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Vol. 75. Issue 5.
Pages 273-279 (May 2004)
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Vol. 75. Issue 5.
Pages 273-279 (May 2004)
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Anestesia en la cirugía bariátrica
Anesthesia in bariatric surgery
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Javier Esquide, Ramón de Luis, César Valero1
Corresponding author
cvalero@htxa.osakidetza.net

Correspondencia: Dr. C. Valero. Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Tratamiento del Dolor. Hospital de Txagorritxu. José Achotegui, s/n. 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz. Álava. España.
Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Tratamiento del Dolor. Hospital de Txagorritxu. Vitoria-Gasteiz. Álava. España.
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Resumen

La obesidad mórbida es una enfermedad crónica, sin tratamiento efectivo en la actualidad, que representa una seria amenaza para la salud física y psíquica del paciente, por la grave repercusión que ejerce sobre los diversos sistemas corporales. Se caracteriza por un incremento de los riesgos de mortalidad y morbilidad, sobre todo cardiovasculares y respiratorios, durante el período perioperatorio. La cirugía por laparoscopia es, en estos momentos, la mejor respuesta terapéutica, pero su realización presenta una serie de dificultades para el anestesiólogo, derivadas tanto del tratamiento de un paciente anatómicamente alterado y orgánicamente afectado, como por la compensación necesaria de las especiales características de la técnica laparoscópica.

En la consulta de anestesia es importante hacer una valoración de las enfermedades asociadas, especialmente las cardiovasculares y respiratorias, con una atención especial a la posible dificultad para ventilar o intubar a estos pacientes. En el quirófano un anestesiólogo experimentado utilizará los fármacos de forma individualizada, en función de diversos factores, como el peso total, el peso ideal o el grado de lipofilia del propio fármaco. La ventilación mecánica de un paciente con obesidad mórbida bajo laparoscopia abdominal obliga a un equilibrio entre el mantenimiento de la normocapnia y la evitación de presiones excesivas en la vía aérea. En el postoperatorio se ha de asegurar una buena analgesia para evitar la tendencia a la inmovilización diafragmática con la consiguiente formación de atelectasias.

Palabras clave:
Obesidad
Anestesia
Cirugía bariátrica

Morbid obesity is a chronic condition for which effective treatment is currently lacking. It represents a serious threat to physical and mental health because of its severe effects on the various systems of the body. In the perioperative period, it is characterized by an increased risk of mortality and morbidity, especially cardiovascular and respiratory. Laparoscopic surgery is currently the best therapeutic option but presents the anesthesiologist with a series of difficulties, due both to the anatomic and organic alterations of the patient and to the special features of the laparoscopic technique.

In the anesthesia consultation, it is important to evaluate associated processes, especially cardiovascular and respiratory factors, and special attention should be paid to possible difficulties in ventilating or intubating these patients. In the operating room, the experienced anesthesiologist will individualize drug use according to several factors such as total weight, ideal weight, and the drug's degree of lipophilia. The mechanical ventilation of patients with morbid obesity during abdominal laparoscopy requires a balance between maintaining normocapnia and avoiding excessive pressure in the airway. In the postoperative period, effective analgesia must be achieved to prevent the tendency to diaphragmatic immobilization with the consequent development of atelectasias.

Key words:
Obesity
Anesthesia
Bariatric surgery
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