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Original article
Circ-PRMT5 enhances the proliferation, migration and glycolysis of hepatoma cells by targeting miR-188-5p/HK2 axis
Zhenghua Ding1,
Corresponding author
yzcwdt@163.com

Corresponding author at: Department of General Surgery, Xiangyang NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, No. 15, Jiefang Road, Fancheng District, Xiangyang City, 4410001 Xiangyang, Hubbei, China.
, Li Guo1, Zhongming Deng, Peng Li
Department of General surgery, Xiangyang NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubbei, China
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Repression of miR-188-5p abolished effects of HK2 silencing on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells&#46; &#40;A&#41; The knockdown efficiency of sh-HK2 in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was checked by RT-qPCR assay&#46; &#40;B&#8211;F&#41; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were transfected with sh-NC&#44; sh-HK2&#44; sh-HK2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-NC&#44; or sh-HK2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-miR-188-5p&#46; &#40;B&#41; MTT assay was performed for examining the cell viability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells&#46; &#40;C&#41; Cell migration assay was conducted in transfected SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells&#46; &#40;D-F&#41; Glucose consumption&#44; lactate production and ATP level of transfected SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were calculated&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41; is a primary clinical tissue subtype of liver cancer&#44; comprising 75&#8211;85&#37; of cases in all liver cancer types <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">&#91;1&#93;</a>&#46; Infection with hepatitis B&#47;C virus&#44; smoking&#44; obesity&#44; aflatoxin-exposed&#44; and alcoholism were considered to be the main risk factors for HCC occurrence <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">&#91;2&#93;</a>&#46; Notably&#44; clinical prognosis and long-term survival rate of HCC patients were far from satisfaction&#44; although technological means have made progress <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">&#91;3&#44;4&#93;</a>&#46; In addition&#44; HCC was a continual and complex process that involved numerous factors and stages of evolution&#44; which hampered the development of new treatments for HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">&#91;5&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; circular RNA &#40;circRNA&#41;&#44; a kind of evolutionary conservation and non-coding RNA&#44; has emerged as a potential and promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">&#91;6&#93;</a>&#46; For instance&#44; Su et al&#46; reported that circRNA Cdr1as acted as a well-known biomarker for HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">&#91;7&#93;</a>&#46; Zhu et al&#46; confirmed that hsa&#95;circ&#95;0027089 was a reliable diagnostic biomarker for hepatitis B virus-related HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">&#91;8&#93;</a>&#46; Here&#44; circ-PRMT5 &#40;hsa&#95;circ&#95;0031242&#41; was derived from the PRMT5 gene and located on chr14 &#40;23&#44;389&#44;732&#8211;23&#44;392&#44;044&#41;&#46; Chen et al&#46; revealed that circ-PRMT5 promoted bladder cancer development by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> sponging miR-30c <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">&#91;9&#93;</a>&#46; Analogous tumor promoter role by circ-PRMT5 was also confirmed in lung cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">&#91;10&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; the investigation about the mechanism of circ-PRMT5 regulating cell proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis was still insufficient&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MiRNA had regulatory functions on gene expression with 21&#8211;25 nucleotides in length <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">&#91;11&#93;</a>&#46; Although without protein-coding potential&#44; miRNA has the important functions in a wide range of biological processes&#44; including development&#44; cell differentiation and regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis&#44; thereby participating in tumorigenesis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">&#91;12&#93;</a>&#46; Mechanically&#44; miRNA can modulate specific gene expression through binding to the 3&#8242;untranslated regions &#40;3&#8242;UTR&#41; of target mRNAs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">&#91;13&#93;</a>&#46; MiR-188-5p has been described to participate in development of malignant tumors&#44; including colorectal cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">&#91;14&#93;</a>&#44; gastric cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">&#91;15&#93;</a>&#44; and prostate cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">&#91;16&#93;</a>&#46; Furthermore&#44; it has been verified that miR-188-5p was tightly connected with the proliferation and migration of HCC cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">&#91;17&#93;</a>&#46; Here we aimed to investigate the function of miR-188-5p regulating proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; it has been reported that anti-Hexokinase II &#40;HK2&#41; was a well-characterized rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">&#91;18&#93;</a>&#46; HK2&#44; a pivotal transcription factor which played a key role in the regulation of cancer cell glycolysis&#44; has been documented to be related to tumorigenesis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">&#91;19&#93;</a>&#46; In addition&#44; upregulation of HK2 was usually found in malignant diseases&#44; including HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#46; In this research&#44; circ-PRMT5 expression and its function were analyzed in HCC&#46; Furthermore&#44; we also investigated how circ-PRMT5 affected miR-188-5p and HK2 to regulate proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis in HCC cells&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Patient specimens</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty HCC tissues &#40;obtained from patients with HCC&#41; and paired neighboring normal tissues &#40;away from HCC tissues at least 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; were received from the Xiangyang NO&#46;1 People&#39;s Hospital&#44; Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine&#46; The clinic pathologic features of HCC patients are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; All tissue samples were surgically resected from patients with the guidance of pathologists and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen&#44; then stored at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C refrigerator&#46; Every patient in the study had received no other therapies before the operation and signed the written informed consent&#46; All the procedures got permission by the Ethics Committee of Xiangyang NO&#46;1 People&#39;s Hospital&#44; Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Cell culture</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The human liver cell line &#40;THLE-2&#41; and HCC cell line &#40;SNU-387&#41; were gained from the American Type Culture Collection &#40;Rockville&#44; MD&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Human HCC cell line &#40;HCCLM3&#59; with high metastatic potential&#41; was purchased from KeyGen &#40;Nanjing&#44; China&#41;&#46; Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium &#40;Wisent&#44; Shanghai&#44; China&#41;&#44; which supplemented with 10&#37; &#40;v&#47;v&#41; fetal bovine serum &#40;FBS&#59; Wisent&#41; and 1&#37; penicillin&#47;streptomycin &#40;Wisent&#41;&#44; was used to culture above cells under standard culture conditions &#40;5&#37; CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">RNA isolation&#44; RNase R treatment and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction &#40;RT-qPCR&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total RNA was isolated by Trizol reagent &#40;Solarbio&#44; Beijing&#44; China&#41; in accordance with the manufacturer&#39;s protocols&#46; Furthermore&#44; to attain the cytoplasmic and nuclear RNAs&#44; the NE-PER Reagent &#40;Thermo Fisher Scientific&#44; Carlsbad&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; was utilized based on the specification&#46; Subsequently&#44; RNase R treatment was carried out&#44; and partial RNA was treated with 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mg RNase R &#40;Epicenter Technologies&#44; Madison&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41; for 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g of the RNA as template was converted to complementary DNA using High-capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit &#40;Applied Biosystems&#44; Foster City&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; either random or oligo&#40;dT&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">18</span> primers&#46; MiRNA was detected using Hairpin-it TM miRNAs qPCR Quantitation Kit &#40;Genepharma&#44; Shanghai&#44; China&#41; and was standardized to endogenous small nuclear RNA U3&#46; RT-qPCR assay was performed using SYBR Green Master Mix kit &#40;Takara&#44; Dalian&#44; China&#41; on AB7300 thermo-recycler &#40;Applied Biosystems&#41;&#46; The transcript levels of circ-PRMT5&#44; miR-188-5p and HK2 were assessed based on the 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#916;&#916;Ct</span> method&#46; The endogenous small nuclear RNA U3 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase &#40;GAPDH&#41; were used as internal controls for miRNA and circRNA&#47;mRNA detection&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sequences of primers were listed&#58;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">circ-PRMT5 &#40;F&#44; 5&#8242;-TACCATTGGCCTCTAGCCCT-3&#8242;&#59; R&#44; 5&#8242;-CAAGGGGAATCACAGCCCAT-3&#8242;&#41;&#59;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">mRNA-PRMT5 &#40;F&#44; 5&#8242;-CTGTCTTCCATCCGCGTTTCA-3&#8242;&#59; R&#44; 5&#8242;-GCAGTAGGTCTGATCGTGTCTG-3&#8242;&#41;&#59;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">miR-188-5p &#40;F&#44; 5&#8242;-GCCGAGCATCCCTTGCATG-3&#8242;&#59; R&#44; 5&#8242;-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGA-3&#8242;&#41;&#59;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HK2 &#40;F&#44; 5&#8242;-GAGCCACCACTCACCCTACT-3&#8242;&#59; R&#44; 5&#8242;-CCAGGCATTCGGCAATGTG-3&#8242;&#41;&#59;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GAPDH &#40;F&#44; 5&#8242;-TCCCATCACCATCTTCCAGG-3&#8242;&#59; R&#44; 5&#8242;-GATGACCCTTTTGGCTCCC-3&#8242;&#41;&#59;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">U3 &#40;F&#44; 5&#8242;-AGAGGTAGCGTTTTCTCCTGAGCG-3&#8242;&#59; R&#44; 5&#8242;-ACCACTCAGACCGCGTTCTC-3&#8242;&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Transfection assay</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To generate stable circ-PRMT5-asbsence HCC cell lines&#44; specific short hairpin RNA &#40;shRNA&#41; targeting circ-PRMT5 &#40;sh-circ-PRMT5&#41; were synthesized and inserted into lentiviral vector &#40;GenePharma&#41;&#44; followed by injecting into SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells by Lipofectamine 2000 &#40;Thermo Fisher Scientific&#41; in compliance with the producer&#39;s direction&#46; Similarly&#44; HK2-asbsence HCC cell lines were established&#46; MiR-188-5p mimic &#40;miR-188-5p&#41; and its negative control &#40;miR-NC&#41;&#44; and miR-188-5p inhibitor &#40;anti-miR-188-5p&#41; and its negative control &#40;anti-NC&#41; were generated by GenePharma&#46; Circ-PRMT5-overexpression vector &#40;circ-PRMT5&#41;&#44; and its negative control &#40;Vector&#41; were purchased from RiboBio Corporation &#40;Guangzhou&#44; China&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Cell proliferation assay</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For cell proliferation assay&#44; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were implanted in 96 wells with a density of 3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells per well&#46; After 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; HCC cells were reacted with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of MTT &#40;Promega&#44; Madison&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41; at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The medium was replaced with 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of dimethyl sulfoxide and then oscillation reaction lasted for 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46; Absorbance at 490<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm of each well was examined using a microplate reader &#40;Bio-Rad&#44; Hercules&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Migration assay</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 24-well transwell chamber was used for migration assay&#46; In brief&#44; SNU-387 or HCCLM3 cells &#40;about 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#41; were added into the upper chamber with 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;L of serum-free medium&#44; and the bottom chamber was filled with the complete medium&#46; After incubation 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; the cells on the lower surface were fixed with 95&#37; ethanol&#44; and then stained with 0&#46;1&#37; crystal violet&#46; The five randomly fields were photographed and analyzed using a microscope &#40;Olympus&#44; Tokyo&#44; Japan&#41; and Image J software &#40;National Institutes of Health&#44; Bethesda&#44; MD&#44; USA&#41;&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;7</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Glucose consumption and lactate production and ATP level assays</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glucose consumption&#44; lactate production and ATP level could reflect the intracellular glycolysis of cells&#46; Transfected SNU-387 or HCCLM3 cells were seeded into 12-well plates at 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;well and cultured overnight&#46; The cell supernatant was collected to measure glucose and lactate concentration by Glucose Assay Kit &#40;Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute&#44; Nanjing&#44; China&#41; and Lactic Acid assay kit &#40;Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute&#41;&#44; individually&#46; Moreover&#44; cells were lysed to measure ATP level with ATP assay kit &#40;Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute&#41; according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46; The equal amount of un-transfected cells were used as control&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;8</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Dual-luciferase reporter assay</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We predicted the miR-188-5p binding sites in circ-PRMT5 or 3&#8242;UTR of HK2 using the bioinformatics databases starbase3&#46;0 &#40;<a href="http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;starbase&#46;sysu&#46;edu&#46;cn&#47;</a>&#41;&#46; The sequences contained the presumed binding sites of miR-188-5p were designed from the circ-PRMT5 or 3&#8242;UTR of HK2 and then inserted pGL3 vectors &#40;Promega&#41;&#44; named as wt-circ-PRMT5 or wt-HK2&#44; respectively&#46; The binding sites that interacted with the miR-188-5p were mutated using site-directed mutation primers to generate mut-circ-PRMT5 or mut-HK2&#44; respectively&#46; For the dual-luciferase reporter assay&#44; SNU-387 or HCCLM3 cells were planted into 6-well plates and co-transfected with indicated luciferase reporter vectors according to the experiment designed and miR-188-5p or miR-NC&#46; After transfection 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; luciferase activity in SNU-387 or HCCLM3 cells was detected by the dual-luciferase reporter assay system &#40;Promega&#41; and normalized to Renilla luciferase&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;9</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">RNA immunoprecipitation &#40;RIP&#41; assay</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RIP-assay was carried out by using Imprint&#174; RNA immunoprecipitation kit &#40;Sigma&#44; St&#46; Louis&#44; MO&#44; USA&#41; according to manufacturer&#39;s instruction&#46; Firstly&#44; SNU-387 or HCCLM3 cells were lysed by RIP-buffer combined with a protease inhibitor cocktail and RNase inhibitors&#46; After centrifugation&#44; 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;l of the supernatant was retained as input and the remaining part was incubated with magnetic beads pre-covered with Argonaute-2 &#40;Ago2&#44; Millipore&#44; Billerica&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; or IgG &#40;Millipore&#41; antibodies at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C overnight&#46; After washing off unbound material&#44; immunoprecipitated RNA was purified by proteinase K buffer and the abundance of RNA was detected by RT-qPCR&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;10</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Western blot assay</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Briefly&#44; total protein of HCC tissues or cells was isolated using Radio-Immunoprecipitation assay &#40;RIPA&#41; buffer &#40;Cell Signaling Technology&#44; Danvers&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; according to the operation manual&#46; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;g of protein for each sample was isolated by 12&#37; sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and shifted onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes &#40;GE Healthcare&#44; Piscataway&#44; NJ&#44; USA&#41;&#46; After the incubation with a high affinity antibody anti-HK2 &#40;ab209847&#59; 1&#58;1000 dilution&#59; Abcam&#44; Cambridge&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C overnight&#44; with anti-GAPDH &#40;ab181602&#59; 1&#58;1000 dilution&#59; Abcam&#41; as negative control&#44; then the membranes were incubated with a secondary antibody &#40;1&#58;2000 dilution&#44; Boster&#44; Wuhan&#44; China&#41;&#46; After being washed&#44; signals were detected using a chemiluminescence system &#40;Bio-Rad&#41; and quantified using Image LabTM Software &#40;Bio-Rad&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;10&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In vivo</span> experiment</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experiment in nude mice was licensed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Xiangyang NO&#46;1 People&#39;s Hospital&#44; Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine&#46; 12 male BALB&#47;c nude mice &#40;females&#44; 4 weeks of age&#59; Shanghai Experimental Animal Center&#44; Shanghai&#44; China&#41; were randomly divided into two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&#46; SNU-387<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cell stably transfected with lentiviral vector contained sh-circ-PRMT5 were subcutaneously inoculated into the right flank near the forelimb&#44; with sh-NC as control&#46; Tumor growth was monitored starting from 7 days post-inoculation using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#47;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ab</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> method &#40;length &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#41; and width &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span>&#41; length of the tumor&#41;&#46; 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>d after injection&#44; mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and tumors were harvested for further determination&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;11</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All data were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> value less than 0&#46;05 meant significant difference&#46; Comparison between any two groups or among multiple groups was analyzed by using Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test or one-way analysis of variance&#44; respectively&#46; All analyses were conducted using the SPSS 21&#46;0 software &#40;IBM&#44; Somers&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient analysis was used to analyze the correlations between circ-PRMT5 and miR-188-5p&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Circ-PRMT5 was overexpressed while miR-188-5p was declined in HCC tissues and cells</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Firstly&#44; the expression level of circ-PRMT5 in 20 HCC tissues and neighboring normal tissues was assessed by RT-qPCR analysis&#44; and the data suggested that circ-PRMT5 was evidently upregulated in HCC tissues compared with control group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; Also&#44; circ-PRMT5 was apparently increased in HCC cells &#40;SNU-387 and HCCLM3&#41; compared with THLE-2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; As described in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C and D&#44; circ-PRMT5 had no poly-A tail and was resistant to RNase R&#44; suggesting that circ-PRMT5 was circular RNA&#46; In addition&#44; RT-qPCR assay further established the cytoplasmic localization of circ-PRMT5 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>E&#41;&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>F and G&#44; miR-188-5p was observed to be dramatically decreased in HCC tissues and cells compared with matched control groups&#46; By measuring the expression of circ-PRMT5 and miR-188-5p in the HCC tissues using RT-qPCR assay&#44; we found that there was existed a negative linear correlation between circ-PRMT5 and miR-188-5p &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>H&#41;&#46; These data implied that circ-PRMT5 was upregulated and negatively correlated with miR-188-5p expression in HCC&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Knockdown of circ-PRMT5 impaired proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis in HCC cells</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To further assess the function of circ-PRMT5 in tumorigenesis of HCC&#44; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were transfected with sh-circ-PRMT5 or sh-NC&#46; As presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#44; the expression level of circ-PRMT5 was declined in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells infected with sh-circ-PRMT5 than cells transfected with sh-NC&#46; Furthermore&#44; downregulation of circ-PRMT5 inhibited cell proliferation&#44; as shown by the MTT assay &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; Transwell migration analysis also revealed that silencing of circ-PRMT5 led to reduced numbers of migration cells than the sh-NC transfected group or un-transfected group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>C and D&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; glucose consumption&#44; lactate production&#44; and ATP level were observed to be decreased by transfection with sh-circ-PRMT5 in the SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>E&#8211;G&#41;&#46; These data strongly implied that circ-PRMT5 may promote cell proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis in HCC cells&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Overexpression of miR-188-5p impeded proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The expression level of miR-188-5p was overly strengthened in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells transfected with miR-188-5p compared with miR-NC-transfected cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46; MTT assay results indicated that upregulation of miR-188-5p blocked cell proliferation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46; Besides&#44; the results of the transwell migration assay suggested that the migration ability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells transfected with miR-188-5p was declined compared to control or miR-NC group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>C&#41;&#46; Importantly&#44; overexpression of miR-188-5p led to reduced glucose consumption&#44; lactate production&#44; and ATP content in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>D&#8211;F&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; the above data indicated that miR-188-5p may be a tumor-suppressor gene in HCC&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Circ-PRMT5 targetedly regulated miR-188-5p to mediate proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bioinformatics assay suggested that there was one putative miR-188-5p binding site in the circ-PRMT5 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A&#41;&#46; To figure out whether miR-188-5p was targeted by circ-PRMT5&#44; dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays were conducted&#46; We found that luciferase activity of wt-circ-PRMT5 in HCC cells transfected with miR-188-5p was obviously inhibited compared with the control group&#44; whereas mut-circ-PRMT5 blocked the miR-188-5p-induced repression effects on luciferase activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>B&#41;&#46; RIP assay revealed that a prominent enrichment of circ-PRMT5 and miR-188-5p in Ago2-immunoprecipitated complex when compared to the anti-IgG group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>C&#41;&#46; Additionally&#44; circ-PRMT5 was distinctly increased in the cells transfected with circ-PRMT5 than those transfected with empty vector or control group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>D&#41;&#46; The expression level of miR-188-5p was elevated in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells transfected with sh-circ-PRMT5&#44; while opposite results were found in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells transfected with circ-PRMT5&#44; suggesting that circ-PRMT5 can negatively regulate the miR-188-5p expression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>E and F&#41;&#46; Meanwhile&#44; upregulation of miR-188-5p can impair proliferation ability of HCC cells&#44; however&#44; repression effects on cell growth ability can be partly rescued by simultaneously overexpressing of circ-PRMT5 in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>G&#41;&#46; Analogously&#44; upregulation of circ-PRMT5 markedly counteracted suppression effect on cell migration in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells caused by overexpression of miR-188-5p &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>H&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; upregulation of circ-PRMT5 rescued the decreased glucose consumption&#44; lactate production&#44; and ATP level in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells caused by overexpression of miR-188-5p &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>I&#8211;K&#41;&#46; All the data revealed that circ-PRMT5 regulated proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells by targeting miR-188-5p&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">HK2 was a functional target of miR-188-5p</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The miR-188-5p binding sites in the 3&#8242;UTR of the HK2 mRNA and matched mutated sites are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>A&#46; We also observed that the miR-188-5p mimic declined the luciferase activity of the wt-HK2&#44; while luciferase activity of the mut-HK2 was not changed by miR-188-5p mimic &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>B&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; HK2 was enriched in RIP-Ago2 group compared with that in RIP-IgG group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>C&#41;&#46; The expression level of miR-188-5p was estimated by RT-qPCR assay&#44; and the results suggested that miR-188-5p was decreased in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells infected with anti-miR-188-5p than control &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>D&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the mRNA and protein expression levels of HK2 in HCC were notably reinforced than matched controls by performing RT-qPCR and western blot assays &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>E and F&#41;&#46; More importantly&#44; transfection miR-188-5p into SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells resulted in a decrease of protein expression level of HK2&#44; while anti-miR-188-5p triggered the opposite results &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>G and H&#41;&#46; In summary&#44; HK2 was negatively regulated by miR-188-5p in HCC cells&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;6</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Repression of miR-188-5p could invert the effects of HK2 knockdown on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transfection with sh-HK2 into SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells could impede HK2 expression&#44; as demonstrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>A&#46; Furthermore&#44; cell proliferation capacity was restored in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells co-transfected with sh-HK2 and anti-miR-188-5p compared with those cells alone transfected with sh-HK2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>B&#41;&#46; The suppression of cell migration triggered by sh-HK2 was partly abolished by transfection of miR-188-5p inhibitor &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>C&#41;&#46; The sh-HK2 exerted a suppressor function on glycolysis by limiting glucose consumption and generating lactate and ATP&#44; which was reversed by silencing miR-188-5p &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>D&#8211;F&#41;&#46; These findings revealed that inhibition of miR-188-5p expression could reverse the effects of HK2 silencing on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;7</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Circ-PRMT5 regulated HK2 expression by sponging miR-188-5p</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RT-qPCR and western blot assays showed that co-transfection with sh-circ-PRMT5 and anti-miR-188-5p could partly increase the mRNA and protein expression levels of HK2 which were repressed by downregulation of circ-PRMT5 in SNU-387 cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>A and B&#41;&#46; We also found that mRNA and protein expression levels of HK2 were enhanced by transfection with circ-PRMT5&#44; which was abrogated by reintroduction with miR-188-5p in HCCLM3 cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>C and D&#41;&#46; Collectively&#44; circ-PRMT5 regulated miR-188-5p&#47;HK2 axis in HCC cells&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;8</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Silencing of circ-PRMT5 suppressed tumor growth <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span></span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The animal model for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> research was established&#44; and our data disclosed that tumors in the sh-circ-PRMT5 group grew more slowly and were smaller with respect to tumors from sh-NC group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>A and B&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; we found that the expression levels of circ-PRMT5 and HK2 were repressed while miR-188-5p was increased in the sh-circ-PRMT5 group compared with the sh-NC group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>C&#41;&#46; Consistently&#44; the protein expression level of HK2 was declined in the sh-circ-PRMT5 group when compared with sh-NC group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>D&#41;&#46; Taken together&#44; cell growth was significantly impeded <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> by knockdown of circ-PRMT5&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Discussion</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; glycolysis has been reported to be associated with the development of malignant tumors&#44; among which the relevance of oxidative stress&#44; accelerated metabolism&#44; and metastasis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255">&#91;21&#44;22&#93;</a>&#46; The energy source and intermediate macromolecular production of cancer cells were depended on decomposing glucose by glycolytic instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">&#91;23&#93;</a>&#46; Moreover&#44; the deranged glucose metabolism might contribute to the tumor growth and endue malignant behavior of malignant tumors <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">&#91;24&#93;</a>&#46; Additionally&#44; the abnormal expression of circRNA has received great attention in numerous tumors&#44; including HCC&#46; For example&#44; Su et al&#46; observed that hsa&#95;circ&#95;0070269 impeded the aggressive behavior of HCC by mediation miR-182&#47;NPTX1 pathway <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">&#91;25&#93;</a>&#46; Zhu et al&#46; revealed that circular RNA PVT1&#47;miR-203&#47;homebox D3 axis promoted HCC through regulation growth and migration of HCC cells <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">&#91;26&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Emerging evidence has identified the oncogenic role of circ-PRMT5 in various human cancers&#44; such as bladder cancer and lung cancer <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">&#91;9&#44;10&#93;</a>&#46; Consistently&#44; we also confirmed that circ-PRMT5 was overexpressed in the HCC tissues and cells than conrrols&#46; In addition&#44; circ-PRMT5 was negatively correlated with miR-188-5p expression by Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient analysis&#46; The silencing of circ-PRMT5 repressed cell growth&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells&#46; Furthermore&#44; we revealed that miR-188-5p-induced effects on HCC cells could be alleviated by overexpression of circ-PRMT5&#44; supporting the critical regulatory role in growth&#44; migration and metastasis by the circ-PRMT5&#47;miR-188-5p regulatory axis&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; upregulation of miR-188-5p led to obvious repression of glucose consumption as well as lactate and ATP production&#44; suggesting that miR-188-5p may inhibit HCC progression by blocking glycolysis&#46; In addition&#44; overexpression of miR-188-5p impeded proliferation and migration of HCC cells&#46; Ma et al&#46; and Cheng et al&#46; also found that miR-188-5p exerted anti-tumor effects in HCC <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">&#91;27&#44;28&#93;</a>&#46; Furthermore&#44; it has been testified in HCC&#44; miR-188-5p can also directly target certain oncogene &#40;fibroblast growth factor 5&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">&#91;17&#93;</a>&#46; Analogously&#44; we pointed out that miR-188-5p was a critical negative regulator of the HK2 expression by performing functional experiments&#46; Coincidentally&#44; HK2 played a critical role in glycolysis <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">&#91;18&#93;</a>&#44; and abnormal expression of HK2 was involved in cancer cell metabolism&#44; suggesting that HK2 may be therapeutically targetable for malignant tumor <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295">&#91;29&#44;30&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we further confirmed that HK2 acted as a novel target of miR-188-5p&#46; Additionally&#44; the silencing of HK2 inhibited cell growth&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells&#46; More interestingly&#44; knockdown of miR-188-5p could abolish the inhibition effects on growth&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells induced by silencing of HK2&#46; Conclusively&#44; our study identified that circ-PRMT5 acted as an endogenous sponge of miR-188-5p to positively regulate HK2 expression&#46; Moreover&#44; as a novel regulatory mechanism&#44; circ-PRMT5&#47;miR-188-5p&#47;HK2 axis may be a therapeutic target in the future treatment of HCC&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conclusion</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Collectively&#44; circ-PRMT5 was upregulated in HCC tissues and cells than that in matched control&#46; In addition&#44; inhibition of circ-PRMT5 can effectively suppress proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis in HCC cells&#46; The interaction relationship among circ-PRMT5&#44; miR-188-5p&#44; and HK2 was discovered in HCC&#44; importantly&#44; circ-PRMT5&#47;miR-188-5p&#47;HK2 axis might serve as a potential therapeutic target for HCC&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleDefList"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Abbreviations</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">circRNA</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">circular RNA</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">HCC</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">hepatocellular carcinoma</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDefTerm">RIP</span><span class="elsevierStyleDefDescription"><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RNA immunoprecipitation</p></span></span></p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zhenghua Ding conceptualized the study and wrote the manuscript&#46; Zhongming Deng&#44; Peng Li collected the data and analyzed the data&#46; All the authors revised and approved the final version&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Funding</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no financial conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xres1354752"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Patients or materials and methods"
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              "identificador" => "abst0015"
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              "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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        2 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          "secciones" => array:11 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Patient specimens"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Cell culture"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "RNA isolation&#44; RNase R treatment and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction &#40;RT-qPCR&#41;"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Transfection assay"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Cell proliferation assay"
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            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Migration assay"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Glucose consumption and lactate production and ATP level assays"
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            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Dual-luciferase reporter assay"
            ]
            8 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "RNA immunoprecipitation &#40;RIP&#41; assay"
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Western blot assay"
              "secciones" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "identificador" => "sec0065"
                  "titulo" => "In vivo experiment"
                ]
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              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Results"
          "secciones" => array:8 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Circ-PRMT5 was overexpressed while miR-188-5p was declined in HCC tissues and cells"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0085"
              "titulo" => "Knockdown of circ-PRMT5 impaired proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis in HCC cells"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0090"
              "titulo" => "Overexpression of miR-188-5p impeded proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0095"
              "titulo" => "Circ-PRMT5 targetedly regulated miR-188-5p to mediate proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0100"
              "titulo" => "HK2 was a functional target of miR-188-5p"
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            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0105"
              "titulo" => "Repression of miR-188-5p could invert the effects of HK2 knockdown on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of HCC cells"
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            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0110"
              "titulo" => "Circ-PRMT5 regulated HK2 expression by sponging miR-188-5p"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0115"
              "titulo" => "Silencing of circ-PRMT5 suppressed tumor growth in vivo"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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          "identificador" => "sec0130"
          "titulo" => "Authors&#8217; contributions"
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          "titulo" => "Funding"
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          "identificador" => "sec0140"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-11-20"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-01-03"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1245686"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "circRNA"
            1 => "circ-PRMT5"
            2 => "miR-188-5p"
            3 => "HK2"
            4 => "HCC"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Circular RNA &#40;circRNA&#41; has been demonstrated as a critical regulator in human cancer&#44; including hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the role of circ-PRMT5 in HCC remains largely unknown&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients or materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction &#40;RT-qPCR&#41; was performed to assess the expression levels of circ-PRMT5&#44; miR-188-5p and anti-Hexokinase II &#40;HK2&#41; in HCC tissues and cells&#46; The cell proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis were determined by 3-&#40;4&#44; 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl&#41;-2&#44; 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium bromide &#40;MTT&#41;&#44; transwell migration assay&#44; and indicated kits&#44; respectively&#46; The interaction relationship between miR-188-5p and circ-PRMT5 or HK2 was analyzed by the bioinformatics database&#44; dual-luciferase reporter assay&#44; and RNA immunoprecipitation &#40;RIP&#41; assay&#46; The western blot assay was used to analyze the expression level of HK2&#46; The functional role of circ-PRMT5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> was assessed by a xenograft experiment&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Circ-PRMT5 was elevated in HCC tissues and cells than matched control groups&#46; Furthermore&#44; loss-of-functional experiments revealed that the silencing of circ-PRMT5 could repress proliferation&#44; migration&#44; glycolysis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> and tumor growth <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#46; Moreover&#44; we also confirmed that overexpression of circ-PRMT5 abolished the effects on HCC cells induced by upregulating miR-188-5p&#46; In addition&#44; overexpression of miR-188-5p could repress the development of HCC&#46; More importantly&#44; HK2 was a target gene of miR-188-5p&#44; and miR-188-5p regulated proliferation&#44; migration&#44; glycolysis of HCC cells by specifically binding to HK2&#46; Mechanistically&#44; circ-PRMT5 could act as a sponge of miR-188-5p to regulate the expression of HK2&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; circ-PRMT5 might play a key role in proliferation&#44; migration&#44; glycolysis of HCC cells <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">via</span> miR-188-5p&#47;HK2 axis&#44; which indicated that circ-PRMT5 might be a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The expression levels of circ-PRMT5 and miR-188-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells&#46; &#40;A and B&#41; The relative expression level of circ-PRMT5 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and neighboring normal tissues&#44; as well as in THLE-2&#44; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was measured by RT-qPCR&#46; &#40;C&#41; Random or oligo &#40;dT&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">18</span> primers were used for reverse transcription experiments and the expression levels of circ-PRMT5 and PRMT5 mRNA were analyzed by RT-qPCR&#46; &#40;D&#41; The relative levels of circ-PRMT5 and PRMT5 mRNA were analyzed by RT-qPCR after treatment with RNase R&#46; &#40;E&#41; RT-qPCR was conducted for analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic circ-PRMT5 levels in SNU-387 and HCCLM3&#46; &#40;F and G&#41; RT-qPCR was carried out to test miR-188-5p level in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells as well as matched control group&#46; &#40;H&#41; Correlation analysis between circ-PRMT5 and miR-188-5p was performed by Pearson&#39;s correlation coefficient analysis&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effects of circ-PRMT5 silencing on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells&#46; &#40;A&#8211;G&#41; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were transfected with sh-circ-PRMT5 or sh-NC&#44; un-transfected cells were regarded as the control group&#46; &#40;A&#41; RT-qPCR was conducted to confirm the knockdown efficiency of circ-PRMT5 in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells&#46; &#40;B&#41; The cell viability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was measured using MTT assay&#46; &#40;C and D&#41; Transwell migration assay was used to measure the migration ability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells and representative images were shown&#46; &#40;E&#8211;G&#41; Glucose consumption&#44; lactate production&#44; and ATP level in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were measured by matched assay kits&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Influences of miR-188-5p overexpression on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells&#46; &#40;A&#8211;F&#41; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were divided into three groups&#58; Control&#44; miR-NC&#44; and miR-188-5p groups&#46; &#40;A&#41; The relative expression level of miR-188-5p in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was determined by RT-qPCR&#46; &#40;B&#41; The cell viability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was evaluated by MTT assay&#46; &#40;C&#41; The migration ability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was assessed by transwell migration assay&#46; &#40;D&#8211;F&#41; Glucose consumption&#44; lactate production&#44; and ATP content in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were shown and normalized to the value detected in the Control group&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">MiR-188-5p was a direct target of circ-PRMT5 and upregulation of miR-188-5p-mediated effects on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells could be abolished by overexpression of circ-PRMT5&#46; &#40;A&#41; Binding region between miR-188-5p and circ-PRMT5&#44; as well as matched mutant sites were shown&#46; &#40;B&#41; The relative luciferase activity was examined in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells co-transfected with miR-188-5p mimic or miR-NC and luciferase reporter vectors wt-circ-PRMT5 or mut-circ-PRMT5&#46; &#40;C&#41; RIP assay was performed in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells using Ago2 antibody&#44; then the enrichment of miR-188-5p and circ-PRMT5 was detected&#46; &#40;D&#41; The expression level of circ-PRMT5 was examined by RT-qPCR assay in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells transfected with circ-PRMT5 or Vector&#44; with un-transfected cells as Control group&#46; &#40;E and F&#41; RT-qPCR assay was conducted to evaluate the expression level of miR-188-5p in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells transfected with circ-PRMT5&#44; Vector&#44; sh-NC&#44; or sh-circ-PRMT5 with un-transfected cells as Control group&#46; &#40;G-K&#41; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were transfected with miR-NC&#44; miR-188-5p&#44; miR-188-5p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Vector&#44; or miR-188-5p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>circ-PRMT5&#46; &#40;G&#41; MTT assay was introduced to assess the cell viability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3&#46; &#40;H&#41; The migration ability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was evaluated using transwell migration assay&#46; &#40;I&#8211;K&#41; Glucose consumption&#44; lactate production&#44; and ATP content in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were shown&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 3512
            "Ancho" => 3175
            "Tamanyo" => 605166
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HK2 was regulated by miR-188-5p&#46; &#40;A&#41; The complementary sequences between HK2 and miR-188-5p we as well as mutated nucleotides of HK2 3&#8242;UTR were shown&#46; &#40;B&#41; Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the interaction between HK2 and miR-188-5p&#46; &#40;C&#41; After performing RIP assay in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells&#44; the enrichment of HK2 and miR-188-5p were detected&#46; &#40;D&#41; The interference efficiency of anti-miR-188-5p was checked RT-qPCR analysis&#46; &#40;E&#8211;H&#41; The mRNA and protein expression levels of HK2 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cells as wells matched controls&#44; or SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells infected with miR-NC&#44; miR-188-5p&#44; anti-NC&#44; or anti-miR-188-5p were assessed by RT-qPCR and western blot assays&#44; respectively&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Repression of miR-188-5p abolished effects of HK2 silencing on proliferation&#44; migration and glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells&#46; &#40;A&#41; The knockdown efficiency of sh-HK2 in SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells was checked by RT-qPCR assay&#46; &#40;B&#8211;F&#41; SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were transfected with sh-NC&#44; sh-HK2&#44; sh-HK2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-NC&#44; or sh-HK2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-miR-188-5p&#46; &#40;B&#41; MTT assay was performed for examining the cell viability of SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells&#46; &#40;C&#41; Cell migration assay was conducted in transfected SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells&#46; &#40;D-F&#41; Glucose consumption&#44; lactate production and ATP level of transfected SNU-387 and HCCLM3 cells were calculated&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Circ-PRMT5 regulated HK2 expression by sponging miR-188-5p&#46; &#40;A&#8211;D&#41; RT-qPCR and western blot assays were carried out to examine HK2 level in SNU-387 cells transfected with sh-NC&#44; sh-circ-PRMT5&#44; sh-circ-PRMT5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-NC&#44; sh-circ-PRMT5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-miR-188-5p&#44; or HCCLM3 cells transfected with Vector&#44; circ-PRMT5&#44; circ-PRMT5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>miR-NC&#44; or circ-PRMT5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>miR-188-5p&#44; un-transfected cells were served as control group&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Knockdown of circ-PRMT5 impeded tumor growth&#46; &#40;A and B&#41; The growth curves and weight of xenograft tumors were shown&#46; &#40;C&#41; The RNA expression levels of circ-PRMT5&#44; miR-188-5p and HK2 in dissected tumor tissues from different groups were measured with RT-qPCR assay&#46; &#40;D&#41; Western blot assay was used to assess the protein expression level of HK2 in dissected tumor tissues&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
        ]
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Liver cirrhosis</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Absent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cirrhosis etiology</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Viral &#40;HCV&#44; HBV&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ASH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;27&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NASH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;18&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;9&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TNM stage</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>I&#8211;II&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>III&#8211;IV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                0 => "xTab2326541.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of 20 HCC patients&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "&#91;1&#93;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global cancer statistics 2018&#58; GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Bray"
                            1 => "J&#46; Ferlay"
                            2 => "I&#46; Soerjomataram"
                            3 => "R&#46;L&#46; Siegel"
                            4 => "L&#46;A&#46; Torre"
                            5 => "A&#46; Jemal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3322/caac.21492"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "CA Cancer J Clin"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "394"
                        "paginaFinal" => "424"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30207593"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "&#91;2&#93;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cancer epidemiology and prevention"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "B&#46;K&#46; Armstrong"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2097"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2098"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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