metricas
covid
Buscar en
Cirugía Española (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española (English Edition) A method for individualising the risk of a negative lymph node classification er...
Journal Information
Vol. 88. Issue 6.
Pages 383-389 (December 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 88. Issue 6.
Pages 383-389 (December 2010)
Full text access
A method for individualising the risk of a negative lymph node classification error in cancer of the colon
Un método para individualizar el riesgo de una errónea clasificación ganglionar negativa en el cáncer de colon
Visits
1324
David Martínez-Ramosa,
Corresponding author
davidmartinez@comcas.es

Corresponding author.
, Javier Escrig-Sosa, Jane S. Hoashia, Isabel Rivadulla-Serranoa, José Luis Salvador-Sanchísa, Juan Ruiz del Castillob
a Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva, Hospital General de Castellón, Castellón, Spain
b Servicio de Cirugía General y Digestiva, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Introduction

In cancer of the colon, the number of lymph nodes that should be analysed before a patient is classified as free of lymph node involvement has been widely discussed. A mathematical model is proposed which is based on the Bayes Theorem for calculating the probability of error (PE) similar to that normally used to evaluate a diagnostic test, but adapted to a quantitative variable, the lymph node count.

Methods

The clinical histories of 480 patients routinely operated on in attempt to cure cancer of the colon were reviewed. Cases with any kind of metastasis were excluded. The proposed formula based on the Bayes Theorem was applied with the aim of calculating the PEs for the complete series and for different patient sub-groups (T2, T3, and T4 tumours).

Results

For the probabilities of error of classifying a patient as N negative, which varied between 5% and 1‰ (near or practically 0), the minimum number of negative lymph nodes required for analysis fluctuated between 7 and 17, respectively, for the complete series. This minimum figure was also variable for the different sub-groups (T2, T3, and T4 tumours) studied. These numbers mainly depended on the case characteristics of a specific study group as regards the prevalence of the N+ cases that they dealt with, and of its historically demonstrated ability to collect and identify positive lymph nodes in those patients that had them.

Conclusion

From a mathematical point of view, the minimum number of lymph nodes that have to be analysed in cancer of the colon in order to classify a patient as N negative is not a constant. This depends on the error that is prepared to be assumed for that diagnosis, possibly depending on certain tumour traits, and also may be adapted to the cases of each study group.

Keywords:
Colorectal cancer
Negative lymph nodes
Lymph metastasis
Bayes theorem
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos

En el cáncer de colon, el número de ganglios linfáticos que se deberían analizar antes de clasificar a un paciente como libre de afectación ganglionar ha sido ampliamente discutido. Se propone un modelo matemático basado en el teorema de Bayes para calcular la probabilidad de error (PE) similar al utilizado habitualmente para la evaluación de una prueba diagnóstica pero adaptado a una variable cuantitativa como es un recuento ganglionar.

Métodos

Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 480 pacientes intervenidos de forma programada de cáncer de colon con intención curativa, excluyendo los casos que presentaban metástasis de cualquier tipo. Con el fin de calcular las PE, para la serie completa y para diversos subgrupos de pacientes (tumores T2, T3, y T4) se aplicó la fórmula que proponemos basada en dicho teorema de Bayes.

Resultados

Para las probabilidades de error al clasificar un paciente como N negativo que oscilaran entre un 5% hasta un 1‰ (próximo o prácticamente 0), la mínima cifra de ganglios negativos necesarios para analizar fluctuó entre 7 y 17 respectivamente para la serie completa. Esta cifra mínima también fue cambiante para los diversos subgrupos (tumores T2, T3, y T4) considerados. Fundamentalmente, tales cifras dependen de las características de la casuística de un grupo de trabajo concreto en cuanto a prevalencia de casos N+ que man ejen, y de su capacidad históricamente demostrada para recolectar e identificar ganglios positivos en los pacientes que los presentaran.

Conclusión

Desde el punto de vista matemático, el número mínimo de ganglios que se deberían analizar en el cáncer de colon para clasificar a un paciente como N negativo no es una constante. Este depende del error que se esté dispuesto a asumir para tal diagnóstico, puede estar en función de ciertos rasgos del tumor, y además, se debería adaptar a la casuística de cada grupo de trabajo.

Palabras clave:
Carcinoma colorrectal
Ganglios negativos
Metástasis ganglionar
Teorema de Bayes
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
F.L. Greene, D.L. Page, I.D. Fleming, A.G. Fritz, C.M. Balch, D.G. Haller, et al.
AJCC cancer staging manual.
6th Ed, NY: Springer, (2002),
[2.]
TNM: Classification of malignant tumours, 6th Ed,
[3.]
L.P. Fielding, P.A. Arsenault, P.H. Chapuis, O. Dent, B. Gathright, J.D. Hardcastle, et al.
Working report to the World congresses of gastroenterology, Sydney 1990.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 6 (1991), pp. 325-344
[4.]
C.C. Compton, L.P. Fielding, L.J. Burgart, B. Conley, H.S. Cooper, S.R. Hamilton, et al.
Prognostic factors in colorectal cancer College of American Pathologists Consensus statement 1999.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 124 (2000), pp. 979-994
[5.]
H. Nelson, N. Petrelli, A. Carlin, J. Couture, J. Fleshman, J. Guillem, et al.
Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 93 (2001), pp. 583-596
[6.]
C.I. Kiricuta, J.A. Tausch.
Mathematical model of axillary lymph node involvement based on 1446 complete axillary dissections in patients with breast carcinoma.
Cancer, 69 (1992), pp. 2496-2501
[7.]
J.M. Miralles-Tena, J. Escrig-Sos, D. Martínez-Ramos, V. Angel-Yepes, C. Villegas-Cánovas, V. Senent-Vizcaíno, et al.
Gastric cancer: probability assessment after lymph node-negative staging and its consequences.
Cir Esp, 80 (2006), pp. 32-37
[8.]
D. Martínez-Ramos, J. Escrig-Sos, J.M. Miralles-Tena, I. Rivadulla-Serrano, J.L. Salvador-Sanchís.
Is there a minimum number of lymph nodes that should be examined after surgical resection of colorectal cancer?.
Cir Esp, 83 (2008), pp. 108-117
[9.]
Martínez-Ramos D. Valoración probabilística de un estadio ganglionar negativo tras cirugía de resección en el cáncer de colon. Repercusiones ante una alta probabilidad de error. Tesis Doctoral. Valencia (Spain): Servei de Publicacions Universitat de Valencia; 2008.
[10.]
M. Jagoditsch, P.H. Lisborg, G.R. Jatzko, V. Wette, G. Kropfitsch, H. Denk, et al.
Long-term prognosis for colon cancer related to consistent radical surgery: multivariate analysis of clinical, surgical, and pathologic variables.
World J Surg, 24 (2000), pp. 1264-1270
[11.]
J.W. Fleshman.
The effect of the surgeon and the pathologist on patient survival after resection of colon and rectal cancer.
Ann Surg, 235 (2002), pp. 464-465
[12.]
P. Jestin, L. Pahlman, B. Glimelius, U. Gunnarsson.
Cancer staging and survival in colon cancer is dependent on the quality of the pathologists specimen examination.
Eur J Cancer, 41 (2005), pp. 2071-2078
[13.]
E.A. Miller, J. Woosley, C.F. Martin, R.S. Sandler.
Hospital-tohospital variation in lymph node detection after colorectal resection.
Cancer, 101 (2004), pp. 1065-1071
[14.]
P.M. Johnson, G.A. Porter, R. Ricciardi, N.N. Baxter.
Increasing negative lymph node count is independently associated with improved long-term survival in stage iiiB and iiiC colon cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 24 (2006), pp. 3570-3573
[15.]
C. Ratto, L. Sofo, M. Ippoliti, M. Merico, M. Bossola, F.M. Vecchio, et al.
Accurate lymph-node detection in colorectal specimens resected for cancer is of prognostic significance.
Dis Colon Rectum, 42 (1999), pp. 143-158
[16.]
N.S. Goldstein.
Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens.
Dis Colon Rectum, 42 (1999), pp. 1107-1108
[17.]
R.S. Swanson, C.C. Compton, A.K. Stewart, K.I. Bland.
The prognosis of T3N0 colon cancer is dependent on the number of lymph nodes examined.
Ann Surg Oncol, 10 (2003), pp. 65-71
[18.]
R. Adell-Carceller, M.A. Segarra-Soria, V. Pellicer-Castell, E. Marcote-Valdivieso, R. Gamón-Giner, A.M. Bayón-Lara, et al.
Impact of the number of negative nodes examined on outcome in colorectal cancer.
Cir Esp, 76 (2004), pp. 16-19
[19.]
J.H. Wong, R. Severino, B. Honnebier, P. Tom, T.S. Namiki.
Number of nodes examined and staging accuracy in colorectal carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 2896-2900
[20.]
N.S. Goldstein.
Lymph node recoveries from 2427 pT3 colorectal resection specimens spanning 45 years. Recommendations for a minimum number of recovered lymph nodes based on predictive probabilities.
Am J Surg Pathol, 26 (2002), pp. 179-189
[21.]
F. Hernanz, S. Revuelta, C. Redondo, C. Madrazo, J. Castillo, M. Gómez-Fleitas.
Colorectal adenocarcinoma: quality of the assessment of lymph node metastases.
Dis Colon Rectum, 37 (1994), pp. 373-377
[22.]
N.E. Joseph, E.R. Sigurdson, A.L. Hanlon, H. Wang, R.J. Mayer, J.S. MacDonald, et al.
Accuracy of determining nodal negativity in colorectal cancer on the basis of the number of nodes retrieved on resection.
Ann Surg Oncol, 10 (2003), pp. 213-218
[23.]
F.C. Wright, C.H. Law, S. Berry, A.J. Smith.
Clinically important aspects of lymph node assessment in colon cancer.
J Surg Oncol, 99 (2009), pp. 248-255
[24.]
N.N. Baxter.
Is lymph node count an ideal quality indicator for cancer care?.
J Surg Oncol, 99 (2009), pp. 265-268
[25.]
F.C. Wright, C.H. Law, L. Last, M. Khalifa, A. Arnaout, Z. Naseer, et al.
Lymph node retrieval and assessment in stage ii colorectal cancer: a population based study.
Ann Surg Oncol, 10 (2003), pp. 903-909
[26.]
J. Maurel, G. Launoy, P. Grosclaude, M. Gignoux, P. Arveux, H. Mathieu-Daudé, et al.
Lymph node harvest reporting in patients with carcinoma of the large bowel: a French population-based study.
Cancer, 82 (1998), pp. 1482-1486
[27.]
T.E. Le Voyer, E.R. Sigurdson, A.L. Hanlon, R.J. Mayer, J.S. Macdonald, P.J. Catalano, et al.
Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089.
J Clin Oncol, 21 (2003), pp. 2912-2919
[28.]
P. Ruiz-López, J. Alcalde-Escribano, E. Rodríguez-Cuéllar, I. Landa- García, E. Jaurrieta-Mata.
National project for the management of clinical processes. Surgical treatment of colorectal cancer. i. General aspects.
Cir Esp, 71 (2002), pp. 173-180
Copyright © 2010. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos