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Inicio Cirugía Española Estomas de protección en cirugía colorrectal. ¿Cuándo y cómo realizarlos?
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Vol. 74. Issue 5.
Pages 251-255 (November 2003)
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Vol. 74. Issue 5.
Pages 251-255 (November 2003)
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Estomas de protección en cirugía colorrectal. ¿Cuándo y cómo realizarlos?
Protective stomas in colorectal surgery. When and how should they be performed?
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Eduardo García-Granero1, Juan García-Armengol, Stephanie García-Botello, Salvador Lledó
Unidad de Coloproctología. Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Clínico. Universidad de Valencia. Valencia. España
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Resumen

En los últimos años, el empleo de estomas de protección en cirugía colorrectal se ha incrementado, y tiene fundamentalmente tres grandes indicaciones: 1) traumatismos ano-recto-cólicos graves; 2) enfermedad de Crohn con importante afectación anorrectal y perineal, y 3) prevención de complicaciones derivadas del fracaso anastomótico, fundamentalmente tras resección anterior baja por neoplasia de recto y tras proctocolectomía restauradora por colitis ulcerosa o poliposis cólica familiar.

En cuanto al tipo de estoma a realizar, en los casos de enfermedad o traumatismo anorrectal, lo habitual será realizar una sigmoidostomía en asa, por lo que la derivación se sitúa inmediatamente proximal a la zona lesionada. En los casos de enfermedades y procedimientos en el colon izquierdo o recto, permanece la controversia entre realizar una ileostomía en asa o una colostomía transversa en asa, por lo que se debe analizar la facilidad en la confección y cierre, y su posible morbilidad, sin olvidar la percepción del paciente con respecto a su manejo.

Palabras clave:
Estoma de protección
Ileostomía
Colostomía

In the last few years, the use of protective stomas in colorectal surgery has increased. This type of surgery has three main indications: 1. Severe ano-rectocolonic injury. 2. Crohn’s disease with significant anorectal and perineal involvement. 3. Prevention of complications due to anastomotic failure, mainly after low anterior resection for rectal neoplasm and after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis or familial colic polyposis.

Concerning the type of stoma to construct, loop sigmoidostomy is usually performed in cases of anorectal disease or injury and consequently the diversion is located immediately proximal to the affected area. When the location is the left colon or rectum, the choice between loop ileostomy or loop transverse colostomy remains controversial and therefore the ease of construction and closure, as well as possible morbidity, should be analyzed. Patients’ perceptions should also be taken into consideration.

Key words:
Protective stoma
Ileostomy
Colostomy
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Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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