New eastern Pacific Ocean record of the rare deep-water fish, Psychrolutes phrictus (Scorpaeniformes: Psychrolutidae)

Abstract

Psychrolutes phrictus is a benthic deep sea fish known from the eastern North Pacific. On 30 March 2008, a specimen of the blob sculpin P. phrictus (297 mm LT) was caught off the Guerrero coast, Mexico (17°45′24″N, 101°59′04″W). The blob sculpin was taken at a depth of 1,100 m within a temperature range of 3.88–4.25 °C, where hypoxic (0.57–0.39 mg/l) conditions prevailed; the specimen was captured over a muddy bottom using a benthic sledge. Representatives of this species had never been reported off the Mexican Pacific coast; our new record extends the known southernmost range by 1,733 km, from 33°19′N to 17°45′N for the American coast. Although high variations in morphometric and meristic values are known for the 4 species of the genus Psychrolutes (P. paradoxus, P. phrictus, P. sigalutes, and P. sio) from the eastern Pacific Ocean, a combination of traits and species distribution allow us to identity this specimen as P. phrictus.

Resumen

Psychrolutes phrictus es un pez bentónico de profundidad, que se distribuye en el Pacífico Norte. El 30 de marzo de 2008 se capturó un espécimen del pez gota P. phrictus (297 mm LT) frente a las costas de Guerrero (17°45’24” N, 101°59’04” W), a una profundidad de 1,100 m, temperatura de 3.88 a 4.25 °C, donde las condiciones de hipoxia prevalecen (0.57-0.39 mg/l); el arrastre se realizó con un patín béntico sobre un fondo fangoso. A la fecha no se había documentado ningún ejemplar de esta especie en las costas de México, por lo que este nuevo registro extiende el intervalo más sureño de distribución 1,733 km de 33°19’ N a 17°45’ N para la costa americana. Aun cuando las variaciones merísticas y morfológicas son grandes en las 4 especies del género Psychrolutes (P. paradoxus, P. phrictus, P. sigalutes y P. sio) en el océano Pacífico oriental, una combinación de caracteres y de su distribución permiten determinar el espécimen en cuestión como P. phrictus.

The family Psychrolutidae Günther, 1861 is characterised by having large heads and bodies that taper back into small, flat tails, a spinous dorsal fin buried in loose skin and flesh (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882), a suborbital stay, pseudobranchiae, pelvic fins of thoracic position, 3 and a half gill arches, naked skin (Günther, 1861), and 7 branchiostegal rays (Yabe, 1984). In the eastern Pacific Ocean, 4 species of the genus Psychrolutes have been reported: Psychrolutes paradoxusGünther, 1861 occurs from the North Pacific to northern Bering Sea (Eschmeyer & Fong, 2015). Psychrolutes phrictusStein and Bond, 1978 occurs between California and the northern Bering Sea (Stein & Bond, 1978); Psychrolutes sigalutes (Jordan & Starks, 1895) from the Bering Sea to eastern North Pacific (Eschmeyer & Fong, 2015); and Psychrolutes sioNelson, 1980 from northernmost Peru to central Chile (Nelson, Chirichigno, & Balbontin, 1985). Confirmation of the taxonomic identity of this specimen was made by comparison of the meristic and morphometric characters reported for the 4 species from the eastern Pacific Ocean (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1.

Counts and measurements of Psychrolutes phrictus from the Mexican Pacific coast, ICMYL.D.882, compared with published data (Matarese & Stein, 1980; Stein & Bond, 1978; Yabe, Maruyama, & Amaoka, 1983). Quality (Q) indicates if the corresponding measurement of the ICMYL.D.882 is above, below, or inside the range reported in the literature. Morphometric measurements as a percentage of standard length (% SL) and head length (% HL).

Counts	ICMYL.D.882	Literature		Q
		Min	Max
Dorsal fin spines	VIII	VII	VIII	Inside
Anal fin rays	13	12	14	Inside
Pectoral fin rays	21	22	26	Below
Pelvic fin rays	I,3	I,3	I,3	Inside
Caudal fin rays	13	13	13	Inside
Gill rakers first arch	7 + 2	9	13	Inside
Vertebrae	33	33	36	Inside
Abdominal	12	12	13	Inside
Caudal	21	21	24	Inside

Character	mm	(%SL)	(%HL)	(%SL)	Q	(%HL)	Q
Total length	297
Standard length	222
Measurements
Predorsal length	108.3	49	98
Snout-anus length	144	65	131			93.8–132.2	Inside
Prepectoral length	73	33	66
Prepelvic length	87	39	79
Pectoral fin length	59	27	54			44.9–62.3	Inside
Pectoral fin spine length	29	13	26
Pelvic fin length	27	12	25
Pelvic fin spine length
Pectoral base	48	22	44
Dorsal fin length	120	54	109
Caudal fin length	75	34	68
Caudal peduncle length	17	8	15
Caudal peduncle depth	19	9	17	6.7–8.3	Above
Head height (Body depth)	80	36	73	23.3–34.5	Above
Head length	110	50	100	41–60.6	Inside
Heath width	126	57	115
Snout length	34	15	31	13.3–14.3	Above	30.3–35.7	Inside
Eye diameter (horizontal)	11	5	10			7.9–13	Inside
Eye diameter (vertical)	8	4	7
Interorbital space	52	23	47			33.2–47.6	Inside
Internostril space	37	17	34
Superior jaw length	27	12	25
Inferior jaw length	21	9	19

Table 2.

Morphological, meristic, shape, and distribution of Psychrolutes phrictus from the Mexican Pacific Coast, ICMYL.D.882 compared with published data for the 4 species reported in the eastern Pacific Ocean: P. phrictus, P. sigalutes, P. paradoxus, and P. sio. Sources Eschmeyer, Herald, and Hammann (1983); Eschmeyer and Fong (2015), Fricke (1990), Günther (1861), Jackson and Nelson (1998), Jordan and Starks (1895), Matarese and Stein (1980), Nelson (1980, 1982), Nelson et al. (1985), Stein and Bond (1978), Yabe et al. (1983).

Attribute	ICMYL.D.882	P. phrictus	P. sigalutes	P. paradoxus	P. sio
Head length %SL	50	41.1–60.6	33	40.2–44.4	40.8–45.9
Jaws	Upper jaw protruding	Upper jaw protruding	Lower jaw protruding	Jaws nearly equal	Jaws nearly equal
Dorsal fin rays	VIII, 17	VII–IX, 19–20	VII–VIII, 16–19	IX–XII, 12–17	VII–VIII, 16–18
Pectoral fin rays	21	22–26	14–18	19–23	21–22
Anal fin rays	13	13	12–15	10–14	13–14
Anus	Between anal fin and pelvic fin	Between anal fin and pelvic fin	Immediately in front of anal fin	Between anal fin and pelvic fin	Between anal fin and pelvic fin
Gill rakers	7 + 2	9–13	7
Vertebrae	33	33–35	33–35	34–37	32–34
Pectoral fin length %HL	54	44.9–62.3	120	92.6	56.5–65.2
Pectoral fin extending	To first third of anal fin	To first third of anal fin	To half of anal fin	To half of anal fin	To first third of anal fin
Maximum SL	222 mm	560 mm	83 mm	58 mm	345 mm
Depth range (m)	1,100	660–2,800	0–225	0–220	700–1,200
Distribution in the eastern Pacific Ocean	Central Mexican Pacific	From Alaska to California	From Alaska to Washington	From Alaska to Washington	From Peru to Chile
Peritoneum	Pale	Pale	Blackish	Blackish	Blackish
Colour	Relatively uniform, grey-brown, mottling sometimes present (especially on ventral area)	Relatively uniform, greyish or blackish, mottling sometimes present (especially on head), ventral surface often white	Relatively uniform	Brownish-grey, with large deep-brown blotches; caudal and pectoral fins dotted and spotted with black	Relatively uniform (no distinct banding or spotted pattern

Representatives of P. phrictus have never been reported off the Mexican Pacific coast; thus our new record extends the known southernmost range 1,733 km from 33°19′N (LACM, 2015) to 17°45′N off the western American coast (Fig. 1). The blob sculpin was collected on 30 March 2008 using a benthic sledge at a depth range of 1,100–1,199 m and a water temperature range of 3.88–4.25 °C, where hypoxic (0.57–0.39 mg/l) conditions prevailed, during the oceanographic cruise Talud XII, Sta. 13 south-east of Petacalco, Guerrero, México (17°45′24″N, 101°59′04″W). The specimen was collected by the R.V. El Puma of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Because of the uniqueness of this specimen, it was fixed in 10% formalin and later preserved in 70% ethanol. The specimen was deposited in the reference collection (fishes) of the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, with the catalogue number ICMYL.D.882.

Figure 1.

Distribution map of Psychrolutes species reported in the eastern Pacific Ocean: P. paradoxus (open star), P. phrictus (black circle), P. sigalutes (open square), P. sio (open circle) and new P. phrictus record ICMYL.D.882 (black square).

Sources: Eschmeyer and Fong (2015), LACM (2015), Matarese and Stein (1980), Nelson et al. (1985), Stein and Bond (1978).

Measurements and counts follow Nelson (1982). Electron tomography was taken to enable the count of vertebrae and facilitate the examination of branchiostegal rays, using a Toshiba Multislice CT. Axial, sagittal, and coronal reformatting and 3D reconstructions (slice interval: 0.6 mm) were performed on Osirix 6.5. All measurements were performed 2 months after the preservation of the specimen. Lateral line pores were counted using a dissecting microscope. A distribution map was created using QGIS 2.10, and the figure was prepared with Inkscape 0.48.

The colour of the specimen before preservation was greyish brown above and below, with mottling sometimes present, especially on the ventral area; fins darker than body, margin of rays lighter than fins. The peritoneum was pale (Fig. 2). After preservation, the body colouration was uniformly brownish, paler on the ventral face, mottling not as evident as before preservation; fins darker than body, margin of rays lighter than fins. The lateral-line pore count was incomplete because portions of skin were lost in some areas of the body, although 4 pores were observed. The diameters of the anteriormost lateral line pores were smaller than those of posteriormost position; diameter increased gradually towards the caudal area.

Figure 2.

Left side of Psychrolutes phrictus before preservation ICMYL.D.882, bar = 50 mm.

The morphological characters of the specimen examined here are concordant with those described for P. phrictus and data available in the literature (Table 1). However, our specimen has a deeper head (38% SL vs. 23.3–34.5% SL) and a higher caudal peduncle depth (9% SL vs. 6.7–8.3% SL). These differences are minimal and could be associated with the allometry by age, size, or sex of the specimens, even a limited sample size for description of the variation of these characters; also, morphometric variations among the members of the family Psychrolutidae are great, probably because of the easily distortable nature of their bodies during or subsequent to capture (Jackson & Nelson, 2006; Stein & Bond, 1978).

Meristically, differences were found in the count of dorsal fin rays in our specimen when compared with that reported in literature (17 vs. 19–20) and pectoral fin rays (21 vs. 22–26) (Table 1). For the 4 species of Psychrolutes reported in the Eastern Pacific, variations were observed in the count of dorsal fin rays: P. paradoxus (12–17), P. sigalutes (16–19), P. sio (16–18), and P. phrictus (19–20); in the case of the number of pectoral fin rays, it was lower in P. sio (21–22), P. paradoxus (19–23), and P. sigalutes (14–18) than in P. phrictus (22–26) (Table 2).

Within the family Psychrolutidae, Byrkjedal, Hadler-Jacobsen, Rees, and Orlov (2014) evaluated the variation in descriptive taxonomic characters of 3 species of the genus Cottunculus and found 5 diagnostic characters to vary geographically (east-west). Three showed a significant correlation with the depth of capture.

The specimen of P. phrictus reported here is distinguished from other members of the genus (P. paradoxus, P. sigalutes, and P. sio) by differences in the head length as a proportion of SL and relative pectoral fin length as a proportion of HL; from P. paradoxus by pectoral fin rays extending to half of the anal fin, jaws nearly equal anteriorly, maximum SL 58 mm, distribution northeastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Washington, depth range 0–220 m, and colour pattern; also P. phrictus differs from P. sigalutes by its pectoral fin rays extending to half of the anal fin, lower jaw protruding slightly beyond upper jaw, maximum SL 83 mm, anus immediately in front of anal fin, with a distribution range in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Washington, depth range 0–225 m, and colour pattern; finally, P. phrictus is discriminated from P. sio by having jaws nearly equal anteriorly, a distribution range in the southeastern Pacific from Peru to Chile, a depth range 700–1,200 m, colour pattern, and dark peritoneum (Table 2).

The authors thank Cynthia Klepadlo for comments on an early draft of the manuscript, Michel Hendrickx director of the Talud project, Felipe Amezcua curator of fishes at the collection of the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Francisco Gavito and Pedro Gavito for their help with the tomographic reconstruction of 3D images, and the academic staff, students, and crew of the R.V. El Puma, who participated in the Talud cruises. Ship time was provided by the Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, UNAM. Tomography was supported by the Conacyt project 179467. Two anonymous reviewers made useful comments on the manuscript that improved the content and clarity of the information.