metricas
covid
Buscar en
Neurología (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Neurología (English Edition) Molecular aspects of hepatic encephalopathy
Información de la revista
Vol. 25. Núm. 4.
Páginas 239-247 (enero 2009)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 25. Núm. 4.
Páginas 239-247 (enero 2009)
Review article
Acceso a texto completo
Molecular aspects of hepatic encephalopathy
Aspectos moleculares de la encefalopatía hepática
Visitas
1590
A.L. Márquez-Aguirrea, A.A. Canales-Aguirrea, U. Gómez-Pinedob, F.J. Gálvez-Gastélumc,
Autor para correspondencia
galvez_gastelum_@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, CIATEJ, Guadalajara, Mexico
b Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Unidad Mixta CIPF-UVEG, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
c Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Abstract
Introduction

Liver fibrosis and its end stage, cirrhosis, is an enormous worldwide health problem. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) or portal-systemic encephalopathy continues to be a major clinical problem of long-term cirrhosis. In this review we emphasise the molecular basis of HE and the involvement of oxidative stress in the development of this disease.

Background

Several studies suggest that the pathogenesis of HE could be multifactorial and have different factors implicated, such as alterations in blood brain barrier, substances such as ammonia and manganese, and disorders in the neurotransmission of dopamine, glutamate and GABA.

Development

HE is a severe complication of both acute and chronic liver failure. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by astrocyte changes known as Alzheimer type II astrocytosis. In addition, astrocytes manifest altered expression of astrocyte-specific proteins, such as, glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, monoamine oxidase and peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors.

Conclusions

HE is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with liver failure. These alterations are products of increases in oxidative stress in brain due to neurotoxin activity. The main strategy for HE treatment is directed at ammonia reduction, which can be achieved either by decreasing its absorption/production or increasing its removal.

Keywords:
Hepatic encephalopathy
Ammonia
Manganese
Neurotoxins
Oxidative stress
Resumen
Introducción

La fibrosis hepática y su etapa final, la cirrosis, representan un enorme problema de salud mundial. La encefalopatía hepática (EH) o encefalopatía portosistémica es una afección clínica de la cirrosis a largo plazo. En esta revisión se destacan las bases moleculares de la EH, así como el papel del estrés oxidativo en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad.

Fuentes

Diversos estudios señalan que la EH es de origen multifactorial, las alteraciones en la barrera hematoencefálica, sustancias como el amonio y el manganeso, así como alteraciones en la neurotransmisión de dopamina, glutamato y GABA, se han implicado en la patogenia de esta enfermedad.

Desarrollo

La EH es una complicación severa de la insuficiencia hepática tanto aguda como crónica. Neuropatológicamente, se caracteriza por cambios astrocitarios conocidos como astrocitosis Alzheimer tipo II y por la expresión alterada de proteínas específicas de astrocito, como la proteína acídica fibrilar glial, la glutamina sintetasa, los inhibidores de la monoaminooxidasa y los receptores periféricos tipo benzodiacepina.

Conclusiones

La EH es un síndrome neuropsiquiátrico complejo asociado a una falla hepática. Estas alteraciones son producto de un incremento de estrés oxidativo en el cerebro como consecuencia de la acción de neurotoxinas. La principal estrategia para el tratamiento de la EH se dirige a la reducción del amonio, ya sea por la disminución de su absorción/producción o promoviendo su eliminación.

Palabras clave:
Encefalopatía hepática
Amonio
Manganeso
Neurotoxinas
Estrés oxidativo
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[1.]
Social Security Online. Available at: http://www.ssa.gov.
[2.]
R. Bataller, D.A. Brenner.
Liver fibrosis.
J Clin Invest, 115 (2005), pp. 209-218
[3.]
H. Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.S. Jacobo-Karam, C. Castañón-Santillán Mdel, et al.
Survival in patients with liver cirrhosis at the Durango, IMSS Regional General Hospital.
Gac Med Mex, 138 (2002), pp. 325-330
[4.]
R.F. Butterworth.
Hepatic encephalopathy-a serious complication of alcoholic liver disease.
Alcohol Res Health, 27 (2003), pp. 143-145
[5.]
S. Montes, M. Alcaraz-Zubeldia, P. Muriel, C. Ríos.
Striatal manganese accumulation induces changes in dopamine metabolism in the cirrhotic rat.
Brain Res, 891 (2001), pp. 123-129
[6.]
S. Salgado, J. Garcia, J. Vera, et al.
Liver cirrhosis is reverted by urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene therapy.
Mol Ther, 2 (2000), pp. 545-551
[7.]
N.C. Henderson, J.P. Iredale.
Liver fibrosis: cellular mechanisms of progression and resolution.
Clin Sci (Lond), 112 (2007), pp. 265-280
[8.]
S. Lotersztajn, B. Julien, F. Teixeira-Clerc, P. Grenard, A. Mallat.
Hepatic fibrosis: molecular mechanisms and drug targets.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 45 (2005), pp. 605-628
[9.]
L.M. Garcia-Moreno, N.M. Conejo, H. González-Pardo, et al.
Evaluation of two experimental models of hepatic encephalopathy in rats.
Braz J Med Biol Res, 38 (2005), pp. 127-132
[10.]
F. Siller-López, A. Sandoval, S. Salgado, et al.
Treatment with human metalloproteinase-8 gene delivery ameliorates experimental rat liver cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology, 126 (2004), pp. 1122-1133
[11.]
R. Jalan, D. Shawcross, N. Davies.
The molecular pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
IJBCB, 1471 (2003), pp. 1-7
[12.]
M. Méndez, M. Méndez-López, L. López, et al.
Spatial memory alterations in three models of hepatic encephalopathy.
Behav Brain Res, 188 (2008), pp. 32-40
[13.]
J. Córdoba, B. Mínguez.
Hepatic encephalopathy.
Sem Liver Dis, 28 (2008), pp. 70-80
[14.]
M. Groeneweg, W. Moerland, J.C. Quero, et al.
Screening of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.
J Hepatol, 32 (2000), pp. 748-753
[15.]
Clasificación de Child-Pugh. Available at: http://www. hepatitis.cl/child-pugh.htm.
[16.]
D. Haussinger, F. Schliess, G. Kircheis.
Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17 (2002), pp. S256-S259
[17.]
S. Brusilow.
Hyperammonemic encephalopathy.
Medicine, 81 (2002), pp. 240-249
[18.]
C. Chun-Jung, L. Su-Lan.
Oxidative stress involves in astrocytes alterations induced by manganese.
Exp Neurol, 175 (2002), pp. 216-225
[19.]
A. Hazell.
Astrocytes and manganese neurotoxicity.
Neurochem Int, 41 (2002), pp. 271-277
[20.]
Y. Su-Jin, M. Kim, S. Kim, et al.
Induction of TGF-β-inducible geneh3 (βig-h3) by TGF-‚1 in astrocytes: implications for astrocyte response to brain injury.
Mol Brain Res, 107 (2002), pp. 57-64
[21.]
R.F. Butterworth.
Neuronal cell death in hepatic encephalopathy.
Metab Brain Dis, 22 (2007), pp. 309-320
[22.]
J. Ong, D. Mullen.
Hepatic encephalopathy.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 13 (2001), pp. 3325-3334
[23.]
D. Shawcross, R. Jalan.
Dispelling myths in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.
[24.]
M.P. Sassine, D. Mergler, R. Bowler, H.K. Hudnell.
Manganese accentuates adverse mental health effects associated with alcohol use disorders.
Biol Psychiatry, 51 (2002), pp. 909-921
[25.]
A. Hazell, R. Butterworth.
Hepatic encephalopathy: an update of pathophysiologic mechanism.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 222 (1999), pp. 99-112
[26.]
G. Ramesh, D. Ghosh, P. Gunasekar.
Activation of early signaling transcription factor, NF-kB following low level manganese exposure.
Toxicol Lett, 136 (2002), pp. 151-158
[27.]
K. Erikson, A.W. Dobson, D.C. Dorman, M. Aschner.
Manganese exposure and induced oxidative stress in the rat brain.
Sci Tot Env, 334 (2004), pp. 409-416
[28.]
E. Kosenko, N. Venediktova, Y. Kaminsky, et al.
Sources of oxygen radicals in brain in acute ammonia intoxication in vivo.
Brain Res, 981 (2003), pp. 193-200
[29.]
W. Hilgier, E. Anderzhanova, S.S. Oja, et al.
Taurine reduces ammonia- and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced accumulation of cyclic GMP and hydroxyl radicals in microdialysates of the rat striatum.
Eur J Pharmacol, 468 (2003), pp. 21-25
[30.]
E. Kosenko, Y. Kaminski, O. Lopata, et al.
Blocking NMDA receptors prevents the oxidative stress induced by acute ammonia intoxication.
Free Radic Biol Med, 26 (1999), pp. 1369-1374
[31.]
E. Kosenko, Y. Kaminsky, A. Kaminsky, et al.
Superoxide production and antioxidant enzymes in ammonia intoxication in rats.
Free Radic Res, 27 (1997), pp. 637-644
[32.]
U. Warskulat, B. Görg, H.J. Bidmon, et al.
Ammonia-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in cultured rat astrocytes and rat brain in vivo.
Glia, 40 (2002), pp. 324-336
[33.]
G. Song, V.K. Dhodda, A.T. Blei, et al.
GeneChip analysis shows altered mRNA expression of transcripts of neurotransmitter and signal transduction pathways in the cerebral cortex of portacaval shunted rats.
J Neurosci Res, 68 (2002), pp. 730-737
[34.]
S.W. Ryter, A.M. Choi.
Heme oxygenase-1: molecular mechanisms of gene expression in oxygen-related stress.
Antioxid Redox Signal, 4 (2002), pp. 625-632
[35.]
T. Negru, V. Ghiea, D. Pasarica.
Oxidative injury and other metabolic disorders in hepatic encephalopathy.
Rom J Physiol, 36 (1999), pp. 29-36
[36.]
M.D. Norenberg, A.R. Jayakumar, K.V. Rama Rao.
Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
Metab Brain Dis, 19 (2004), pp. 313-329
[37.]
B.S. Meldrum.
Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology.
J Nutr, 130 (2000), pp. S1007-S1015
[38.]
L.P. Mark, R.W. Prost, J.L. Ulmer, et al.
Pictorial review of glutamate excitotoxicity: fundamental concepts for neuroimaging.
Am J Neuroradiol, 22 (2001), pp. 1813-1824
[39.]
S. Ahboucha, R.F. Butterworth.
Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: a new look at GABA from the molecular standpoint.
Metab Brain Dis, 19 (2004), pp. 331-343
[40.]
B. Als-Nielsen, L.L. Gluud, C. Gluud.
Non-absorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: systematic review of randomised trials.
[41.]
B. Giges, H.L. Dein, V.M. Sborov, et al.
Experimental hepatic coma.
Surg Gynecol Obstet, 97 (1953), pp. 763-768
[42.]
H.A. Yamamoto.
Brain phenylalanine and tyrosine levels and hepatic encephalopathy induced by CCl 4 in rats.
Toxicology, 61 (1990), pp. 241-247
[43.]
M. Matsushita, T. Yamamoto, H. Gemba.
The role of astrocytes in the development of hepatic encephalopathy.
Neurosci Res, 34 (1999), pp. 271-280
[44.]
W. Hilgier, J.E. Olson.
Brain ion and amino acid contents during edema development in hepatic encephalopathy.
J Neurochem, 62 (1994), pp. 197-204
[45.]
S. Montes, M. Alcaraz-Zubeldia, P. Muriel, C. Rios.
Role of manganese accumulation in increased brain glutamine of the cirrhotic rat.
Neurochem Res, 28 (2003), pp. 911-917
[46.]
B.L. Blitzer, J.G. Waggoner, E.A. Jones, et al.
A model of fulminant hepatic failure in the rabbit.
Gastroenterology, 74 (1978), pp. 664-671
[47.]
K.O. Lindros, H.A. Jarvelainen.
Chronic systemic endotoxin exposure: an animal model in experimental hepatic encephalopathy.
Metab Brain Dis, 20 (2005), pp. 393-398
[48.]
M. Antoni.
Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment.
Digestion, 73 (2006), pp. 86-93
[49.]
R.T. De Melo, L. Charneski, O. Hilas.
Rifaximib for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.
Am J Health Syst Pharm, 65 (2008), pp. 818-822
[50.]
N.J. Shores, E.B. Keeffe.
Is oral L-acyl-carnitine an effective therapy for hepatic encephalpathy? Review of the literature.
Dig Dis Sci, 53 (2008), pp. 2330-2333
[51.]
B. Camacho-Muñoz, F.J. Hernández-Ramos, L. Ortega-Martínez de Victoria.
Enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob y encefalopatía hepática: coexistencia en la misma paciente.
Rev Neurol, 33 (2001), pp. 540-544
Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neurología
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos