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Vol. 75. Issue 5.
Pages 236-242 (May 2004)
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Vol. 75. Issue 5.
Pages 236-242 (May 2004)
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Técnicas restrictivas en cirugía bariátrica
Restrictive techniques in bariatric surgery
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Joan Pujol-Ràfols1
Corresponding author
26899jpr@comb.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J. Pujol-Ràfols. Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva. Unidad de Cirugía para la Obesidad Mórbida (UCOM). Clínica Tres Torres. Dr. Roux, 76. 08017 Barcelona. España.
Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva. Unidad de Cirugía para la Obesidad Mórbida (UCOM). Clínica Tres Torres. Barcelona. España.
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Resumen

A pesar de los años transcurridos, las técnicas restrictivas siguen estando en tela de juicio. Por una parte, representan el abordaje menos invasivo y más fisiológico dentro de las alternativas quirúrgicas a la obesidad mórbida; presentan menor riesgo de complicaciones graves pero, por otra parte, sus resultados son más limitados.

Frente a las diferentes gastroplastias verticales, la introducción de las bandas ajustables abre las puertas al abordaje laparoscópico de la obesidad y evita las consecuencias indeseables derivadas de la partición gástrica.

Entre las complicaciones de la gastroplastia vertical anillada destacan la recanalización de la línea de grapado, las estenosis de la banda y su inclusión. Entre las bandas ajustables, la dilatación o herniación gástrica ocurre entre el 3,6 y el 12,5% de los casos; la erosión o inclusión intragástrica de la banda, entre el 0,3 y el 2,8%, y las infecciones, desconexiones o roturas del reservorio subcutáneo, entre el 2,6 y el 13% de los casos, según las series, los modelos y la técnica. A ello deben sumarse los trastornos motores esofágicos y la limitación de la calidad de vida que ocasiona la restricción de la ingesta.

A largo plazo, los resultados, en cuanto a pérdida de peso, son desfavorables respecto a técnicas más complejas, con pérdidas de sobrepeso que oscilan entre el 30 y el 59%.

Con el reciente perfeccionamiento de las técnicas derivativas, algunos grupos de trabajo han ido abandonando las técnicas restrictivas en favor de las primeras o las han ido limitando a un reducido grupo de pacientes con índices de masa corporal más bajos, no golosos ni “picoteadores”, y que practican una actividad física de forma regular.

Palabras clave:
Obesidad mórbida
Cirugía bariátrica
Técnicas restrictivas
Gastroplastia
Banda gástrica

Although they have been used for many years, restrictive techniques continue to be called into question. On the one hand, they represent the least invasive and most physiological approach within the surgical alternatives for the treatment of morbid obesity and present a lower risk of severe complications. On the other hand, their results are more limited.

Compared with the various vertical gastroplasties, the introduction of adjustable bands opens the door to the laparoscopic approach in obesity and avoids the undesired effects of gastric partition.

Among the most important complications of vertical banded gastroplasty are disruption of the stapleline, stenosis and incorporation of the band. With adjustable bands, dilation or gastric herniation occurs in 3.6-12.5% of patients, band erosion and incorporation into the stomach cavity in 0.3-2.8% and infections, port disconnection or dislodgement in 2.6-13%, depending on the series, models and technique. Esophageal motor disorders that reduce quality of life and lead to restricted intake can also occur.

The long-term weight loss results are less favorable than those of more complex techniques, with weight losses of between 30 and 59%.

Complex techniques have recently been perfected, causing some groups to gradually abandon restrictive techniques in favor of complex ones or to limit their use to a small group of patients with lower body mass index, without a sweet tooth, who avoid snacks and take regular physical exercise.

Key words:
Morbid obesity
Bariatric surgery
Restrictive techniques
Gastroplasty
Gastric band
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