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Schwannoma melanótico intramedular asociado a siringomielia cervical. Reporte de caso clínico
Intramedullary Melanotic Schwannoma Associated with Cervical Syringomyelia. Clinical case report
Marbelys Guevara Rodrígueza,
Autor para correspondencia
marbelysguevara91@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Bettsy Bell Bosch Rodrígueza, Luis Ramón Crespo Rodrígueza, Néstor Miguel Carvajal Otañoa, Carla Belén Minaya Andinoa, José Enrique Vaquer Fernándezb, Daniel Artiles Martínezc
a Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Arnaldo Milián Castro, Villa Clara, Cuba
b Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Arnaldo Milián Castro, Villa Clara, Cuba
c Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Arnaldo Milián Castro, Villa Clara, Cuba
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de 58 a&#241;os de edad&#44; con antecedentes patol&#243;gicos personales de hipertensi&#243;n arterial que controla con captopril &#40;tableta de 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; una tableta cada ocho horas&#41;&#46; En el interrogatorio refiere la historia de un accidente automovil&#237;stico hace aproximadamente tres a&#241;os&#46; Acude al Servicio de Neurolog&#237;a del Hospital Provincial Arnaldo Mili&#225;n Castro de Villa Clara&#44; el d&#237;a 15 de febrero de 2023&#44; porque ha presentado un cuadro de debilidad muscular en los cuatro miembros&#44; que ha ido progresando en los &#250;ltimos seis meses dificult&#225;ndole la marcha&#44; asociado a dolor a nivel cervical y parestesias en ambas extremidades superiores&#44; m&#225;s acentuado del lado derecho&#46; En la exploraci&#243;n f&#237;sica general&#44; se observan cambios tr&#243;ficos dados por zonas de alopecia en el abdomen y las extremidades&#44; y termoanalgesia suspendida en los brazos&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En el examen f&#237;sico neurol&#243;gico se constata cuadriparesia esp&#225;stica &#40;miembro superior&#58; 4&#47;5&#59; miembro inferior&#58; 3&#47;5&#44; seg&#250;n la escala del Medical Research Council&#41;&#44; con exacerbaci&#243;n de los reflejos osteotendinosos en los cuatro miembros&#44; con signo de Babinski y Hoffmann derecho&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se indicaron los siguientes estudios&#58; hemograma completo y hemoqu&#237;mica &#40;normales&#41;&#44; estudio de conducci&#243;n nerviosa &#40;ECN&#41; motora &#40;normal&#41;&#44; ECN sensitiva &#40;compromiso miel&#237;nico de fibras sensitivas en los miembros superiores&#41;&#44; electromiograma &#40;EMG&#58; neur&#243;geno con signos de renervaci&#243;n en miotomas cervicales y lumbosacros bilaterales&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad de Hansen fue sospechada inicialmente&#44; debido a las zonas de alopecia constatadas en el examen f&#237;sico&#44; adem&#225;s de los hallazgos en ECN y EMG&#44; por lo que se realiz&#243; una baciloscopia y una biopsia de piel&#44; que resultaron negativas&#46; Esta enfermedad fue totalmente descartada cuando se obtuvo el informe histopatol&#243;gico&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El ultrasonido abdominal&#44; renal y prost&#225;tico se realiz&#243; con el objetivo de descartar neoplasia primaria en estas regiones &#40;normal&#41;&#59; la tomograf&#237;a axial computarizada de cr&#225;neo simple tampoco arroj&#243; alteraciones&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; una resonancia magn&#233;tica nuclear &#40;RMN&#41; de columna cervical de bajo campo de 0&#44;35 T&#44; evidenci&#225;ndose a nivel del cord&#243;n medular cambios en la intensidad de se&#241;al desde C2 hasta C6 de 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de longitud &#40;hiperintensa en T1 e hipointensa en T2&#41;&#44; en la porci&#243;n superior del mismo con un patr&#243;n de localizaci&#243;n central l&#237;quido&#44; en la porci&#243;n inferior se acompa&#241;a de engrosamiento del cord&#243;n y ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido en el espacio subaracnoideo&#44; encontr&#225;ndose en comunicaci&#243;n con el ep&#233;ndimo en relaci&#243;n con hidrosiringomielia que comunica con el espacio subaracnoideo&#46; En los cortes coronales contrastados &#40;T1 contrastado&#41; llama la atenci&#243;n un ensanchamiento del cord&#243;n inferior a la hidrosiringomielia&#44; con captaci&#243;n de contraste y &#225;reas qu&#237;sticas en su interior &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se interconsulta el caso con el Servicio de Neurocirug&#237;a&#44; se decide una conducta quir&#250;rgica consistente en laminectom&#237;a &#40;C3-C4&#44; C4-C5&#41;&#44; descompresi&#243;n&#44; evacuaci&#243;n&#44; drenaje de la cavidad y resecci&#243;n parcial&#46; Se egresa el paciente vivo y sin complicaciones posoperatorias inmediatas&#46; Se orienta el seguimiento del paciente por consulta externa&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durante la cirug&#237;a se toma una muestra para biopsia del tejido&#44; cuyo an&#225;lisis histopatol&#243;gico inform&#243; una proliferaci&#243;n neopl&#225;sica de c&#233;lulas fasocelulares de cromatina fina&#44; sin nucl&#233;olos ni inclusiones&#44; organizadas alrededor de espacios pausicelulares&#44; ausencia de mitosis&#44; necrosis y proliferaci&#243;n vascular&#44; algunas c&#233;lulas contienen pigmento pardo intracitoplasm&#225;tico&#44; en relaci&#243;n con SM &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se realiza un an&#225;lisis inmunohistoqu&#237;mico de la muestra constat&#225;ndose una fuerte inmunorreactividad S100 positiva en las c&#233;lulas tumorales&#44; inmunorreactividad fuerte Melan-A positivo en c&#233;lulas tumorales con melanina en el citoplasma&#59; sin inmunorreactividad para ant&#237;geno epitelial de membrana &#40;por sus siglas en ingl&#233;s&#44; EMA&#41;&#44; citoqueratinas AE1&#47;AE3 y desmina&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Comentarios</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se han propuesto diferentes teor&#237;as que justifican la presencia de c&#233;lulas de Schwann en el par&#233;nquima medular para explicar el origen de estos tumores&#44; as&#237;&#44; Ramamurthi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> formulan como causa una alteraci&#243;n en la embriog&#233;nesis&#44; con invaginaci&#243;n hacia el interior del tubo neural de c&#233;lulas de la cresta neural&#44; que m&#225;s tarde podr&#237;an diferenciarse en c&#233;lulas de Schwann y sufrir una transformaci&#243;n neopl&#225;sica&#46; Hughes et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> alegan que la presencia de c&#233;lulas de Schwann intramedulares aberrantes a menudo se asocia a cambios inflamatorios cr&#243;nicos de la m&#233;dula espinal&#59; esta pudiera ser la causa en el paciente que presentamos&#44; ya que se recoge el antecedente de traumatismo por accidente automovil&#237;stico&#46; Otros como Riggs et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> apuntan como origen de estos tumores las c&#233;lulas de Schwann del plexo nervioso perivascular intramedular&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los schwannomas intramedulares se presentan com&#250;nmente con dolor som&#225;tico asociado a otros d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las causas m&#225;s comunes de siringomielia son las alteraciones del desarrollo&#44; como la malformaci&#243;n de Chiari de tipo I&#46; Otros estados patol&#243;gicos responsables incluyen mielopat&#237;a traum&#225;tica&#44; mielopat&#237;a subsecuente a radiaciones&#44; mielomalacia&#44; hematomielia&#44; espondilosis cervical&#44; aracnoiditis espinal&#44; mielitis necrosante cervical y tumores raqu&#237;deos intramedulares<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Por tanto&#44; ante la presencia cl&#237;nica de un s&#237;ndrome centromedular&#44; debe sospecharse la existencia de un tumor intramedular&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seg&#250;n Alamer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#44; el diagn&#243;stico radiol&#243;gico de un SM intramedular es dif&#237;cil y se ve afectado por las caracter&#237;sticas del tumor&#44; como la concentraci&#243;n de pigmento melan&#243;tico&#44; el estado hemorr&#225;gico y las diferencias en la captaci&#243;n de contraste&#46; La RMN ha sido considerada la investigaci&#243;n de elecci&#243;n&#46; T&#237;picamente&#44; las lesiones son hiperintensas en T1 e hipointensas en T2 debido a los radicales libres paramagn&#233;ticos en la melanina&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Esta hiperintensidad de T1 es un sello distintivo de la melanina&#44; pero el sangrado subagudo tambi&#233;n puede explicar estos hallazgos&#44; y puede ser dif&#237;cil distinguirlos de lesiones hemorr&#225;gicas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hoover et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> plantean que la escisi&#243;n quir&#250;rgica completa de los schwannomas intramedulares se considera curativa&#44; eficaz y segura&#44; de hecho&#44; se sugiere en toda la bibliograf&#237;a consultada&#46; Sin embargo&#44; autores como Zhang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> han demostrado que la probabilidad de recurrencia despu&#233;s de la resecci&#243;n es del 18&#44;2&#37; y de met&#225;stasis en el 9&#44;1&#37; de los casos&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; hemos reportado un caso infrecuente de SM intramedular asociado a siringomielia cervical&#46; El diagn&#243;stico imagenol&#243;gico por RMN de estos tumores resulta importante para llevar a cabo una conducta neuroquir&#250;rgica precoz&#44; que evite la r&#225;pida progresi&#243;n y favorezca el pron&#243;stico funcional de los pacientes y su calidad de vida&#46; El diagn&#243;stico definitivo se har&#225; a trav&#233;s del estudio anatomopatol&#243;gico&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Financiaci&#243;n</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este trabajo no ha recibido ning&#250;n tipo de financiaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Declaraci&#243;n de originalidad</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Este manuscrito no ha sido publicado total o parcialmente&#44; ni est&#225; siendo evaluado por otra revista&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Contribuci&#243;n de autor&#237;a</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Todos los autores participaron en la concepci&#243;n y el dise&#241;o del art&#237;culo&#44; as&#237; como en la confecci&#243;n del borrador&#44; revisi&#243;n cr&#237;tica del contenido intelectual y en la aprobaci&#243;n definitiva de la versi&#243;n que se presenta&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los schwannomas melan&#243;ticos &#40;SM&#41; intramedulares son tumores poco comunes y conocidos&#44; con solo 13 casos reportados en la literatura hasta 2023&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Caso cl&#237;nico</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos un paciente de 58 a&#241;os&#44; que acude a consulta con una cuadriparesia esp&#225;stica de seis meses de evoluci&#243;n&#59; como parte del estudio&#44; se indica una resonancia magn&#233;tica nuclear &#40;RMN&#41; de columna cervical&#44; constat&#225;ndose una lesi&#243;n intramedular asociada a siringomielia &#40;proximal y distal&#41;&#46; El tratamiento consisti&#243; en laminectom&#237;a&#44; descompresi&#243;n&#44; evacuaci&#243;n y drenaje de la cavidad&#46; Se toma una biopsia del tejido para el an&#225;lisis histopatol&#243;gico&#44; inform&#225;ndose finalmente como SM&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describimos un caso infrecuente de SM intramedular asociado a siringomielia cervical&#46; El diagn&#243;stico imagenol&#243;gico por RMN de estos tumores determinar&#225; la conducta neuroquir&#250;rgica oportuna&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introduction</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intramedullary Melanotic Schwannomas are rare and little known tumors&#44; with only 13 cases reported in the literature up to 2023&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Clinical case</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We present a 58-year-old patient who came to the clinic with spastic quadriparesis of 6 months of evolution&#46; As part of the study&#44; a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance &#40;MRI&#41; of the cervical spine was indicated&#44; confirming an intramedullary lesion associated with syringomyelia &#40;proximal and distal&#41;&#46; Treatment consisted of laminectomy&#44; decompression&#44; evacuation and drainage of the cavity&#46; A biopsy of the tissue is taken for histopathological analysis&#44; finally being reported as Melanotic Schwannoma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We describe a rare case of Intramedullary Melanotic Schwannoma associated with Cervical Syringomyelia&#46; The MRI imaging diagnosis of these tumors will determine an opportune neurosurgical treatment&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A&#241;o&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Autores&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sexo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Edad&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Localizaci&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tratamiento&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1987&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Solomon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">C3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1990&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Marchese et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C4-C6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n parcial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1994&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sola-P&#233;rez et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C7-T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aspiraci&#243;n con aguja fina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Acciarri et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T2-T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Santaguida et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C4-C5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mouchaty et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cono Medular&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2012&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hoover et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mohamed et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T9-T10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2017&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C1-C2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n parcial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chandran et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">C2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Laminectom&#237;a C2 y escisi&#243;n de la lesi&#243;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cheng et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T3-T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2022&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yeom et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Remoci&#243;n parcial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">McCann et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">T8-T11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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Información del artículo
ISSN: 18530028
Idioma original: Español
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