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¿Es esperable que haya cuadros neurológicos por la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2?
Should we expect neurological symptoms in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic?
J. Matías-Guiu
Autor para correspondencia
neurol.hcsc@salud.madrid.org

Autor para correspondencia.
, U. Gomez-Pinedo, P. Montero-Escribano, P. Gomez-Iglesias, J. Porta-Etessam, J.A. Matias-Guiu
Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La asociaci&#243;n a coronavirus que infectaban a humanos estaba asociada a enfermedades menores del sistema respiratorio superior e inferior tanto en ni&#241;os como en adultos&#46; Los 4 coronavirus humanos end&#233;micos 229E-CoV&#44; NL63-CoV&#44; OC43-CoV y HKU1-CoV han estado considerados entre las causas del resfriado com&#250;n&#46; Dos de ellos est&#225;n considerados como &#945;CoV &#40;229E-CoV y NL63-CoV&#41; y 2 de ellos como &#946;CoV &#40;OC43-CoV y HKU1-CoV&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Dos nuevos coronavirus&#44; tambi&#233;n &#946;CoV &#40;SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV9&#41; se han comportado de forma mucho m&#225;s agresiva&#44; en forma de epidemias con pacientes que presentaron manifestaciones extrapulmonares e incluso muerte&#46; As&#237;&#44; en 2003&#44; SARS-CoV fue identificado como la causa de un cuadro respiratorio grave que apareci&#243; por primera vez en la provincia de Guangdong&#44; China&#44; y m&#225;s tarde&#44; en 2004&#44; MERS-CoV fue el responsable de una epidemia que tuvo su mayor impacto en la Pen&#237;nsula Ar&#225;bica&#46; El 31 de diciembre de 2019&#44; la OMS comunica de casos de neumon&#237;a en la ciudad de Wuhan&#44; provincia de Hubei&#44; China&#44; en que se demuestra la presencia de un nuevo CoV&#44; 2019-nCoV &#40;SARS-CoV-2&#41;&#44; cuya difusi&#243;n se realiza r&#225;pidamente en China y en el resto del mundo&#44; y que se encuentra dentro de las caracter&#237;sticas del &#946;-CoV&#44; con una similitud bastante amplia a SARS-CoV&#46; La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 est&#225; llegando a todo el mundo&#44; con una amplia mortalidad y un amplio impacto social que vivimos en la actualidad&#44; y que probablemente acabar&#225; afectando a un gran n&#250;mero de personas&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El sistema nervioso central &#40;SNC&#41; es vulnerable a los virus&#44; y muchos de ellos acaban llegando al cerebro como el virus del herpes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#44; los arbovirus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#44; el sarampi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; la influenza y el VIH<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; entre otros&#46; Los coronavirus tambi&#233;n pueden actuar sobre el SNC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a>&#44; y en consecuencia una pandemia con un n&#250;mero tan alto de afectados podr&#237;a suponer la aparici&#243;n de cuadros neurol&#243;gicos&#46; La presente revisi&#243;n pretende analizar la informaci&#243;n existe sobre la acci&#243;n de los coronavirus humanos en el SNC&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Cuadro neurol&#243;gicos por coronavirus</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Es indudable que los CoV penetran en el SNC&#46; Se han detectado RNA de CoV en el sistema nervioso central de pacientes con diversas enfermedades neurol&#243;gicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#44; y ello ha tenido una traducci&#243;n cl&#237;nica en cuadros encefal&#237;ticos en ni&#241;os<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> y tambi&#233;n se han observado meningitis&#44; y en el s&#237;ndrome de Guillain-Barr&#233; u otras enfermedades de base neuroinmunitaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;15</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; se han observado en el contexto de infecciones por CoV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#46; Entre los CoV&#44; OC43-CoV ha sido considerado como un virus con mayor capacidad neuroinvasiva&#44; ya que se ha demostrado que invade&#44; se propaga y persiste dentro del SNC en el rat&#243;n&#44; afectando directamente a los neuronas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> y se ha descrito que utiliza el transporte axonal para su difusi&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; OC43-CoV tiene la capacidad de inducir degeneraci&#243;n y muerte celular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#8211;23</span></a>&#46; En el humano se ha detectado este virus en muestras del cerebro humano de pacientes que padecen enfermedades neurol&#243;gicas como Alzheimer&#44; enfermedad de Parkinson y esclerosis m&#250;ltiple &#40;EM&#41;&#44; y en sanos&#46; Asimismo&#44; se ha asociado de forma similar a 229E-CoV a la presencia de convulsiones febriles<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; OC43-CoV fue detectado en el cerebro de un ni&#241;o inmunodeficiente que muri&#243; de encefalitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46; Ambos virus&#44; OC43-CoV y 229E-CoV tienen la capacidad de entrar en las c&#233;lulas de la inmunidad innata<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">MERS-CoV y SARS-CoV</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SARS-CoV y el MERS-CoV pueden causar una infecci&#243;n grave del tracto respiratorio inferior con s&#237;ndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda y manifestaciones extrapulmonares como diarrea&#44; linfopenia&#44; pruebas de funci&#243;n hep&#225;tica y renal alteradas&#44; y s&#237;ndrome de disfunci&#243;n multiorg&#225;nica&#44; tanto entre hu&#233;spedes inmunocompetentes como inmunocomprometidos con tasas de mortalidad superior al 10&#37;&#44; aunque existen casos asintom&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Ambos virus han sido responsables de 2 epidemias con un n&#250;mero alto de personas contagiadas&#46; La presencia de cuadros neurol&#243;gicos no ha sido alta en los diferentes estudios&#44; aunque todos ellos analizan la fase inicial de la epidemia&#46; Un estudio retrospectivo en Arabia Saudita se encontr&#243; que el 25&#44;7&#37; de los pacientes con MERS desarrollaron confusi&#243;n y el 8&#44;6&#37; experiment&#243; convulsiones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Solo 4 casos con afectaci&#243;n del SNC &#40;encefalomielitis diseminada aguda&#44; accidente cerebrovascular y encefalitis&#41; y un caso con polineuropat&#237;a de enfermedad cr&#237;tica ha sido reportado para pacientes con MERS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha descrito la presencia s&#237;ndrome de Guillain-Barr&#233; y neuropat&#237;a perif&#233;rica de aparici&#243;n tard&#237;a&#44; y en alg&#250;n paciente se describe el cronograma entre la presencia del cuadro infeccioso y el neurol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Existe un caso descrito asociado a una hemorragia cerebral en la que los autores consideran que el paciente no ten&#237;a riesgo de presentar el cuadro por otro origen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#46; Un estudio <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> ha observado que MERS-CoV tiene una especial sensibilidad para invadir diversas l&#237;neas celulares espec&#237;ficas y halla que entre ellas muestra la capacidad de infectar c&#233;lulas neuronales humanas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46; La cuesti&#243;n de que las complicaciones neurol&#243;gicas halladas con MERS-CoV son de aparici&#243;n tard&#237;a&#44; la ausencia del virus en el LCR y la presencia de cuadros de s&#237;ndrome de Guillain-Barr&#233; no est&#225; aclarado y puede estar relacionada con la respuesta inmune<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46; Algunos autores han se&#241;alado que la falta de hallazgos del virus en muestras biol&#243;gicas puede ser debido a cuestiones metodol&#243;gicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Durante el brote por SARS-CoV en 2002-2003&#44; la descripci&#243;n de cuadros neurol&#243;gicos fue baja<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> y con casos aislados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#46; Seis pacientes que desarrollaron polineuropat&#237;a axonal al mes despu&#233;s del inicio del SARS mejoraron en el seguimiento&#46; Tambi&#233;n hubo pacientes que experimentaron alteraciones neuromusculares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> como miopat&#237;a<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> y rabdomi&#243;lisis&#46; SARS fue un cuadro m&#225;s grave<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#44; de forma que se ha sugerido que estas alteraciones musculares podr&#237;an ser debidas m&#225;s a la situaci&#243;n cr&#237;tica de los pacientes que al propio virus&#46; Se describieron tambi&#233;n la presencia de ictus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#44;43</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Coronavirus y esclerosis m&#250;ltiple</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los CoV han sido propuestos como una hip&#243;tesis de asociaci&#243;n ambiental a la EM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Ello ha sido apoyado por varios argumentos&#46; Se han detectado part&#237;culas similares a coronavirus en el tejido cerebral autopsiado de un paciente con EM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46; CoV se han aislado en el cerebro obtenido en la autopsia de 2 pacientes con EM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> y se ha obtenido RNA en el cerebro de otros pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0680"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47&#8211;49</span></a>&#46; Se ha observado la s&#237;ntesis intratecal de anticuerpos anti-CoV humanos indicativos de una infecci&#243;n del SNC en pacientes con EM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&#46; Se ha detectado RNA de CoV humanos&#46; Se ha hallado RNA de CoV humanos en el LCR de pacientes con EM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a>&#46; Desde el punto de vista experimental se ha demostrado que CoV humanos pueden infectar neuronas&#44; astrocitos y microgl&#237;a en cultivos primarios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#44; y tambi&#233;n a c&#233;lulas gliales humanas inmortalizadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0710"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46; Es interesante que CoV humanos pueden infectar c&#233;lulas de estirpe oligodendrocitaria y oligodendrocios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0715"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46; Asimismo&#44; ha reforzado esta hip&#243;tesis el hecho que las infecciones de las v&#237;as respiratorias superiores de origen viral que pueden estar relacionadas con CoV humanos son un desencadenante importante de los brotes de EM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0720"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55&#44;56</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">El virus de la hepatitis de rat&#243;n</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El MHV-CoA es un virus que afecta al rat&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> y no al humano que induce trastornos neurol&#243;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0735"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58&#44;59</span></a>&#44; y ello ha posibilitado la creaci&#243;n de un modelo experimental para estudiar el papel de los CoV en el SNC&#46; Las cepas neurotr&#243;picas de MHV pueden invadir el SNC por inoculaci&#243;n intranasal en ratones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0745"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> y tambi&#233;n por v&#237;a sangu&#237;nea&#44; y ello se ha observado tambi&#233;n en primates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#46; El paso por la barrera hematoencefalica se ha relacionado con la producci&#243;n de interfer&#243;n-beta por las c&#233;lulas epiteliales de la microcirculaci&#243;n cerebral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&#46; La infecci&#243;n por MHV-CoV desencadena una encefalomielitis aguda asociada con &#225;reas focales de desmielinizaci&#243;n&#44; y se ha analizado el papel de la respuesta inmune en su evoluci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a>&#46; La activaci&#243;n de la microgl&#237;a&#44; la descarga de mediadores inflamatorios generar&#237;an un microambiente local del SNC que influir&#237;a en la replicaci&#243;n viral y lo que puede conducir a la desmielinizaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0765"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&#46; Es por ello&#44; que la aparici&#243;n de lesiones desmielinizantes ha sugerido que este modelo podr&#237;a ser aplicable al conocimiento de la EM&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">La epidemia de SARS-CoV-2 y la posibilidad de que el cerebro pueda ser reservorio del virus</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque se asemeje&#44; el nuevo virus es distinto a SARS-Cov<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0770"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&#44; causante de la epidemia actual presenta diferencias gen&#233;ticas y estructurales con los anteriores&#44; y forma parte del grupo &#946;CoV&#46; Una de las caracter&#237;sticas de este nuevo virus es que es altamente difundible<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0775"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> y en mayor medida que SARS-CoV<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0780"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67</span></a>&#44; propagado por gotas&#44; contacto directo y contacto con objetos infectados&#44; y que se propaga tambi&#233;n con personas infectadas asintom&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0785"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68&#8211;70</span></a>&#46; Aunque existen distintos estudios observacionales que han analizado los s&#237;ntomas de la enfermedad&#44; la presencia de s&#237;ntomas neurol&#243;gicos es baja&#44; salvo cefalea y cuadros vestibulares en estudios observaciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0800"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71&#8211;76</span></a>&#44; y en un estudio espec&#237;fico en pacientes hospitalizados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0830"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77</span></a> o casos aislados<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0835"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">78</span></a> a pesar que algunos autores han se&#241;alado de la posibilidad de que el virus pueda afectar al sistema nervioso central como en SARS-CoV en el que el virus se hall&#243; en el cerebro de pacientes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0840"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">79</span></a>&#46; Algunos datos cl&#237;nicos parecen apuntar a unas caracter&#237;sticas diferenciales como las alteraciones olfatorias&#44; descrita por grupos alemanes por primera vez&#44; y la presencia de alucinaciones que no han sido referidas por SARS-CoV ni MERS-CoV&#46; El virus tiene algunas caracter&#237;sticas que han apoyado que tenga una especial sensibilidad hacia el SNC&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las principales diferencias estructurales entre SARS-CoV y SARS-CoV-2 est&#225; en la prote&#237;na de fusi&#243;n y en las prote&#237;nas accesorias ORF3b y ORF8&#46; El genoma del virus codifica 4 prote&#237;nas estructurales principales&#44; incluidas la espiga &#40;S&#41;&#44; la nucleoc&#225;pside&#44; la membrana y la envoltura que se requieren para formar la part&#237;cula viral completa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0845"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80</span></a>&#46; Una glicoprote&#237;na de la prote&#237;na S puede ser un desencadenante de enfermedades neurodegenerativas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0850"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">81</span></a>&#46; Al ingresar a las c&#233;lulas hu&#233;sped&#44; el genoma viral se traduce en 2 poliprote&#237;nas precursoras grandes que se procesan en 16 prote&#237;nas no estructurales maduras &#40;NSP1-NSP16&#41; mediante proteinasas virales codificadas por ORF1a&#44; entre otras&#46; Estas nspS realizan una funci&#243;n crucial durante la replicaci&#243;n y transcripci&#243;n del ARN viral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0855"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">82</span></a>&#44; y ORF3b se ha relacionado con la respuesta inmune<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0860"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">83</span></a>&#46; La subunidad 1 de la prote&#237;na de fusi&#243;n se une tambi&#233;n al receptor ACE2 como SARS-CoV&#44; que es el lugar de enlace con el hu&#233;sped y que ha planteado la posibilidad de crear un modelo experimental para la infecci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0865"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">84</span></a>&#46; Un hecho relevante es que el cerebro tiene una expresi&#243;n alta de receptores de ACE2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0870"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">85</span></a>&#44; lo que ha sugerido que por esta raz&#243;n en esta epidemia la penetraci&#243;n del virus al SNC puede ser alta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0875"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">86</span></a>&#46; Estudios previos demostraron la correlaci&#243;n positiva de la expresi&#243;n de ACE2 y la infecci&#243;n de SARS-CoV <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0880"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">87</span></a>&#46; Los virus pueden acceder al SNC por 2 v&#237;as&#44; la hemat&#243;gena&#44; un virus infectar&#225; las c&#233;lulas endoteliales de la barrera hematoencef&#225;lica y la neuronal&#44; aunque tambi&#233;n podr&#237;a diseminarse localmente a trav&#233;s de la placa cribiforme del hueso etmoides Sin embargo&#44; cruzar la barrera hematoencef&#225;lica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0885"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">88</span></a> es poco probable por el SARS-CoV-2 debido al tama&#241;o de este virus&#44; por lo que es m&#225;s probable que acceda a trav&#233;s del nervio olfatorio o del trig&#233;mino&#44; de manera que la frecuencia de alteraciones olfatorias en la epidemia podr&#237;a ser un indicaci&#243;n de penetraci&#243;n en el SNC&#46; En el modelo de MHV-CoV&#44; as&#237; como el hallazgo de CoV en el cerebro de pacientes puede sugerir que el virus pueda persistir durante per&#237;odos prolongados sin ninguna enfermedad neurol&#243;gica aparente y el cerebro podr&#237;a ser un reservorio de virus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0890"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">89</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los CoV son virus que pueden penetrar en el SNC y generar da&#241;o&#44; as&#237; como mantenerse en &#233;l como reservorio&#46; Aunque la presencia de s&#237;ntomas neurol&#243;gicos es baja&#44; su existencia puede justificar el paso del virus y la posibilidad de cl&#237;nica neurol&#243;gica precoz o tard&#237;a con mayor incidencia&#46; En este sentido&#44; los potenciales cuadros neurol&#243;gicos que podr&#237;an hallarse podr&#237;an agruparse en los siguientes&#58; 1&#41; Cuadros asociados a las consecuencias del cuadro infeccioso como el ictus isqu&#233;mico&#44; aunque la presencia de hemorragia cerebral podr&#237;a asociarse a la acci&#243;n del virus sobre el receptor de ACE2&#59; 2&#41; Cuadros asociados a enfermedades oportunistas como se ha observado en las otras epidemias&#59; 3&#41; Cuadros neurol&#243;gicos asociados al paciente cr&#237;tico&#44; en aquellos que ingresan en las unidades de intensivos&#44; espec&#237;ficamente alteraciones musculares o rabdomi&#243;lisis&#59; 4&#41; Cuadros asociados a la invasi&#243;n del virus en territorios neur&#243;genos o musculares como las alteraciones olfatorias &#40;olfato y gusto&#41; o miositis y 5&#41; Cuadros no clasificables todav&#237;a debido a la falta de informaci&#243;n como son las alucinaciones&#46; El seguimiento de los pacientes de la epidemia debe atender con cuidado a la evaluaci&#243;n del SNC&#44; tanto desde el punto de vista cl&#237;nico como pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Introduction"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Development"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Cuadro neurol&#243;gicos por coronavirus"
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        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "MERS-CoV y SARS-CoV"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Coronavirus y esclerosis m&#250;ltiple"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "El virus de la hepatitis de rat&#243;n"
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          "titulo" => "La epidemia de SARS-CoV-2 y la posibilidad de que el cerebro pueda ser reservorio del virus"
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        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
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          "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-03-27"
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            0 => "Coronavirus"
            1 => "SARS-CoV"
            2 => "MERS-CoV"
            3 => "Esclerosis m&#250;ltiple"
            4 => "SARS-CoV-2"
            5 => "Virus murino de la hepatitis"
            6 => "S&#237;ntomas neurol&#243;gicos"
            7 => "Sistema nervioso central"
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            0 => "Coronavirus"
            1 => "SARS-CoV"
            2 => "MERS-CoV"
            3 => "Multiple sclerosis"
            4 => "SARS-CoV-2"
            5 => "Mouse hepatitis virus"
            6 => "Neurological symptoms"
            7 => "Central nervous system"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diversas evidencias sugieren que el SARS-CoV-2 puede penetrar en el sistema nervioso central &#40;SNC&#41;&#46; Los autores revisan los datos de la literatura sobre los hallazgos de coronavirus en el SNC asociado a enfermedades neurol&#243;gicas&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Desarrollo</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En las distintas epidemias con SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV la presencia de cuadros neurol&#243;gicos es baja&#44; pero se describen cuadros aislados de pacientes&#46; Tambi&#233;n existen casos asociados a OC43-CoV y 229E-CoV&#46; La existencia de lesiones neurol&#243;gicas&#44; especialmente desmielinizantes en el modelo MHV-CoV pueden explicar mecanismos de penetraci&#243;n de los CoV en el SNC y especialmente aquellos relacionados con la respuesta inmune&#44; que puede justificar la existencia de CoV en pacientes con esclerosis m&#250;ltiple&#46; Los autores revisan aspectos diferenciales de SARS-CoV-2 y se plantean si debido al alto n&#250;mero de infectados&#44; el virus puede afectar de forma mayor al SNC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque la presencia de s&#237;ntomas neurol&#243;gicos en las epidemias de CoV es baja&#44; la mayor frecuencia de infectados por SARS-CoV-2 podr&#237;a justificar el paso del virus y la posibilidad de cl&#237;nica neurol&#243;gica precoz o tard&#237;a con mayor incidencia&#46; El seguimiento de los pacientes de la epidemia debe atender con cuidado a la evaluaci&#243;n del SNC&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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          1 => array:2 [
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            "titulo" => "Desarrollo"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introduction</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is growing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can gain access to the central nervous system &#40;CNS&#41;&#46; We revise the literature on coronavirus infection of the CNS associated with neurological diseases&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Development</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neurological symptoms were rarely reported in the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics&#44; although isolated cases were described&#46; There are also reports of cases of neurological symptoms associated with CoV-OC43 and CoV-229E infection&#46; The presence of neurological lesions&#44; especially demyelinating lesions in the mouse hepatitis virus model&#44; may explain the mechanisms by which coronaviruses enter the CNS&#44; particularly those related with the immune response&#46; This may explain the presence of coronavirus in patients with multiple sclerosis&#46; We review the specific characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and address the question of whether the high number of cases may be associated with greater CNS involvement&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although neurological symptoms are not frequent in coronavirus epidemics&#44; the high number of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may explain the presence of the virus in the CNS and increase the likelihood of early- or delayed-onset neurological symptoms&#46; Follow-up of patients affected by the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic should include careful assessment of the CNS&#46;</p></span>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "autores" => array:4 [
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ISSN: 02134853
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2023 Mayo 132 9 141
2023 Abril 117 5 122
2023 Marzo 59 12 71
2023 Febrero 44 5 49
2023 Enero 68 9 77
2022 Diciembre 59 17 76
2022 Noviembre 65 15 80
2022 Octubre 83 14 97
2022 Septiembre 80 15 95
2022 Agosto 70 26 96
2022 Julio 75 32 107
2022 Junio 86 31 117
2022 Mayo 129 25 154
2022 Abril 169 17 186
2022 Marzo 211 20 231
2022 Febrero 193 20 213
2022 Enero 160 25 185
2021 Diciembre 131 22 153
2021 Noviembre 192 31 223
2021 Octubre 167 45 212
2021 Septiembre 83 20 103
2021 Agosto 58 18 76
2021 Julio 74 23 97
2021 Junio 39 13 52
2021 Mayo 138 25 163
2021 Abril 224 68 292
2021 Marzo 52 42 94
2021 Febrero 43 30 73
2021 Enero 61 54 115
2020 Diciembre 50 61 111
2020 Noviembre 53 39 92
2020 Octubre 45 36 81
2020 Septiembre 56 48 104
2020 Agosto 78 76 154
2020 Julio 83 65 148
2020 Junio 123 74 197
2020 Mayo 665 480 1145
2020 Abril 57 586 643
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos