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Vol. 9. Núm. 1.
Páginas 26-34 (marzo 2008)
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Vol. 9. Núm. 1.
Páginas 26-34 (marzo 2008)
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Valor diagnóstico del HLA-B27 en las espondiloartropatías
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Beatriz Arca Barca, Antonio Mera Varela
Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España
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Resumen

Las espondiloartropatías constituyen un grupo de enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas que comparten un amplio abanico de manifestaciones clínicas, entra las que destacan la afectación de las articulaciones sacroilíacas y de la columna vertebral, oligoartritis periférica de predominio en miembros inferiores y entesitis. La patogenia no es bien conocida, aunque todas ellas (espondilitis anquilosante, artritis reactiva, artritis psoriásica, artritis asociada a enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal crónica, algunas formas de artritis idiopática juvenil y espondiloartropatías indiferenciadas) parecen responder a una base genética común. En los últimos años se han postulado distintas teorías acerca de la patogenia de la enfermedad. Muchas de ellas apuntan al HLA-B27, molécula del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad, como factor genético predisponente. Pero la existencia de sujetos B27 positivos que no desarrollan ninguna espondiloartropatía, así como individuos B27 negativos con alguna de estas enfermedades, plantea dudas acerca de la patogenia y el papel que puede desempeñar el B27. Hasta el presente, el diagnóstico se ha basado fundamentalmente en criterios clínicos y radiológicos (criterios de Nueva York modificados, criterios del Grupo Europeo, criterios de Bernard Amor). En esta revisión se muestra el conocimiento actual del valor diagnóstico del HLA-B27 en las espondiloartropatías.

Palabras clave:
Espondiloartropatías
HLA-B27
Diagnóstico
Abstract

Spondyloarthropathies are chronic inflammatory diseases that share a wide range of clinical features, including spondylitis, sacroiliitis, pauciarticular peripheral arthritis, and enthesopathy. The pathogenesis is not well known, although all these diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, arthritis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, some forms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies) seem to have common genetic bases. In the last few years, several theories on the pathogenesis of these diseases have been postulated. Many of these theories have implicated HLAB27, a molecule of the major histocompatibility complex, as a predisposing genetic factor. However, because some B27-positive individuals are disease-free while some B27 negative individuals develop one of these diseases, the pathogenic role of HLA-B27 remains unclear. To date, the diagnosis of spondyloarthropathies has mainly been based on clinical and radiographic criteria (New York modified criteria, European Study Group criteria, Bernard Amor criteria). The present review aims to describe current knowledge on the value of HLA-B27 in the diagnosis of spondyloarthropathies.

Key words:
Spondyloarthropathies
HLA-B27
Diagnosis
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Copyright © 2008. Sociedad Española de Reumatología
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