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Vol. 25. Núm. 4.
Páginas 239-247 (enero 2009)
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Vol. 25. Núm. 4.
Páginas 239-247 (enero 2009)
Review article
Acceso a texto completo
Molecular aspects of hepatic encephalopathy
Aspectos moleculares de la encefalopatía hepática
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1503
A.L. Márquez-Aguirrea, A.A. Canales-Aguirrea, U. Gómez-Pinedob, F.J. Gálvez-Gastélumc,
Autor para correspondencia
galvez_gastelum_@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, CIATEJ, Guadalajara, Mexico
b Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Unidad Mixta CIPF-UVEG, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
c Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Abstract
Introduction

Liver fibrosis and its end stage, cirrhosis, is an enormous worldwide health problem. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) or portal-systemic encephalopathy continues to be a major clinical problem of long-term cirrhosis. In this review we emphasise the molecular basis of HE and the involvement of oxidative stress in the development of this disease.

Background

Several studies suggest that the pathogenesis of HE could be multifactorial and have different factors implicated, such as alterations in blood brain barrier, substances such as ammonia and manganese, and disorders in the neurotransmission of dopamine, glutamate and GABA.

Development

HE is a severe complication of both acute and chronic liver failure. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by astrocyte changes known as Alzheimer type II astrocytosis. In addition, astrocytes manifest altered expression of astrocyte-specific proteins, such as, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, monoamine oxidase and peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors.

Conclusions

HE is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with liver failure. These alterations are products of increases in oxidative stress in brain due to neurotoxin activity. The main strategy for HE treatment is directed at ammonia reduction, which can be achieved either by decreasing its absorption/production or increasing its removal.

Keywords:
Hepatic encephalopathy
Ammonia
Manganese
Neurotoxins
Oxidative stress
Resumen
Introducción

La fibrosis hepática y su etapa final, la cirrosis, representan un enorme problema de salud mundial. La encefalopatía hepática (EH) o encefalopatía portosistémica es una afección clínica de la cirrosis a largo plazo. En esta revisión se destacan las bases moleculares de la EH, así como el papel del estrés oxidativo en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad.

Fuentes

Diversos estudios señalan que la EH es de origen multifactorial, las alteraciones en la barrera hematoencefálica, sustancias como el amonio y el manganeso, así como alteraciones en la neurotransmisión de dopamina, glutamato y GABA, se han implicado en la patogenia de esta enfermedad.

Desarrollo

La EH es una complicación severa de la insuficiencia hepática tanto aguda como crónica. Neuropatológicamente, se caracteriza por cambios astrocitarios conocidos como astrocitosis Alzheimer tipo II y por la expresión alterada de proteínas específicas de astrocito, como la proteína acídica fibrilar glial, la glutamina sintetasa, los inhibidores de la monoaminooxidasa y los receptores periféricos tipo benzodiacepina.

Conclusiones

La EH es un síndrome neuropsiquiátrico complejo asociado a una falla hepática. Estas alteraciones son producto de un incremento de estrés oxidativo en el cerebro como consecuencia de la acción de neurotoxinas. La principal estrategia para el tratamiento de la EH se dirige a la reducción del amonio, ya sea por la disminución de su absorción/producción o promoviendo su eliminación.

Palabras clave:
Encefalopatía hepática
Amonio
Manganeso
Neurotoxinas
Estrés oxidativo
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