New records of the snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) are presented for the central Pacific Coast of Mexico. From April 2010 to August 2011, weekly or biweekly surveys were made through several wetlands of coastal Jalisco and Colima. We recorded 32 snail kites from October 2010 to August 2011. The recordings were in 8 wetlands. In all wetlands there was only 1 individual, except in the lagoons El Aguacate (June 2010) and El Tule (August 2012), where we recorded 3 and 5 individuals, respectively. Although we did not find any nests, we believe reproduction of snail kites is currently occurring because of the observed adult behavior (carrying small branches in its feet) and the records of juveniles during the month of February to July, a time corresponding to the breeding season of the species in Florida. Our records expand the distribution of the snail kite in Mexico as much as 900km northwest of the previously published distribution of the species.
Presentamos nuevas observaciones del gavilán caracolero (Rostrhamus sociabilis) para la costa del Pacífico central mexicano. De abril de 2010 a agosto de 2011 se realizaron visitas semanales o quincenales a varios humedales costeros de Jalisco y Colima. Se observaron 32 individuos entre octubre del 2010 y agosto del 2011 en 8 humedales. En todos los humedales se registró sólo 1 individuo, excepto en las lagunas El Aguacate (junio de 2011) y El Tule (agosto de 2012), donde se observaron 3 y 5 individuos, respectivamente. Aunque no se han registraron nidos, consideramos que es probable que la reproducción del gavilán caracolero está ocurriendo actualmente en la región debido a la conducta observada de algunos adultos (p. ej. llevando ramas pequeñas en sus patas) y a la presencia de los juveniles durante los meses de febrero a julio, tiempo en el que ocurre la anidación de la especie en Florida. Nuestras observaciones incrementan la distribución del gavilán caracolero en México a cerca de 900km al noroeste de su distribución registrada previamente.
The snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis) is found in open freshwater marshes and lakes, with shallow water and with a low density of emergent vegetation, which is its preferred foraging habitat (Sykes et al., 1995; Bennetts et al., 2006; Martin et al., 2006; Cattau et al., 2009). The kite is a specialist raptor feeding mainly on snails of Pomacea spp. and Marisa spp. (Estela and Naranjo, 2005), but it can also prey on crabs, small turtles, rodents, and snakes, when snails are scarce (Sykes et al., 1995; Veiga et al., 2009).
Three subspecies are recognized, R. s. plumbeus (Florida, Cuba, and northwest Honduras), R. s. sociabilis (southwestern Nicaragua, Panamá, through South America and Argentina), and R. s. major (southeast of México, Guatemala, and northeastern Belize) (Sykes et al., 1995). In Mexico, the snail kite is found in wetlands of the lowlands of Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán (Sykes et al., 1995). There are only anecdotal records for the state of Jalisco (Palomera-García et al., 2006) along the central Pacific Coast. Pineda-López et al. (2012) reported the presence of the snail kite in the state of Jalisco after observing an individual in the mouth of the Marabasco River. Some snail kites have been anecdotally reported in the Mexican central Pacific since 2003, particularly in Manzanillo and Tecomán, Colima; Ticuiz, Michoacán; Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, and Nayarit (aVerAves, 2012). Here we present new records of the snail kite in the municipalities of Cihuatlán and Tomatlán, Jalisco, and in Manzanillo, Colima, (Fig. 1). These records were obtained while conducting a systematic study of the distribution of birds in the study area.
Sites in Jalisco and Colima that were recorded for the snail kite (black dots) and the distribution in the USA (Sykes et al., 1995 and Martin, 2007) and Mexico (Sykes et al., 1995) (in gray).
From April 2010 to August 2011, weekly or biweekly surveys were made through several wetlands and adjacent cultivated areas to survey and monitor all the avifauna. The surveys were made in the afternoon and followed a transect walk along the edge of the wetland. The length of each transect varied in each location. The time required for each census was 2 to 3 hours. The snail kite was found only in 8 of 14 surveyed wetlands (Fig. 1). These wetlands are small shallow areas with fresh water, except El Ermitaño estuary, which has contact with the sea through an opening called a ‘boca barra’ and the water is saline. The aquatic vegetation in these wetlands is composed mostly of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), tule (Typha dominguencis), and reed grass (Arundo donax). None of these wetlands has a permanent input of water, except El Tule and El Ermitaño. Water is received, after rains, from the highlands into the basin. The wetlands, where the species was not recorded, are larger and deeper, with mangrove forests at the edge, and connected to the sea, with water salinity that can exceed 35 psu (practical salinity units).
We have 32 records of snail kites. Solitary snail kites were more frequently recorded, but in some sites 3-5 individuals were counted at one time (Table 1). In El Tule Lagoon in July 2011, 1 adult male was observed frequently carrying small branches in its feet, so we suspect the bird was building a nest in this lagoon. However, we were unable to find nests. On subsequent visits to this site in August 2011, we recorded 5 snail kites: 1 female, 2 males, and 2 juveniles (Table 1). Juveniles were identified by feather and skin characteristics, as they had brownish eyes, bluegrey cere and facial skin, yellowish feet, a dark postocular stripe, and coarsely streaked dark brown underparts; We also observed that adults from the area were feeding them.
Locations of snail kite recordings along the central Pacific Coast, México. Juvenile (j), female (f), male (m)
| Sites | Coordinates | M asl* | Area (ha) | Human activities** | Date of record | Bird records |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Municipality of Cihuatlán (Jalisco State) | ||||||
| El Tule Lagoon | 19°13’24” N, 104°41’34” W | 6 | 41 | tourism, urban area, fishing | 6 Oct 2010 19 Nov 2010 26 Nov 2010 8 Jul 2011 3 Aug 2011 | 1j 1j 1j 1f, 1m 1f, 2m,2j |
| Marabasco River | 19°14’27”N, 104°33’08”W | 26 | - | agriculture, fishing | 19 Feb 2011 | 1j |
| El Barro Lagoon | 19°14’47” N, 104°39’40” W | 12 | 14 | agriculture | 20 Feb 2011 | 1j |
| Ayvar Fish farm | 19°12’28” N, 104°36’39” W | 11 | 35 | agriculture, fishing | 25 Feb 2011 | 1j |
| Pinal Villa Fish farm | 19°14’11”N, 104°41’31”W | 11 | 1 | urban area, agriculture | 7 Mar 2011 9 Mar 2011 31 Mar 2011 8 Jul 2011 | 1j 1j 1j 1j |
| Rancho La Lima Lagoon | 19°11’45” N, 104°39’31” W | 17 | 3 | agriculture | 29 Apr 2011 | 1j |
| El Aguacate Lagoon | 19°13’17” N, 104°38’30” W | 29 | 3 | agriculture | 4 Jun 2011 10 Jun 2011 16 Jun 2011 8 Jul 2011 | 1f, 1j 3j 3j2f |
| Municipality of Tomatlán (Jalisco State) | ||||||
| El Emitaño estuary | 19°59’04” N, 105°27’57” W | 6 | 315 | tourism, fishing | 25 Jun 2011 | 1f, 1m |
| Municipality of Manzanillo (Colima State) | ||||||
| Los Hachotes Lagoon | 19°12’44”N, 104°32’11”W | 10 | 80 | agriculture, fishing | 12Mar 2011 | 1j |
| Potrero Grande Lagoon | 19°09’05” N, 104°32’51” W | 5 | 1079 | agriculture, airport | 30 Jul 2011 | 1m |
In 2005, we began a long-term monitoring program to determine waterfowl variations in the wetlands of the central and southern coast of Jalisco. During this time and until 2010 we did not record any snail kites in the study area. Thus, our observations in 2010 and 2011 clearly indicate that the increase in snail kite numbers and distribution along the central Pacific Coast of México is very recent. Our new records expanded the distribution of the snail kite in Mexico as much as 900km northwest of the previously published distribution of the species (Fig. 1). We are uncertain about the route and way the snail kite have colonized the central Pacific Coast but it is likely that it started from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec upwards. It is well documented that the snail kite distribution is closely tied to the distribution and abundance of snails of the genus Pomacea (Sykes et al., 1995; Estela and Naranjo, 2005). Angehr (1999) mentioned that the distributional increase of Pomacea snails has been a factor causing the colonization of wetlands by snail kites. In the wetlands of Jalisco, 2 snails of this genus have been reported: Pomacea patula (caracol manzano or tegogolo) (Hernández-Vázquez et al., 1999) and P. flagellata (Palomera-García et al., 2006). Pomacea patula was introduced in the 1980s into the Mexican central Pacific. They were put into reservoirs, river systems, and freshwater as a food source for the local communities (Jaime-Vargas, 1992). These snails have expanded their distribution along the coast of Jalisco during the last 10 years by colonizing many wetlands (V. Landa, unpubl. data). During our study we observed that reed grass and tule were used as a substratum by Pomacea snails to fix their eggs during reproduction. Thus, it is plausible that the increasing distribution of Pomacea snails have caused the colonization and expansion of snail kites along the central Pacific Coast of Mexico.
Although the number of snail kites recorded to date is low, we expect that this number will increase in the future, similar to what has happened in the same area to the limpkin (Aramus guarauna), a snail specialist Gruiformes that has increased its numbers and distribution since they were first recorded in coastal Jalisco in 1999 (Hernández-Vázquez et al., 1999; Palomera-Gracía et al., 2006).
In Mexico there are no reports of snail kites during the breeding season. Only Palmer (1998) reported a couple near the Manzanillo Airport, in Colima, building a nest in September. Although we did not find any nests, we believe reproduction of snail kites is currently occurring because of the observed adult behavior (carrying small branches in its feet) and the records of juveniles during the month of February to July, a time corresponding to the breeding season of the species in Florida (Valentine-Darby et al., 1998; Cattau et al., 2009).
Our observations indicate that the snail kites have been increasing their numbers since our first observation in 2010 (3 in 2010, 29 in 2011; Table 1). Further research is needed to find nests and determine the snail kite productivity in the region. It is possible that more wetlands will be occupied in the future by the snail kite, thus an increase in its distribution is expected because snail kites have high dispersal capabilities (Martin et al., 2006).
We thank Martin Ortiz, Foundation of the Jalisco Coast and the Department of Studies for Sustainable Development of Coastal Zone, University of Guadalajara for logistical support, and the instructors of ‘Sal a Pajarear’ project for their contributions to the field observations. We thank Dr. Ellis Glazier for editing this English language text.