4-K) are briefly summarized. The specific interactions with other cell surface proteins, forming complexes with other tetraspanins and members of the integrin family, MHC histocompatibility antigens, or members of the immunoglobulin superfamily are also reviewed.

Tetraspanins are considered as “adapter” or “facilitating” proteins and, through their participation in complexes, they modulate key cellular functions like cell fusion, adhesion, migration, differentiation and signal transduction. The organization of the tetraspanin web, based on different association levels determined by their resistance to detergent solubilization, is described. In particular, tetraspanins participating in the regulation of the Immune System through interactions with the B- and T-cell receptors, the class I and class II MHC antigens, and co-receptors such as CD2, CD4, CD5, CD8, or CD19 are analyzed. At last, the role of CD9 in myeloid and lymphoid cell function, its relevance to HIV infection, and the importance of tetraspanin association with integrins to cancer progression are described in detail.

Key words:
Tetraspanins
Integrin
HIV
Cancer
CD9
CD37
CD53
CD81
TAPA-1
CD82
CD151
PETA-3
CD231
TALLA1
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