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Inicio Cirugía Española Estado actual del tratamiento multidisciplinario del cáncer gástrico avanzado
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Vol. 74. Issue 2.
Pages 69-76 (August 2003)
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Vol. 74. Issue 2.
Pages 69-76 (August 2003)
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Estado actual del tratamiento multidisciplinario del cáncer gástrico avanzado
Current status of multidisciplinary treatment of advanced gastric cancer
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6195
Rafael Calpenaa,b,1
Corresponding author
rafael.calpena@umh.es

Correspondencia: Prof. R. Calpena Rico. Servicio de Cirugía General. Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Camí de l’Almazara, 4. 03202 Elche. Alicante. España.
, Francisco Javier Lacuevaa,b, Israel Olivera,b, Pilar Cansadoa, Francisco Péreza, David Costaa, Antonio F. Compañb, María Teresa Pérezb
a Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo. Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Elche
b Departamento de Patología y Cirugía. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Miguel Hernández. Elche. Alicante. España
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Resumen

La cirugía continúa siendo el único tratamiento curativo para los enfermos con carcinoma gástrico avanzado. Sin embargo, la recidiva es muy frecuente en estos enfermos. Durante los últimos 15 años, el debate se ha focalizado en la efectividad de la cirugía radical, fundamentalmente en lo concerniente a la realización de linfadenectomías ampliadas, y en la búsqueda de tratamientos locorregionales y sistémicos, sobre todo la quimioterapia, atendiendo al patrón de recidiva de esta neoplasia.

En esta revisión hemos analizado los resultados obtenidos por estos tratamientos basándonos en los estudios que parecían aportar una mayor evidencia científica. Las principales conclusiones son: a) continúa sin demostrarse la efectividad de la linfadenectomía ampliada al segundo nivel y, en el caso más favorable, se limitaría a los estadios II y IIIa; b) el incremento de la morbimortalidad asociada a este tipo de cirugía podría minimizarse evitando la resección de la cola de páncreas y restringiendo la realización de esplenectomías a pacientes seleccionados; c) los estudios de metaanálisis muestran que la quimioterapia ofrece resultados insuficientes, aunque existen estudios recientes que deben ser contrastados; d) parece interesante tener en cuenta el patrón de quimiorresistencia de estas neoplasias para seleccionar a los enfermos que van a ser tratados con quimioterapia y elegir la asociación de fármacos en función del mismo; e) la información extraída del lavado peritoneal puede ser un factor predictor de recidiva muy útil si mejora su sensibilidad y el valor predictivo negativo, y f) el seguimiento exhaustivo de estos enfermos no puede recomendarse de forma sistemática debido a la baja sensibilidad de los métodos disponibles para detectar la carcinomatosis peritoneal precoz, así como a la ausencia de un tratamiento efectivo de la recidiva.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma gástrico
Linfadenectomías
Quimioterapia
Factores pronóstico
Recidiva
Seguimiento

Surgery remains the only curative treatment for advanced gastric carcinoma but recurrence is frequent. Given the recurrence pattern of this neoplasm, in the last fifteen years debate has focussed on the effectiveness of radical surgery, mainly extended lymphadenectomies and on the search for locoregional and systemic treatments, mainly chemotherapy.

In the present review we analyze the results of these treatments reported in the studies providing the best scientific evidence. The main conclusions are as follows: a) The effectiveness of lymphadenectomy including second-echelon lymph nodes has not been demonstrated and, at most, should be limited to stages II and IIIa. b) The increase in morbidity and mortality associated with this type of surgery could be minimized by avoiding resection of the tail of the pancreas and restricting splenectomy to selected patients. c) Metaanalyses show that the results of chemotherapy are unsatisfactory, although the results of recent studies should be verified. d) The pattern of chemoresistance of these neoplasms should be considered to select candidates for chemotherapy and choose the most appropriate drug combinations. e) Information from peritoneal lavage could be a useful predictive factor of recurrence if its sensitivity and negative predictive value are improved. f) Exhaustive follow-up of these patients should not be routinely performed, because of the low sensitivity of available methods for detecting early peritoneal carcinomatosis and the lack of an effective treatment for recurrences.

Key words:
Gastric carcinoma
Lymphadenectomies
Chemotherapy
Prognostic factors
Recurrence
Follow-up
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