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Inicio Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) Towards a classification framework for patient safety incidents and adverse even...
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Vol. 15. Núm. 3.
Páginas 211-212 (julio - septiembre 2022)
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Vol. 15. Núm. 3.
Páginas 211-212 (julio - septiembre 2022)
Scientific letter
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Towards a classification framework for patient safety incidents and adverse events for a mental health community-based model of service provision
Hacia un marco de clasificación de los incidentes y efectos adversos para un modelo de atención comunitaria de la salud mental
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Eva Frigola-Capella,b,
Autor para correspondencia
, René Morgana, Albert Noguéa, Ingrid Thelena, Jordi Fonta, Begoña Gonzalvoa, Pilar Oliverasa, Eva Bacardía, Maria Dolors Mallaa, Alex Gimenoa, Anna Plaa, Domènech Serranoa, Eduard Palomera, Glòria Trafacha, Jose Luís Ignacio Sagredoa, Margarita De Castroa, Montse Gibernaua, Roser Serrallongaa, Maite Rogera, Jordi Cida,b
a Institut d’Assistència Sanitària (IAS), Girona, Spain
b Mental Health & Addiction Research Group, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Spain
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Dear Editor,

The international classification for patient safety developed by WHO intended to be applicable across the full spectrum of healthcare from primary to specialised care areas.1

Since most incident types (i.e. clinical administration, medication, etc.) can be applicable; those related to clinical processes, behaviour and patient outcomes or contributing factors are to lesser extent specific for mental health.

Scarce attention has been addressed national and internationally to mental health patient safety, particularly for community-based models of care, and a conceptual framework is lacking. Instead, principles and methods from physical healthcare have been adopted, rather than focus as subject itself.

We sought to develop a specific framework for mental health patient safety, applicable to our community-based model of service provision.

Our project started in 2018 and has several stages. (1) Initially, professionals from each level of care of our mental health institution were required to conduct a risk analysis to identify key areas at risk for patient safety incidents and to develop protocols to prevent potential harms. Economic incentives, educational outreach visits, professional roles expansion, and specific patient safety teams were implementation strategies used.2 Key areas initially identified are been validated through: (2) local multidisciplinary consensus group, (3) data extraction from the electronic cloud platform incident reporting system “The Patient Safety Company” (TPSC Cloud™), and a (4) prospective observational study, which will analyse a sample of patient contacts at each level of care.

Preliminary results are reported for stage 1, 2 and 3. Approximately 267 (78%) professionals (psychologists, psychiatrist, nurses and social workers), were exposed to educational outreach visits on patient safety. 39 protocols, applicable to hospital and community, day and long and recovery care for adults and young people, were developed yielding to a list of key relevant risk areas for mental health, validated by the multidisciplinary consensus group (see Table 1). Initial analysis of the TPSC Cloud™ has identified 18 patient safety incidents reported in 2020; 75% were of moderate risk. Falls and medical errors were more frequent at hospital-based services, and behavioural and structural safety incidents at the community level (see Table 2). Some of these areas have also been identified in the literature,3 nonetheless no triangulation of methods were used. We found a low incidents rate reported, which can be explained by the lack of patient safety culture in mental health particularly at community level. Broadly, incidents retrieved from national registries are infra-estimated due to under-report.4 The additional difficulty of attributing a behaviour to the diagnosis or to a safety incident complicates the understanding of safety in mental health.5 We expect that our ongoing observational study, which analyses the contributing, mitigation factors and impact on practice will elucidate on those doubtful risky behaviours, by bringing specific definitions and indicators for patient safety in each of the identified areas.

Table 1.

Classification of key relevant risk areas identified for patient safety.

Clinical processes  Clinical administration 
RestraintaSeclusionaDiagnostic errorsInvoluntary patient admissiona/treatment refusalPatient elopements/abscondingaMental competency/incapacitya  -Patients identification systems-Admissions-Communication systems among levels of care/handover-Patient information consent-Transitions of care-Confidentialitya-Risk assessment, registrya 
Patient behaviour  Medication errors 
AgitationaInterpersonal aggression/problem behaviourSubstance use related harmSexual harassmentMaltreatmenta (elderly, child, youth, gender…)SuicideSelf-injurious behaviour/self-armRecurrencea/relapse riskPatient compliance/adherenceSocial isolationa  ReconciliationPreparationDispensingAdministrationDrop outWaste managementStorageAdverse effects 
Falls   
Professionals’ safety   
Structural safety   
a

Additional areas not included in WHO framework.

Table 2.

Data extraction from TPSC Cloud™ (2020).

Incidents  Community outpatient service  Day care-adults  Long stay  Acute and subacute service  Total 
Falls   
Patient behaviour       
Documentation       
Structural safety     
Medication 
Communication       
Total  18 
Transparency statement

The main author * Eva Frigola-Capell, affirms that this manuscript is an honest, precise and transparent account of the study that is presented, that no important aspect of the study has been omitted, and that the differences with the study that was initially planned are explained (and if relevant, recorded). * Guarantor of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest to disclosure.

References
[1]
World Alliance for Patient Safety. The conceptual framework for the International Classification for Patient Safety. WHO; 2009. https://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/taxonomy/ICPS-report/en/ [accessed 22.4.21].
[2]
Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC). EPOC Taxonomy; 2015. https://epoc.cochrane.org/epoc-taxonomy [accessed 15.4.21].
[3]
A.C. Mascherek, D.L. Schwappach.
Patient safety priorities in mental healthcare in Switzerland: a modified Delphi study.
BMJ Open, 6 (2016), pp. e011494
[4]
D.C. Classen, R. Resar, F. Griffin, F. Federico, T. Frankel, N. Kimmel, et al.
Global trigger tool’ shows that adverse events in hospitals may be ten times greater than previously measured.
Health Aff (Millwood), 30 (2011), pp. 581-924
[5]
T.A. Brickell, T.L. Nicholls, R.M. Procyshyn, C. McLean, R.J. Dempster, J.A.A. Lavoie, et al.
Patient safety in mental health.
Canadian Patient Safety Institute and Ontario Hospital Association, (2009),
Copyright © 2021. SEP y SEPB
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es en pt

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