evaluar el estado nutricional de los pacientes incluidos en el programa de atención domiciliaria (PAD) de un centro de salud y su relación con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y funcionales.
Material y métodosestudio descriptivo transversal. Tras realizar muestreo sistemático estratificado, se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, enfermedades crónicas, capacidad funcional, cognitiva, síntomas depresivos y/o de ansiedad. Estado nutricional: valoración antropométrica y analítica completa (sideremia, ferritina, ácido fólico, vitamina B12, proteínas totales y albúmina) y riesgo de malnutrición (cuestionario MNA).
Resultadossobre una muestra inicial de 96 pacientes (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, precision = 0,08), se obtienen datos completos en 91 (94,8%). El 75,8% fueron mujeres, con edad media±desviación estándar de 80,4±7,4 años. El 70,5% presentaba más de 2 enfermedades crónicas, consumo medio de fármacos 5,4±2,8. Comorbilidad psíquica: cuadro depresivo 47,3%, alteración cognitiva moderada-grave 45,9%, ansiedad 38,6%. Un 89,9% precisaban ayuda para realizar actividades instrumentales y el 82,2%, para las básicas. Un 23,1% (IC del 95%, 14,5-31,7) presentaba malnutrición y el 35,2% (IC del 95%, 25,4-45,0) tenía riesgo de presentarla. Presentaron valores séricos inferiores a los normales: ácido fólico 41,4%, proteínas totales 40,3%, hemoglobina 38,8% y albúmina 33,8%. Se encontró asociación entre malnutrición o riesgo de tenerla con: menor peso, circunferencia braquial y pantorrilla, mayor edad y menor puntuación en escalas de Lawton y Barthel (p<0,05). Solamente los valores de Barthel y mayor edad mantuvieron asociación en el análisis multivariante.
Conclusionesse destaca la importancia de evaluar de forma sistemática y periódica la situación nutricional de ancianos atendidos en los PAD, estableciendo medidas de prevención e intervención, especialmente en aquellos con peor capacidad funcional y mayor edad.
to evaluate the risk of malnutrition in patients included in a home care program in a health center and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and functional variables.
Material and methodswe performed a cross-sectional descriptive study. Stratified systematic sampling was performed and data on sociodemographic characteristics, chronic diseases, functional and cognitive status, and symptoms of depression and/or anxiety were gathered. Nutritional assessment included anthropometric evaluation, complete blood analysis (iron, ferritin, folic acid, vitamin B12, total proteins and albumin) and risk of malnutrition (mini-nutritional assessment [MNA] questionnaire).
Resultsof an initial sample of 96 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], precision = 0.08), data collection was complete in 91 (94.8%); 75.8% were women, and the mean age ± standard deviation was 80.4±7.4 years. More than two chronic diseases were found in 70.5% and the mean number of drugs was 5.4±2.8. Depressive symptoms were present in 47.3%, with moderate-severe cognitive impairment in 45.9% and symptoms of anxiety in 38.6%. A total of 89.9% required help for instrumental activities and 82.2% for basic activities. Risk of malnutrition was found in 35.2% (95% CI=25.4-45.0) and malnutrition was found in 23.1% (95% CI=14.5-31.7). Levels were below normal for serum folic acid (41.4%), total serum proteins (40.3%), haemoglobin (38.8%) and albumin (33.8%). Malnutrition or malnutrition risk was associated with low weight, smaller brachial and calf circumference, greater age, and lower Lawton and Barthel scores (p<0.05). The only statistically significant association in the multivariate analysis was between lower Barthel scores and greater age.
Conclusionssystematic nutritional assessment should be performed periodically in elderly patients in home care programs. Prevention and intervention measures should be established, especially in patients with worse functional capacity and greater age.