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Inicio Cirugía Española Transfusión sanguínea perioperatoria en el paciente neoplásico. I. Alteracion...
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Vol. 72. Issue 3.
Pages 160-168 (September 2002)
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Vol. 72. Issue 3.
Pages 160-168 (September 2002)
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Transfusión sanguínea perioperatoria en el paciente neoplásico. I. Alteraciones inmunológicas y consecuencias clínicas
Perioperative blood transfusion in the neoplastic patient. I. immunological Alterations and clinical consequences
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Manuel Muñoz Gómeza,1
Corresponding author
mmunoz@uma.es

Correspondencia: Prof. M. Muñoz Gómez. GIEMSA. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina de Málaga. Campus de Teatinos, s/n. 29071 Málaga.
, Juan Vicente Llau Pitarchb, Santiago Ramón Leal Novalc, José Antonio García Erced, Jesús Manuel Culebras Fernándeze
a Doctor en Medicina. Profesor titular de GIEMSA. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Facultad de Medicina. Málaga
b Médico especialista. Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación. Hospital Clínico. Valencia
c Doctor en Medicina. Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos. Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla
d Doctor en Medicina. Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia. Hospital Clínico Universitario Miguel Servet. Zaragoza
e Doctor en Medicina. Jefe del Servicio de Cirugía II. Hospital de León
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Resumen

La administración perioperatoria de hemoderivados alogénicos (TSA) es relativamente frecuente en los pacientes oncológicos sometidos a cirugía y, aunque nunca antes habían sido tan seguros como en la actualidad, sobre todo con respecto a la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas, sabemos que esta práctica no está exenta de efectos adversos. Uno de ellos es la inmunomodulación inducida por transfusiones alogénicas (IMITA), que mediante mecanismos no completamente esclarecidos induce un predominio de la respuesta Th2, caracterizada por la liberación de interleucina-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 e IL- 13 que inducen un predominio de la inmunidad humoral y una disminución o anulación de la inmunidad celular, creando un estado de susceptibilidad a la enfermedad. Tampoco se conocen con exactitud los componentes de la TSA que participan en la inducción de IMITA, aunque diversos estudios han implicado a los leucocitos del donante o los productos liberados por los mismos durante la conservación. En el paciente neoplásico sometido a cirugía, el grado de IMITA parece depender del volumen transfundido y va a potenciar otras alteraciones del sistema inmunitario producidas por la enfermedad de base, el estado nutricional e inflamatorio del paciente, el tipo de anestesia que se emplee, la magnitud del trauma quirúrgico y la medicación perioperatoria. Este estado de inmunodepresión, junto con las alteraciones de la microcirculación y la hipoxia tisular regional provocadas por la lesión de almacenamiento de los eritrocitos, puede llevar a un aumento de las infecciones postoperatorias y de la recurrencia del tumor, aumentando por tanto la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes. Por ello, es necesario el desarrollo de programas multidisciplinarios para optimizar el manejo transfusional del paciente oncológico y reducir el número de TSA al mínimo indispensable, disminuyendo los riesgos inherentes a las mismas.

Palabras clave:
Cirugía oncológica
Transfusión alogénica
IMITA (TRIM)
Respuesta Th2
Lesión de almacenamiento
Infección postoperatoria
Recidiva tumoral

Perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT) is relatively frequent in cancer patients undergoing surgery. Although these products are safer than ever before, especially concerning the transmission of infectious diseases, the process is not free of adverse effects. One of these adverse effects is the transfusion-related immunomodulatory (TRIM) effect, which, through mechanisms that are not entirely understood, induce a predominance of the Th2 response, characterized by the release of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13. This induces a predominance of humoral immunity and reduces or suppresses cellular immunity, creating a state of disease susceptibility. The components of ABT that participate in the induction of TRIM have not been fully identified, although several studies have implicated donor leucocytes and/or the products released by these during conservation. In cancer patients undergoing surgery, the degree of TRIM seems to depend on the volume transfused, which aggravates other immune system alterations produced by the underlying disease, the patient’s nutritional and inflammatory status, the type of anesthesia used, the degree of surgical trauma and the perioperative medication. This state of immunosuppression, together with alterations in microcirculation and regional tissue hypoxia provoked by the erythrocyte storage lesion, may lead to an increase in postoperative infections and to tumoral recurrence, thus increasing morbidity and mortality in these patients. Consequently, multidisciplinary programs should be developed to optimize transfusion in oncological patients and to reduce the number of ABT to the minimum, thus decreasing the risks inherent to this procedure.

Key words:
Oncological surgery
Allogenic transfusion
TRIM
Th2 response
Storage lesion
Postoperative infection
Tumoral recurrence
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