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Vol. 56. Núm. S1.
Puesta al día en hiperparatiroidismo primario
Páginas 20-28 (abril 2009)
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Vol. 56. Núm. S1.
Puesta al día en hiperparatiroidismo primario
Páginas 20-28 (abril 2009)
Acceso a texto completo
Tratamiento quirúrgico y técnicas de localización en el hiperparatiroidismo primario
Surgical treatment and localization techniques in primary hyperparathyroidism
Visitas
6755
Mónica Marazuelaa,
Autor para correspondencia
mmarazuela.hlpr@salud.madrid.org

Correspondencia: Dra. M. Marazuela. Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma. C/Diego de León, 62. 28006 Madrid. España.
, Luis Domínguez-Gadeab, José Manuel Bravo-Linfantec, Eduardo Larrañagac
a Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma. Madrid. España
b Servicio de Medicina Nuclear. Hospital de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma. Madrid. España
c Servicio de Cirugía General. Hospital de la Princesa. Universidad Autónoma. Madrid. España
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Resumen
Bibliografía
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La paratiroidectomía es el único tratamiento definitivo del hiperparatiroidismo primario (HP). Aunque la exploración cervical bilateral ha sido el tratamiento de elección tradicional de esta enfermedad, avances tecnológicos recientes han revolucionado el campo de la paratiroidectomía y han hecho posible una intervención focalizada o mínimamente invasiva. Este cambio se ha debido, sobre todo, al desarrollo de técnicas de localización preoperatoria precisas capaces de seleccionar a pacientes con enfermedad de una sola glándula paratiroidea (adenoma único) y que pueden tratarse mediante paratiroidectomía mínimamente invasiva (PMI). En la actualidad, el test diagnóstico más fiable y práctico es la gammagrafía paratiroidea con tecnecio 99m sestamibi, con el uso de distintos protocolos, dependiendo de la logística y la experiencia del centro (técnica dual clásica, proyecciones oblicuas, técnicas de sustracción, tomografía computarizada o tomografía computarizada por emisión de fotones simples). La ecografía ha surgido como una técnica complementaria, que puede utilizarse tanto cuando la gammagrafía es negativa, como prueba de confirmación. Cuando estos procedimientos fracasan en identificar una glándula aumentada de tamaño, en casos seleccionados pueden emplearse otros procedimientos no invasivos, como la tomografía computarizada o la resonancia magnética.

Para realizar un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, se han utilizado varias técnicas quirúrgicas, incluida una exploración paratiroidea unilateral con incisión mínima, que es la más utilizada, así como también paratiroidectomía endoscópica, videoasistida y radioguiada. Con una localización preoperatoria óptima, las tasas de curación con procedimientos menos invasivos son similares a las de la exploración bilateral.

Este trabajo resume las técnicas diagnósticas de localización previas a la patiroidectomía, así como las técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas en la actualidad.

Palabras clave:
Hiperparatiroidismo primario
Gammagrafía paratiroidea
Cirugía paratiroidea mínimamente invasiva

Parathyroidectomy is the only definitive cure for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). While bilateral neck exploration has been the conventional surgical approach and the mainstay of therapy, recent advances in technology have revolutionized the field, making a focused or minimally invasive approach to parathyroidectomy a reality.

This change has taken place because of the development of accurate preoperative localization techniques able to select patients who have single-gland parathyroid disease (single adenoma) and can be managed by a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Currently, the most reliable and practical diagnostic procedure is 99mTC-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy, using different protocols depending on the institution's logistics and experience (classical dual-phase, oblique projections, various subtraction techniques and/or single photon-emission computed tomography or SPECT).

Ultrasound has emerged as a complementary technique in the preoperative evaluation of PHPT, which can be used when scintigraphy is negative or as a confirmatory test. When these procedures fail to identify the enlarged gland, other non-invasive procedures such as computed tomographic scanning or magnetic resonance imaging are used in selected cases.

A variety of surgical techniques have been employed to achieve a safe and effective minimally invasive procedure. These techniques include mini-incision unilateral parathyroid exploration and endoscopic, video-assisted and radio-guided parathyroidectomy. With optimized preoperative mapping, the success rate of these less invasive techniques equals that of the traditional bilateral approach.

This review summarizes the imaging techniques and rationale for preoperative localization studies that are used before parathyroidectomy, as well as the current surgical approaches.

Key words:
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid scintigraphy
Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery
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