metricas
covid
Buscar en
Cirugía Española
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española Estado actual del tratamiento multidisciplinario del cáncer gástrico avanzado
Información de la revista
Vol. 74. Núm. 2.
Páginas 69-76 (agosto 2003)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 74. Núm. 2.
Páginas 69-76 (agosto 2003)
Acceso a texto completo
Estado actual del tratamiento multidisciplinario del cáncer gástrico avanzado
Current status of multidisciplinary treatment of advanced gastric cancer
Visitas
6188
Rafael Calpenaa,b,1
Autor para correspondencia
rafael.calpena@umh.es

Correspondencia: Prof. R. Calpena Rico. Servicio de Cirugía General. Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Camí de l’Almazara, 4. 03202 Elche. Alicante. España.
, Francisco Javier Lacuevaa,b, Israel Olivera,b, Pilar Cansadoa, Francisco Péreza, David Costaa, Antonio F. Compañb, María Teresa Pérezb
a Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo. Hospital General Universitario de Elche. Elche
b Departamento de Patología y Cirugía. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Miguel Hernández. Elche. Alicante. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas
Resumen

La cirugía continúa siendo el único tratamiento curativo para los enfermos con carcinoma gástrico avanzado. Sin embargo, la recidiva es muy frecuente en estos enfermos. Durante los últimos 15 años, el debate se ha focalizado en la efectividad de la cirugía radical, fundamentalmente en lo concerniente a la realización de linfadenectomías ampliadas, y en la búsqueda de tratamientos locorregionales y sistémicos, sobre todo la quimioterapia, atendiendo al patrón de recidiva de esta neoplasia.

En esta revisión hemos analizado los resultados obtenidos por estos tratamientos basándonos en los estudios que parecían aportar una mayor evidencia científica. Las principales conclusiones son: a) continúa sin demostrarse la efectividad de la linfadenectomía ampliada al segundo nivel y, en el caso más favorable, se limitaría a los estadios II y IIIa; b) el incremento de la morbimortalidad asociada a este tipo de cirugía podría minimizarse evitando la resección de la cola de páncreas y restringiendo la realización de esplenectomías a pacientes seleccionados; c) los estudios de metaanálisis muestran que la quimioterapia ofrece resultados insuficientes, aunque existen estudios recientes que deben ser contrastados; d) parece interesante tener en cuenta el patrón de quimiorresistencia de estas neoplasias para seleccionar a los enfermos que van a ser tratados con quimioterapia y elegir la asociación de fármacos en función del mismo; e) la información extraída del lavado peritoneal puede ser un factor predictor de recidiva muy útil si mejora su sensibilidad y el valor predictivo negativo, y f) el seguimiento exhaustivo de estos enfermos no puede recomendarse de forma sistemática debido a la baja sensibilidad de los métodos disponibles para detectar la carcinomatosis peritoneal precoz, así como a la ausencia de un tratamiento efectivo de la recidiva.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma gástrico
Linfadenectomías
Quimioterapia
Factores pronóstico
Recidiva
Seguimiento

Surgery remains the only curative treatment for advanced gastric carcinoma but recurrence is frequent. Given the recurrence pattern of this neoplasm, in the last fifteen years debate has focussed on the effectiveness of radical surgery, mainly extended lymphadenectomies and on the search for locoregional and systemic treatments, mainly chemotherapy.

In the present review we analyze the results of these treatments reported in the studies providing the best scientific evidence. The main conclusions are as follows: a) The effectiveness of lymphadenectomy including second-echelon lymph nodes has not been demonstrated and, at most, should be limited to stages II and IIIa. b) The increase in morbidity and mortality associated with this type of surgery could be minimized by avoiding resection of the tail of the pancreas and restricting splenectomy to selected patients. c) Metaanalyses show that the results of chemotherapy are unsatisfactory, although the results of recent studies should be verified. d) The pattern of chemoresistance of these neoplasms should be considered to select candidates for chemotherapy and choose the most appropriate drug combinations. e) Information from peritoneal lavage could be a useful predictive factor of recurrence if its sensitivity and negative predictive value are improved. f) Exhaustive follow-up of these patients should not be routinely performed, because of the low sensitivity of available methods for detecting early peritoneal carcinomatosis and the lack of an effective treatment for recurrences.

Key words:
Gastric carcinoma
Lymphadenectomies
Chemotherapy
Prognostic factors
Recurrence
Follow-up
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
M.S. Karpeh, D.P. Kelsen, J.E. Tepper.
Cancer of the stomach.
Cancer. Principles and oractice of oncology. 6th ed, pp. 1092-1126
[2.]
C. Martínez, R. Peris, M.J. Sánchez.
Epidemiología descriptiva del cáncer en España.
Libro blanco de la oncología en España. 3a ed, pp. 583-592
[3.]
H.J. Wanebo, B.J. Kennedy, J. Chmiel, G. Steele, D. Winchester, R. Osteen.
Cancer of the stomach. A patient care study by the American College of Surgeons.
Ann Surg, 218 (1993), pp. 583-592
[4.]
J.R. Siewert, K. Bötcher, J.R. Roder, R. Busch, P. Hermanek, H.J. Meyer.
Prognostic relevance of systematic lymph node dissection in gastric carcinoma.
Br J Surg, 80 (1993), pp. 1015-1018
[5.]
J.J. Bonenkamp, J. Hermans, M. Sasako, C.J.H. Van de Velde.
for the Dutch Gastric Cancer Group. Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 908-914
[6.]
M. Sasako.
Risk factors for surgical treatment in the Dutch gastric cancer trial.
Br J Surg, 84 (1997), pp. 1567-1571
[7.]
K. Nakamura, T. Ueyama, T. Yao, Z.X. Xuan, K. Ambe, Y. Adachi, et al.
Pathology and prognosis of gastric carcinoma. Findings in 10,000 patients who underwent primary gastrectomy.
Cancer, 70 (1992), pp. 1030-1037
[8.]
A.F. Compañ, J. Medrano, R. Calpena, M. Diego, F.J. Lacueva, P. Serrano, et al.
Gastric carcinoma: study of the most eminent prognostic factors.
Eur J Surg Oncol, 19 (1993), pp. 553-558
[9.]
E. Bollschweiler, K. Boettcher, A.H. Hoelscher, M. Sasako, T. Kinoshita, K. Maruyama, et al.
Is the prognosis for Japanese and German patients whith gastric cancer really different?.
Cancer, 71 (1993), pp. 2918-2925
[10.]
H. Allgayer, M.M. Heiss, F.W. Schildberg.
Prognostic factors in gastric cancer.
Br J Surg, 84 (1997), pp. 1651-1664
[11.]
K. Maruyama.
The most important prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. A study using univariate and multivariate analysis.
Scand J Gastroenterol, 22 (1987), pp. 63-68
[12.]
R. Bormann.
Geschwuelste des Magens und Duodenum.
Handbuch der Spezieller Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie. Vol. 4,
[13.]
P. Lauren.
The two histologic main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal type carcinoma: an attempt at a histochemical classification.
Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 64 (1965), pp. 31-49
[14.]
Y. Adachi, K. Yasuda, M. Inomata, K. Sato, N. Shiraishi, S. Kitano.
Pathology and prognosis of gastric carcinoma. Well versus poorly differentiated type.
Cancer, 89 (2000), pp. 1418-1424
[15.]
T. Boku, V. Nakane, T. Minoura, H. Takada, M. Yamamura, K. Hioki, et al.
Prognostic significance of serosal invasion and free intraperitoneal cancer cels in gastric cancer.
Br J Surg, 17 (1990), pp. 436-439
[16.]
K. Maruyama, P. Gunven, K. Okabayashi, M. Sasako, T. Kinoshita.
Lymph node metastases of gastric cancer. General pattern in 1931 patients.
Ann Surg, 210 (1989), pp. 596-602
[17.]
J.J. Bonenkamp, I. Songun, J. Hermans, C.J.H. Van de Velde.
Prognostic value of positive cytology findings from abdominal washings in patients with gastric cancer.
Br J Surg, 83 (1996), pp. 672-674
[18.]
T. Suzuki, T. Ochiai, H. Hayashi, S. Mori, H. Shimada, K. Isono.
Peritoneal lavage cytology findings as prognostic factor for gastric cancer.
Sem Surg Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 103-107
[19.]
E. Bando, Y. Yonemura, Y. Takeshita, K. Taniguchi, T. Yasui, Y. Yoshimitsu, et al.
Intraoperative lavage for cytological examination in 1297 patients with gastric carcinoma.
Am J Surg, 178 (1999), pp. 256-262
[20.]
Y. Yonemura, T. Fujimura, I. Ninomiya, B.S. Kim, E. Bandou, T. Sawa, et al.
Prediction of peritoneal micrometastasis by peritoneal lavaged cytology and Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction for matrix metalloproteinase-7 mRNA.
Clin Cancer Res, 7 (2001), pp. 1647-1653
[21.]
Y. Kodera, H. Nakanishi, I. Seiji, Y. Yamamura, Y. Kanemitsu, Y. Shimizu, et al.
Quantitative detection of disseminated free cancer cells in peritoneal washes with Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction. A sensitive predictor outcome for patients with gastric carcinoma.
Ann Surg, 235 (2002), pp. 499-506
[22.]
J.R. Siewert, K. Bötcher, H.J. Stein, J.D. Roder.
Relevant prognostic factors in gastric cancer. Ten-year results of the German Gastric Cancer Study.
Ann Surg, 4 (1998), pp. 449-461
[23.]
Y. Noguchi, T. Imada, A. Matsumoto.
Radical surgery for gastric cancer: a review of the Japanese experience.
Cancer, 64 (1989), pp. 2053-2062
[24.]
T. Ochiai, M. Sasako, S. Mizuno, T. Kinoshita, T. Takayama, T. Kosuge, et al.
Hepatic resection for metastatic tumors from gastric cancer: analysis of prognostic factors.
Br J Surg, 81 (1994), pp. 1175-1178
[25.]
W. Yasui, H. Yokozaki, J. Fujimoto, K. Naka, H. Kuniyasu, E. Tahara.
Genetic and epigenetic alterations in multistep carcinogenesis of the stomach.
J Gastroenterol, 35 (2000), pp. 111-115
[26.]
H. Nekarda, M. Schmitt, K. Ulm, A. Wenninger, H. Vogelsang, K. Becker, et al.
Prognostic impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PAI-1 in completely resected gastric cancer.
Cancer Res, 54 (1994), pp. 2900-2907
[27.]
M.M. Heiss, R. Babic, H. Allgayer, U. Gruetzner, K.W. Jauch, U. Loehrs, et al.
Tumor-associated proteolysis and prognosis: new functional risk factors in gastric cancer defined by the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system.
J Clin Oncol, 13 (1995), pp. 2084-2093
[28.]
Y. Yonemura, Y. Endo, H. Fujita, S. Fushida, E. Bandou, K. Taniguchi, et al.
Role of MMP-7 in the formation of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer.
Gastric Cancer, 3 (2000), pp. 63-70
[29.]
Y. Yonemura, Y. Endou, K. Kimura, S. Fushida, E. Bandou, K. Taniguchi, et al.
Inverse expression of S-100A4 and E-cadherin is associated with metastatic potential in gastric cancer.
Clin Cancer Res, 6 (2000), pp. 4234-4242
[30.]
Y. Maehara, A. Kabashima, T. Koga, E. Tokunaga, Y. Takeuchi, Y. Kakeji.
Vascular invasion and potential for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis in gastric carcinoma.
Surgery, 128 (2000), pp. 408-416
[31.]
H. Allgayer, R. Babic, K.U. Gruetzner, A. Tarabichi, F.W. Schildberg, M.M. Heiss.
c-erbB-2 is of independent prognostic relevance in gastric cancer and is associated with the expression of tumor-associated protease systems.
J Clin Oncol, 18 (2000), pp. 2201-2209
[32.]
B.V. Joypaul, D. Hopwood, E.L. Newman, S. Qureshi, A. Grant, S.A. Ogston, et al.
The prognostic significance of the accumulation of p53 tumour- supressor gene protein in gastric adenocarcinoma.
Br J Cancer, 69 (1994), pp. 943-946
[33.]
H.E. Gabbert, W. Müller, A. Schneiders, S. Meier, G. Hommel.
The relationship of p53 expression to the prognosis of 418 patients with gastric carcinoma.
Cancer, 76 (1995), pp. 720-726
[34.]
M. Victorzon, S. Nordling, C. Haglund, J. Lundin, P.J. Roberts.
Expression of p53 protein as a prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer.
Eur J Cancer, 32 (1996), pp. 215-220
[35.]
C. Poremba, D.W. Yandell, Q. Huang, J.B. Little, W. Mellin, K.W. Schmid, et al.
Frequency and spectrum of p53 mutations in gastric cancer: a molecular genetic and immunohistochemical study.
Virchows Arch, 426 (1995), pp. 447-455
[36.]
D.M. Tolbert, A.F. Noffsinger, M.A. Miller, G.V. De Voe, G.M. Stemmermann, J.S. Macdonald, et al.
p53 immunoreactivity and single strand conformational polymorphism analysis often fail to predict p53 mutational status.
Mod Pathol, 12 (1999), pp. 54-60
[37.]
S.W. Lowe, H.E. Ruley, T. Jacks, D.E. Housman.
p53-dependent apoptosis modulates the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents.
Cell, 74 (1993), pp. 957-967
[38.]
K.V. Chin, Ueda, I. Pastan, M.M. Gottesman.
Modulation of activity of the promoter of the human MDR1 gene by Ras and p53.
Science, 255 (1992), pp. 459-462
[39.]
F.J. Lacueva, R. Calpena, J. Medrano, A. Teruel, M.J. Mayol, M.L. Graells, et al.
Changes in P-glycoprotein expression in gastric carcinoma with respect to distant gastric mucosa may be influenced by p53.
Cancer, 89 (2000), pp. 21-28
[40.]
W.T. Bellamy.
P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 36 (1996), pp. 161-183
[41.]
S. Cascinu, F. Graziano, E. Del Ferro, M.P. Staccioli, M. Ligi, A. Carnevali, et al.
Expression of p53 protein and resistance to preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced gastric carcinoma.
Cancer, 83 (1998), pp. 1917-1922
[42.]
H.J. Lenz, G. Leichman, K.D. Danenberg, P.V. Danenberg, S. Groshen, H. Cohen, et al.
Thymidylate Synthase mRNA level in adenocarcinoma of the stomach: a predictor for primay tumor response and overall survival.
J Clin Oncol, 14 (1995), pp. 176-182
[43.]
R. Metzger, C.G. Leichman, K.D. Danenberg, P.V. Danenberg, H.J. Lenz, K. Hayashi, et al.
ERCC1 mRNA levels complement thymidylate synthase mRNA levels in predictor response and survival for gastric cancer patients receiving combination cisplatin and fluoracil chemotherapy.
J Clin Oncol, 16 (1998), pp. 309-316
[44.]
F. Bozzetti, E. Marubini, G. Bonfanti, R. Miceli, C. Piano, N. Crosse, et al.
Total versus subtotal gastrectomy. Surgical morbidity and mortality rates in a multicenter Italian randomized trial.
Ann Surg, 226 (1997), pp. 613-620
[45.]
A. Cuschieri, P. Fayers, J. Fielding, J. Craven, J. Bancewicz, V. Joypaul, et al.
Postoperative morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: preliminary results of the MCR randomized controlled surgical trial.
Lancet, 347 (1996), pp. 995-999
[46.]
M.F. Brennan.
Lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer.
N Engl J Med, 340 (1999), pp. 956-957
[47.]
G. Mc Near, H. Vandenberg, F.Y. Donn.
A critical evaluation of subtotal gastrectomy for cure of cancer of the stomach.
Ann Surg, 134 (1951), pp. 2-7
[48.]
M.F. Brennan, M.S. Karpeh.
Surgery for gastric cancer: the American view.
Semin Oncol, 23 (1996), pp. 352-359
[49.]
J. Soga, S. Ohyama, K. Miyashita, T. Suzuki, A. Nashimoto, O. Tanaka, et al.
A statistical evaluation of advancement in gastric cancer surgery with special reference to the significance of lymphadenectomy for cure.
World J Surg, 12 (1988), pp. 398-405
[50.]
M. Fugii, J. Sasaki, T. Nakashima.
State of the art in the treatment of gastric cancer: from the 71st Japanese Gastric Cancer Congress.
Gastric Cancer, 2 (1999), pp. 151-157
[51.]
F. Pacelli, G.B. Doglietto, R. Bellantone, S. Alfieri, A. Sgadari, F. Crucitti.
Extensive versus limited lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: A comparative study of 320 patients.
Br J Surg, 80 (1993), pp. 1153-1156
[52.]
A. Cuschieri, S. Weeden Fielding, J. Bancewicz, J. Craven, V. Joypaul, et al.
Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MCR randomized surgical trial.
Br J Cancer, 79 (1999), pp. 1522-1530
[53.]
A.M.G. Bunt, J. Hermans, V.T. Smit, C.J.H. Van de Velde, G.J. Fleuren, J.A. Bruijn.
Surgical/pathologic stage migration confounds comparisons of gastric cancer survival rates between Japan and Western countries.
J Clin Oncol, 13 (1995), pp. 19-25
[54.]
K. Maruyama, M. Sasko, T. Kinoshita, T. Sano, H. Katai.
Surgical treatment for gastric cancer: the Japanese approach.
Semin Oncol, 23 (1996), pp. 360-368
[55.]
J.G. Park, A.F. Gazdar, Y. Kim, B.I. Choi, I.S. Song, N.K. Kim, et al.
Gastric cancer in Korea: experience at the Seoul National University Hospital.
Management of gastric cancer, pp. 285-305
[56.]
D. Roukos, D. Paraschou.
Extended lymph node dissection in gastric cancer: standard, selective or unnecesary procedure?.
Hepato- Gastroenterol, 47 (2000), pp. 904-906
[57.]
J. Hermans, J.J. Bonenkamp, M.C. Boon, A.M.C. Bunt, S. Ohyama, M. Sasko, et al.
Adjuvant therapy after curative resection for gastric cancer: meta-analysis of randomized trials.
J Clin Oncol, 11 (1993), pp. 1441-1447
[58.]
C.C. Earle, J.A. Maroun.
Adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection for gastric cancer in non-Asian patients: revisiting a metaanalysis of randomised trials.
Eur J Cancer, 35 (1999), pp. 1059-1064
[59.]
K. Shimada, J.A. Ajani.
Adjuvant therapy for gastric carcinoma patients in the past 15 years. A review of western and oriental trials.
Cancer, 86 (1999), pp. 1657-1668
[60.]
S. González Moreno, P.H. Sugarbaker.
Comprehensive management of resectable gastric cancer: requirement for optimal clearance, containment and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
Rev Oncol, 3 (2000), pp. 129-140
[61.]
T. Sautner, F. Hofbauer, D. Depisch, R. Schiessel, R. Jakesz.
Adjuvant intraperitoneal cisplatin chemotherapydoes not improve long term survival after surgery for advanced gastric cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 12 (1994), pp. 970-974
[62.]
A. Hagiwara, T. Takahashi, O. Kojima, K. Saway, T. Yamaguchi, T. Yamane, et al.
Prophilaxis with carbon absorbed mitomycin against peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer.
Lancet, 339 (1992), pp. 629-631
[63.]
Y. Yonemura, I. Ninomiya, M. Kaji, K. Sugiyama, K. Fujimura, T. Sawa, et al.
Prophilaxis with intraoperative chemohyperthermia against peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer.
Lancet, 339 (1992), pp. 629-631
[64.]
R. Hamazoe, M. Maeta, N. Kaibara.
Intraperitoneal thermochemotherapy for prevention of peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer.
Cancer, 73 (1994), pp. 2048-2052
[65.]
S. Fujimoto, M. Takahashi, T. Mutou, K. Kobayashi, T. Toyosawa, E. Isawa.
Improved mortality rate of gastric carcinoma patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis treated with intraperitoneal hiperthermic chemoperfusion combined with surgery.
Cancer, 79 (1997), pp. 884-891
[66.]
W. Yu, I. Whang, H.Y. Chung, A. Averbach, P.H. Sugarbaker.
Indications for early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer: results of a prospective randomized trial.
World J Surg, 25 (2001), pp. 985-990
[67.]
M. Cambray.
La radioterapia en el cáncer gástrico.
Rev Oncol, 4 (2002), pp. 289-296
[68.]
J.S. Macdonald, S.R. Smalley, J. Benedetti, S.A. Hundahl, N.C. Estes, G.N. Stemmermann, et al.
Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach of the gastroesophageal junction.
N Engl J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 725-730
[69.]
A.M. Averbach, P. Jacquet.
Strategies to decrease the incidence of intra- abdominal recurrence in resectable gastric cancer.
Br J Surg, 83 (1996), pp. 726-733
[70.]
Y. Yonemura.
Mechanisms of the formation of peritoneal dissemination.
Peritoneal dissemination. Molecular mechanisms and the latest therapy, pp. 1-46
[71.]
L.L. Gunderson, H. Sosin.
Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: areas of failure in a re-operation series (second or symptomatic look) clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy.
Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys, 8 (1982), pp. 1-4
[72.]
C.H. Yoo, S.H. Noh, D.W. Shin, S.H. Choi, J.S. Min.
Recurrence following curative resection for gastric carcinoma.
[73.]
Y. Maehara, S. Hasuda, T. Koga, Y. Tokunaga, Y. Kakeji, K. Sugimachi.
Postoperative outcome and sites of recurrence in patients following curative resection of gastric cancer.
[74.]
F.J. Lacueva, R. Calpena, J. Medrano, A. Compan, E. Andrada, M. Molto, et al.
Follow-up of patients resected for gastric cancer.
J Surg Oncol, 60 (1995), pp. 174-179
[75.]
K.W. Kim, B.I. Choi, J.K. Han, T.K. Kim, A.Y. Kim, H.J. Lee, et al.
Postoperative anatomic and pathologic findings at CT following gastrectomy.
[76.]
K.M. Sohn, J.M. Lee, S.Y. Lee, B.Y. Ahn, S.M. Park, K.M. Kim.
Comparing MR imaging and CT in the staging of gastric carcinoma.
AJR, 174 (2000), pp. 1551-1557
[77.]
T. De Potter, P. Flamen, E. Van Cutsem, F. Penninckx, L. Filez, G. Bormans, et al.
Whole-body PET with FDG for the diagnosis of recurrent gastric cancer.
Eur J Nucl Med, 29 (2002), pp. 525-529
[78.]
A. Stahl, K. Ott, W.A. Weber, U. Fink, J.R. Siewert, M. Schwaiger.
Correlation of FDG uptake in gastric carcinomas with endoscopic and histopathological findings.
J Nucl Med, 42 (2001), pp. P78-79
[79.]
F. Guadagni, M. Roselli, T. Amato, M. Cosimelli, E. Manella, P. Perri, et al.
Tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 serum levels complement carcinoembrionic- antigen levels in monitoring patients wih gastrointestinal carcinoma.
Cancer, 68 (1991), pp. 2443-2450
[80.]
D. Marrelli, E. Pinto, A. De Stefano, M. Farnetani, L. Garosi, F. Roviello.
Clinical utility of CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 in the follow-up of patients with resectable gastric cancer.
Am J Surg, 181 (2001), pp. 16-19
[81.]
B. Joypaul, M. Browning, E. Newman, D. Byrne, A. Cuschieri.
Comparison of serum CA 72-4 and CA 19-9 levels in gastric cancer patients and correlation with recurrence.
Am J Surg, 169 (1995), pp. 595-599
[82.]
B. Nakata, K. Hirakawa, Y. Kato, Y. Yamashita, K. Maeda, N. Onoda, et al.
Serum CA 125 levels as a predictor of peritoneal dissemination in patients with gastric carcinoma.
Cancer, 83 (1998), pp. 2488-2492
Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos