metricas
covid
Buscar en
Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) Attention Deficits and Response to Drug Therapy in Patients With Treatment-Resis...
Información de la revista
Vol. 3. Núm. 2.
Páginas 40-49 (enero 2009)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 3. Núm. 2.
Páginas 40-49 (enero 2009)
Acceso a texto completo
Attention Deficits and Response to Drug Therapy in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Results Through Confirmatory Factorial Analysis
Déficit atencionales y respuesta al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con esquizofrenia resistente al tratamiento: resultados mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio
Visitas
1456
Pedro Sáncheza, Natalia Ojedaa,b,c,
Autor para correspondencia
jnojeda@fice.deusto.es

Corresponding author.
, Edorta Elizagáratea,c,d, Javier Peñab, Javier Ballesterosd,c, Ana B. Yollera, Miguel Gutiérrezc,d,e, Leonardo Casaisf, Jesús Ezcurraa
a Unidad de Psicosis Refractaria, Hospital Psiquiátrico de Álava, Vitoria, Álava, Spain
b Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
c Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
d Departamento de Neurociencias, Faculty of Medicine. Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
e Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Santiago, Vitoria, Álava, Spain
f Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Abstract
Introduction

There are no experimental data that demonstrate whether patients with neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia differ or not in their pattern of neuropsychological functioning from patients with adequate drug response.

Method

Fifty-two patients with drug-resistant psychosis (DRS) and 42 patients with schizophrenia not resistant to treatment (NDRS) were recruited following the criteria of Kane et al (1988). A sample of 45 healthy controls matched by age, sex and educational level was also recruited. The clinical evaluations used were the Positive and Negative Symptom (PANSS), functional disability (WHO-DAS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales.

Results

Through the use of confirmatory factorial analysis, we obtained a latent cognitive structure of six cognitive factors: attention, processing speed, verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency and executive functions. As expected, the control group performed better than the two patient groups (both DRS and NDRS) in all neuropsychological domains. Additionally, the DRS group scored significantly worse in attention than the NDRS group even though no differences between these two groups were found in age of disease onset, number of hospitalisations or length of hospitalisation. From a clinical point of view, the DRS group showed greater severity of positive symptoms (P<0.01) and higher global deterioration (P<0.01), which did not translate into greater functional disability.

Conclusions

The results obtained do not allow us to conclude that there is a specific neuropsychological profile in neuroleptic-resistant patients. The only differential parameter was performance in the attention domain. Our findings better fit the hypothesis of a “clinical continuum” and differ from the categoric classification of this mental disorder.

Keywords:
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Confirmatory factorial analysis
Psychopathology
Cognitive performance
Resumen
Introducción

No hay datos experimentales que confirmen si, en cuanto al patrón de funcionamiento neuropsicológico, los pacientes con esquizofrenia resistente al tratamiento con neurolépticos difieren de los pacientes que muestran una respuesta farmacológica adecuada.

Método

Se reclutó a 52 pacientes con psicosis resistente a tratamiento farmacológico (ERT) y 42 pacientes con esquizofrenia no resistente a tratamiento (ENRT), siguiendo los criterios de Kane et al (1988). Además, se reclutó una muestra de 46 controles sanos (NC) apareados por edad, sexo y nivel educativo. Las medidas clínicas incluidas fueron las escalas PANSS (Escala de Síntomas Positivos y Negativos), de discapacidad funcional (WHO-DAS) y de Impresión Clínica Global (CGI).

Resultados

Mediante el empleo de análisis factorial confirmatorio, obtuvimos una estructura cognitiva latente de seis factores cognitivos: atención, velocidad de procesamiento, memoria verbal, memoria de trabajo, fluidez verbal y funciones ejecutivas. Como era esperable, el grupo control rindió mejor que los dos grupos de pacientes (tanto ERT como ENRT) en todos los dominios neuropsicológicos. Además, el grupo ERT rindió en tareas atencionales significativamente peor que el grupo ENRT, a pesar de que no diferían en edad de inicio de la enfermedad, número de hospitalisaciones y tiempo de hospitalisación. Desde el punto de vista clínico, el grupo ERT presentaba mayor severidad de síntomas positivos (P<0,01) y mayor deterioro general (P<0,01), lo que no se traducía en mayor discapacidad funcional.

Conclusiones

Los resultados obtenidos no permiten concluir la existencia de un perfil neuropsicológico específico en pacientes no respondedores al tratamiento con neurolépticos. El único parámetro diferencial fue el rendimiento en el dominio atencional. Nuestros hallazgos son más coherentes con la hipótesis del “fenómeno clínico continuo” y se distancian de la clasificación categórica de este trastorno mental.

Palabras clave:
Esquizofrenia resistente a tratamiento
Análisis factorial confirmatorio
Psicopatología
Rendimiento cognitivo
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[1.]
H.D. Brenner, S.J. Dencker, M.J. Goldstein, J.W. Hubbard, D.L. Keegan, G. Kruger, et al.
Defining treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Bull, 16 (1990), pp. 551-561
[2.]
D.L. Garver, K. Kelly, K.A. Fried, M. Magnusson, J. Hirschowitz.
Drug response patterns as a basis of nosology for the moodincongruent psychoses (the schizophrenias).
Psychol Med, 18 (1988), pp. 873-885
[3.]
A. Wolkin, F. Barouche, A.P. Wolf, J. Rotrosen, J.S. Fowler, C.Y. Shiue, et al.
Dopamine blockade and clinical response: evidence for two biological subgroups of schizophrenia.
Am J Psychiatry, 146 (1989), pp. 905-908
[4.]
J. Kane, G. Honigfeld, J. Singer, H. Meltzer.
Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with Chlorpromazine.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45 (1988), pp. 789-796
[5.]
A. Leung, P. Chue.
Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature.
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 101 (2000), pp. 3-38
[6.]
H.Y. Meltzer, J. Rabinowitz, M.A. Lee, P.A. Cola, R. Ranjan, R.L. Findling, et al.
Age of onset and gender of schizophrenic patients in relation to neuroleptic resistance.
Am J Psychiatry, 154 (1997), pp. 475-482
[7.]
D.G. Robinson, M.G. Woerner, J.M. Alvir, S. Geisler, A. Koreen, B. Sheitman, et al.
Predictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoafective disorder.
Am J Psychiatry, 156 (1999), pp. 544-549
[8.]
T. Kolakowska, A.O. Williams, K. Jambor, M. Ardern.
Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. III: Neurological “soft” signs, cognitive impairment and their clinical significance.
Br J Psychiatry, 146 (1985), pp. 348-357
[9.]
M. Cannon, P. Jones, M.O. Huttunen, A. Tanskanen, T. Huttunen, S. Rabe-Hesketh, et al.
School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia: a population based longitudinal study.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, 56 (1999), pp. 457-463
[10.]
R.L. Findling, K. Jayathilake, H.Y. Meltzer.
Premorbid asociality in neuroleptic-resistant ande neuroleptic-responsive schizophrenia.
Psychol Med, 26 (1996), pp. 1033-1041
[11.]
E.C. Johnstone, J.F. MacMillan, C.D. Frith, D.K. Benn, T.J. Crow.
Further investigation of the predictors of outcome following first schizophrenic episodes.
Br J Psychiatry, 157 (1990), pp. 182-189
[12.]
R.J. Wyatt.
Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia.
Schizophr Bull, 17 (1991), pp. 325-351
[13.]
J. Henna Neto, H. Elkis.
Clinical aspects of super-refractory schizophrenia: a 6-month cohort observational study.
Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 29 (2007), pp. 228-232
[14.]
C.M. Mazure, J.C. Nelson, P.I. Jatlow, M.B. Bowers.
Plasma free homovalinic acid (HVA) as a predictor of clinical response in acute psychosis.
Biol Psychiatry, 30 (1991), pp. 475-482
[15.]
M. Davidson, R.S. Kahn, P. Knott, R. Kaminsky, M. Cooper, K. DuMont, et al.
Effects of neuroleptic treatment on symptoms of schizophrenia and plasma homovalinic acid concentrations.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, 48 (2001), pp. 910-913
[16.]
H.Y. Meltzer, E. Kostakoglu.
Treatment resistant schizophrenia.
Comprehensive care of schizophrenia., pp. 181-204
[17.]
T.R.E. Barnes, P. Buckley, S.C. Schulz.
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia, pp. 489-516
[18.]
R.R. Conley, R.W. Buchanan.
Evaluation of treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Schizophr Bull, 23 (1997), pp. 663-674
[19.]
N.C. Andreasen, W.T. Carpenter, J.M. Kane, R.A. Lasser, S.R. Marder, D.R. Weinberger.
Remission in schizophrenia: Proposed criteria and rationale for consensus.
Am J Psychiatry, 162 (2005), pp. 441-449
[20.]
I. Bitter, M.R. Dossenbach, S. Brook, P.D. Feldman, S. Metcalfe, C.A. Gagiano, Olanzapine HGCK Study Group, et al.
Olanzapine versus clozapine in treatment-resistant or treatment intolerant schizophrenia.
Progr Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr, 28 (2004), pp. 173-180
[21.]
H.Y. Meltzer, L. Alphs, A.I. Green, A.C. Altamura, R. Anand, A. Bertoldi, International Suicide Prevention Trial Study Group, et al.
Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT).
Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60 (2003), pp. 82-91
[22.]
C.D. Advokat, L.J. Bertman, J.E. Comaty.
Clinical outcome to clozapine treatment in chronic psychiatric patients.
Progr Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr, 23 (1999), pp. 1-14
[23.]
M.F. Green, R.S. Kern, D.L. Braff, J. Mintz.
Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Are we measuring the “right stuff”?.
Schizophr Bull, 26 (2000), pp. 119-136
[24.]
R. Joober, G.A. Rouleau, S. Lal, M. Dixon, G. O’Driscoll, R. Palmour, et al.
Neuropsychological impairments in neuroleptic-responder vs. nonresponder schizophrenic patients and healthy volunteers.
Schizophr Res, 53 (2002), pp. 229-238
[25.]
P.D. Harvey, K.M. Putnam, M. Davidson, R.S. Kahn, P. Powchik, R. McQueeney, et al.
Brief neuroleptic discontinuation and clinical symptoms in Kraepelinian and non-Kraepelinian chronic schizophrenic patients.
Psychiatry Res, 38 (1991), pp. 285-292
[26.]
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn (DSM-IV). Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
[27.]
S.W. Woods.
Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics.
J Clin Psychiatry, 64 (2003), pp. 663-667
[28.]
J.E. Overall, D.R. Gorham.
The brief psychiatric rating scale.
Psychol Rep, 10 (1962), pp. 799-812
[29.]
S.R. Kay, L.A. Opler, A. Fiszbein.
The possitive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Schizophr Bull, 13 (1987), pp. 261-276
[30.]
WHO Psychiatric Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO/DAS). Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1988.
[31.]
D.J. Schretlen.
Brief test of attention.
Psychological Assessment Resources, (1996),
[32.]
D. Weschler.
Weschler Memory Scale-Revised.
Psychological Corporation, (1987),
[33.]
R.K. Heaton, G.J. Chelune, J.L. Talley, G.G. Kay, G. Curtiss.
Test de clasificación de tarjetas de Wisconsin.
TEA, (2001),
[34.]
D. Weschler.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III.
TEA, (2001),
[35.]
J. Peña-Casanova.
Programa integrado de exploración neuropsicológica.
Masson, (1990),
[36.]
C.J. Golden.
Stroop color and word test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses.
Stoelting, (1978),
[37.]
R. Reitan, D. Wolfson.
The Haldstead-Reitan. Neuropsychological Test Battery.
Neuropsychology Press, (1985),
[38.]
K.G. Joreskög, D. Sörbom.
Lisrel 8 user's reference guide.
Scientific Software International, (1996),
[39.]
J.U. Ohaeri, A.W. Awadalla, A.H.M. El-Abas, A. Jacob.
Confirmatory factor analytical study of WHOQOL-Bref: Experience with Sudanese general population and psychiatric samples.
BMC Med Res Methodol, 7 (2007), pp. 37
[40.]
M.W. Browne, R. Cudek.
Alternative ways of assessing model fit.
Testing structural equation models,
[41.]
B. Byrne.
Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming.
Erlbaum, (1998),
[42.]
P.M. Bentler, D.G. Bonnett.
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Psychol Bull, 88 (1980), pp. 588-606
[43.]
E.G. Carmines, J.P. McIver.
Analysing models with unobserved variables: Analysis of covariance structures.
Sage, (1981),
[44.]
K.H. Nuechterlein, D.M. Barch, J.M. Gold, T.E. Goldberg, M.F. Green, R.K. Heaton.
Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res, 72 (2004), pp. 29-39
[45.]
N. Ojeda, J. Peña, P. Sánchez, E. Elizagárate, J. Ezcurra.
Processing speed mediates the relationship between verbal memory, verbal fluency, and functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia.
Schizophr Res, 101 (2008), pp. 225-233
[46.]
Sánchez P, Ojeda N, Peña J, Elizagárate E, Yoller AB, Gutiérrez M, Ezcurra J. Predictors of longitudinal changes in schizophrenia: The role of processing speed. J Clin Psychiatry. [en prensa].
[47.]
P.J. McKenna.
Chronic schizophrenia.
Comprehensive care of schizophrenia, pp. 167-180
[48.]
J.D. Van Horn, I.C. McManus.
Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia. A meta-analysis of studies on the ventricule:brain ratio (VBR).
Br J Psychiatry, 160 (1992), pp. 687-697
[49.]
H.D. Brenner, M.C.G. Merlo.
Definition of therapy-resistant schizophrenia and its assessment.
Eur Psychiatry, 10 (1995), pp. S11-S17
[50.]
D.G.C. Owens, E.C. Johnstone.
The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia -their nature and the factors contributing to their development.
Br J Psychiatry, 136 (1980), pp. 384-393
Copyright © 2010. SEP y SEPB
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos