Article information
Abstract
A significant number of patients with abdominal infection develop advanced stages of infection and mortality is still above 20%. Failure is multifactorial and is associated with an increase of bacterial resitance, inappropriate empirical treatment, a higher comorbidity of patients and poor source control of infection. These guidelines discuss each of these problems and propose measures to avoid the failure based on the best current scientific evidence.
Keywords:
Intra-abdominal infection
Guidelines
Anti-infective agents
Resumen
Un número importante de pacientes con infección intraabdominal desarrollan estados avanzados de la infección y la mortalidad es todavía superior al 20%. El fracaso es multifactorial y se relaciona con el incremento de resistencias bacterianas, el tratamiento empírico inapropiado, la mayor comorbilidad de los pacientes y el mal control del foco de infección. Estas guías analizan cada uno de estos problemas y proponen medidas para evitar el fracaso, basadas en la mayor evidencia científica actual.
Palabras clave:
Infección intraabdominal
Guías
Antibióticos
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
P. Barie, L. Hydo, S. Eachempati.
Longitudinal outcomes of intraabdominal infection complicated by critical illness.
Surg Infect, 5 (2004), pp. 365-373
[2.]
H. Boucher, G. Talbot, J. Bradley, J. Edwards, D. Gilbert, L. Rice, et al.
Bad Bugs. No Drugs: No ESKAPE! An Update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis, 48 (2009), pp. 1-12
[3.]
D. Mosdell, D. Morris, A. Voltura, D. Pitcher, M. Twiest, R. Milne, et al.
Antibiotic treatment for surgical peritonitis.
Ann Surg, 214 (1991), pp. 543-549
[4.]
J. Tellado, S. Sen, M. Caloto, R. Kumar, G. Nocea.
Consequences of inappropriate initial empiric parenteral antibiotic therapy among patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections in Spain.
Scand J Infect Dis, 39 (2007), pp. 947-955
[5.]
Sitges-Serra A, Sancho-Isenser J, Membrilla E, Girvent M, Grupo de estudio PEPES (Patógenos emergentes en peritonitis). Estudio de adecuacion de la antibioticoterapia empírica en el tratamiento de la infección intraabdominal complicada. XXVII Congreso Nacional de Cirugía. Madrid, November 3–6, 2008.
[6.]
P. Montravers, R. Gauzit, C. Muller, J. Marmuse, A. Fichelle, J. Desmonts.
Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in cases of peritonitis after inbtraabdominal surgery affects the efficacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 486-494
[7.]
A. Roehrborn, L. Thomas, O. Potreck, C. Ebener, C. Ohmann, P. Goretzki, et al.
The microbiology of postoperative peritonitis.
Clin Infec Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 1513-1519
[8.]
J. Chow, V. Satishchandran, T. Snyder, C. Harvey, I. Friedland, M. Dinubile.
In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gramegative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: The 2002 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART).
Surg Infect, 6 (2006), pp. 439-447
[9.]
D. Paterson, F. Rossi, F. Baquero, P. Hsuech, G. Woods, V. Satishchandran, et al.
In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the 2003 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART).
J Anti-microb Chemother, 55 (2005), pp. 965-973
[10.]
F. Rossi, F. Baquero, P. Hsuech, D. Paterson, G. Bochicchio, T. Snyder, et al.
In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: 2004 results from SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends).
J Antimicrob Chemother, 58 (2006), pp. 205-210
[11.]
P. Montravers, A. Lepape, L. Dubreuil, R. Gauzit, Y. Pean, D. Benchimol, et al.
Clinical and microbiolocal profiles and community-acquired and nosocomial intra-abdominal infections:reults of the French prospective, observational EBIIA study.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 63 (2009), pp. 785-794
[12.]
E. Rivers, B. Nguyen, S. Havstad, J. Ressler, A. Muzzin, B. Knoblich, et al.
Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.
N Engl J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 1368-1377
[13.]
A. Kumar, D. Roberts, K. Wood, B. Light, J. Parrillo, S. Sharma, et al.
Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock.
Crit Care Med, 34 (2006), pp. 1589-1596
[14.]
W. Knaus, E. Draper, D. Wagner, J. Zimmerman.
APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system.
Crit Care Med, 13 (1985), pp. 818-829
[15.]
J. Vincent, R. Moreno, J. Takala, S. Willats, A. de Mendonca, H. Bruining, et al.
The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care of Medicine.
Intensive Care Med, 22 (1996), pp. 707-710
[16.]
Members of the American College of Chest Pysicians.
American College of Chest Physicians/society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis.
Crit Care Med, 20 (1992), pp. 864-874
[17.]
M. Rangel-Fausto, D. Pittet, M. Costigan, T. Hwang, C. Davis, R. Wenzel.
The Natural History of SIRS.
JAMA, 273 (1995), pp. 117-123
[18.]
Guirao X, Franch G, Navinés J, Casal M, Juvany M, Montero J, et al. Monitorización de la proteina C-reactiva en el diagnóstico precoz de las complicaciones mayores en la cirugía colorectal electiva. In: XXVII Congreso Nacional de Cirugía, Madrid; 2008.
[19.]
M. Mikkelsen, A. Miltiades, D. Gaieski, M. Goyal, B. Fuchs, C. Shah, et al.
Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis in-dependent of organ failure and shock.
Crit Care Med, 37 (2009), pp. 1670-1777
[20.]
H. Nguyen, E. Rivers, G. Moan, E. Abraham, S. Trzeciak, D. Huang, et al.
Review of the Literature and Emergency Department Management Guidelines.
Ann Emerg Med, 48 (2006), pp. 28-54
[21.]
D. Thomas-Rudolph, T. Du clos, C. Snapper, C. Mold.
C-reactive Protein enhances immunity to Strptococcus pneumoniae by targeting uptke to FcgR on dentritic cells.
J Immunol, 178 (2007), pp. 7283-7291
[22.]
R. Sierra, J. Rello, M. Bailén, E. Benítez, A. Gordillo, C. León, et al.
Creactive protein used as an early indicator of infection in patients with systemic inflammatory syndrome.
Intensive Care Med, 30 (2004), pp. 2038-2045
[23.]
J. Reny, A. Vuagnat, A. Ract, M. Safar, MB, J. Fagon.
Diagnosis and follow-up of infections in intensive care patients: value of C-reactive protein compared with other clinical and biological varIIAles.
Crit Care Med, 30 (2002), pp. 529-535
[24.]
X. Schmit, J. Vincent.
The Time Course of Blood C-reactive Protein concentrations in relation to the response to initial antimicrobial therapy in patients with sepsis.
Infection, 36 (2008), pp. 213-219
[25.]
H. Reith, U. Mittelkotter, E. Debus, C. Kussner, A. Thiede.
Procalcitonin in early detection of postoperative complication.
Dig Surg, 15 (1998), pp. 260-262
[26.]
A. Novotny, K. Emmanuel, N. Hueser, C. Knebel, M. Kriner, K. Ulm, et al.
Procalcitonin ratio indicates successful surgical treatment of abdominal sepsis.
Surgery, 145 (2009), pp. 20-26
[27.]
B. Rau, I. Frigerio, M. Buchler, K. Wegscheider, C. Bassi, P. Puolakkainen, et al.
Evaluation of procalcitonin for predicting septic multiorgan failure and overall prognosis in secondary peritonitis.
Arch Surg, 142 (2007), pp. 134-142
[28.]
B. Tang, G. Eslick, J. Craig, A. McLean.
Accuracy of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients:systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lancet Infect Dis, 7 (2007), pp. 210-217
[29.]
F. Álvarez-Lerma.
Modification of empiric antibiotic treatment in patients with penumonia acquired in the intensive care unit. ICYAcquired Pneumonia Study Group.
Intensive Care Med, 22 (1996), pp. 387-394
[30.]
M. Kollef, G. Sherman, S. Ward, V. Fraser.
Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of nfections: A risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients.
Chest, 115 (1999), pp. 462-474
[31.]
C. Luna, A. Famiglietti, R. Absi, A. Videla, F. Nogueira, A. Fuenzalida, et al.
Community-acquired pneumonia.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 1344-1354
[32.]
E. Ibrahim, G. Sherman, S. Ward, V. Frase, M. Kollef.
The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patients outcomes in the ICU setting.
Chest, 118 (2000), pp. 146
[33.]
K. Krobot, D. Yin, Q. Zhang, S. Sen, A. Altendorf-Hofmann, J. Scheele, et al.
Effect of inappropiate initial empiric antibiotic therapy on outcome of patients with communityacquiered intra-abdominal infections requiring surgery.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infec Dis, 23 (2004), pp. 682-687
[34.]
M. Baré, X. Castells, A. García, M. Riu, M. Comas, M. Gil-Egea.
Importance of apopropiateness of empiric antibiotic therapy on clinical outcomes in intra-abdominal infections.
Int J Technol Assess Healt Care, 22 (2006), pp. 242-248
[35.]
D. Battelmen, M. Callahan, H. Thaler.
Rapid antibiotic delivery and appropiate antibiotic selection reduce llenght of hospital stay of patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Arch Intern Med, 162 (2002), pp. 682-688
[36.]
M. Sturkenboom, W. Goettsch, G. Picelli, B. Veld, D. Yin, R. de Jong, et al.
Inappropiate initial treatment of secondary intraabdomial infections leads to increased risk of clinical failure and costs.
Br J Clin Pharmacol, 60 (2005), pp. 438-443
[37.]
H. Dupont, C. Carbon, J. Carlet, Severe Generalized Perintonits Study Group T.
Monotherapy with a broad-spectrum beta-lactam is as effective as its combination with an aminoglycoside in treatment of severe generalizaed peritonitis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.
Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 44 (2000), pp. 2028-2033
[38.]
A. Mansour, W. Watson, V. Shayani, J. Pickelman.
Abdominal operation in patients with cirrhosis: Still a major surgical challange.
Surgery, 122 (1997), pp. 730-735
[39.]
M. Falagas, L. Barefoot, J. Griffith, R. Ruthzar, D. Snydman.
Risk factors leading to clinical failure in the treatment of intraabdominal or skin/soft tissue infections.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infec Dis, 1512 (1996), pp. 913-921
[40.]
J. Tellado, A. Sitges-Serra, F. Barcenilla, M. Palomar, R. Serrano, J. Bárberan, et al.
Pautas de tratamiento antibiótico empírico de la infecciónes intraabdominales.
Rev Esp Quimioter, 18 (2005), pp. 179-186
[41.]
A. Sitges-Serra, M. Lopez, M. Girvent, S. Almirall, J. Sancho.
Postoperative enterococcal infection after treatment of complicated intra-abdominal sepsis.
Br J Surg, 89 (2002), pp. 361-367
[42.]
M. Gobernado.
Infecciones por bacterias productoras de b-lactamasas.
Infecciones Quirurgicas, pp. 483-486
[43.]
F. Baquero, P. Hsuech, D. Paterson, F. Rossi, G. Biochicchio, G. Gallagher, et al.
In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: Results from study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART).
Surg Infect, (2005), pp. 2008
[44.]
T. Coque, F. Baquero, R. Cantón.
Increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing enterobacteriacea in Europe.
Eurosurveillance, 13 (2008), pp. 1-11
[45.]
F. Baquero, E. Cecenado, R. Cisterna, M. de la Rosa, J. García-Rodriguez, M. Gobernado, et al.
Patrones de sensiblidad a antimicrobianos en enterobacterias causantes de infecciónes intraabdominales en España: resultados del estudio SMART 2003.
Rev Esp Quimioter, 19 (2006), pp. 51-59
[46.]
J. Rodríguez-Baño, D. Paterson.
A Change in the epidemiology of infections due to extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing organisms.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 935-937
[47.]
R. Cantón, A. Novais, A. Valverde, E. Mchado, L. Peixe, F. Baquero, et al.
Prevalence and spread of extended-spectrum b-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in Europe.
Clin Microbiol Infect., 14 (2008), pp. 144-153
[48.]
J. Rodríguez-Baño, M. Navarro.
Impacto de las BLEE en los tratamientos empíricos y las políticas antibióticas.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 25 (2007), pp. 54-59
[49.]
S. Bratu, D. Landman, R. Haag, R. Recco, A. Eramo, M. Alam, et al.
Rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City. A new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium.
Arch Intern Med, 165 (2005), pp. 1430-1435
[50.]
D. Gülmez, N. Woodford, M. Pelepou, S. Musthaq, G. Metan, Y. Yakupogullari, et al.
Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Turkey with OXA-48-like carbapenemases and outer membrane protein loss.
Int J Antimicrob Ag, 31 (2008), pp. 523-526
[51.]
I. Skippen, M. Shemko, J. Turton, M. Kaufmann, C. Palmer, N. Shetty.
Epidemiology of infections caused by extendedspectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.: a nested case control study from a tertiary hospital in London.
J Hosp Infect, 64 (2006), pp. 115-123
[52.]
J. Martínez, J. Aguilar, M. Almela, F. Marco, A. Soriano, F. López, et al.
Prior use of carbapenems may be a significant risk factor for extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp. in patients with bacteriemia.
J Antimicrobiol Chemother, (2006), pp. 1082-1085
[53.]
M. Tumbarello, T. Spanu, M. Sanguinetti, R. Citton, E. Montuori, F. Leone, et al.
Bloodstream infections caused by extendedspectrumlactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: Risk Factors. Molecular Epidemiology, and Clinical Outcome.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50 (2006), pp. 498-504
[54.]
R. Ben-Ami, J. Schwaber, S. Navon-Venezia, D. Schwartz, I. Chmelnitsky, A. Leavitt, et al.
Influx of extended-spectrum b-Lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae into the Hospital.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 925-934
[55.]
R. Colodner, W. Rock, B. Chazan, N. Keller, N. Guy, W. Sakran, et al.
Risk factors for the development of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in nonhospitalized patients.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 23 (2004), pp. 163-167
[56.]
C. Peña, C. Gudiol, F. Tubau, M. Saball, M. Pujol, M. Dominguez, et al.
Risk-factors for acquisition of extended-spectrum b-lactamase producing Escherichia coli among hospitalised patients.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 12 (2006), pp. 279-284
[57.]
B. Swenson, R. Metzger, T. Hedrick, S. McElearney, H. Evans, R. Smith, et al.
Choosing Antibiotics for intra-abdominal infections: What Do We Mean by “High Risk”?.
Surg Infect, 10 (2009), pp. 1-11
[58.]
M. DiNubile, I. Friendland, C. Chan, M. Motyl, H. Giezel, M. Shivaprakash, et al.
Bowel colonization with resistant Gram-negative bacilli after antimicrobial therapy of intraabdominal infections: observations from two randomized comparative clinical trials of ertapenem therapy.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 24 (2005), pp. 443-449
[59.]
A. Harris, J. McGregor, J. Johnson, S. Strauss, A. Moore, H. Standiford, et al.
Risk factors for colonization with extended-spectrum lactamase–producing bacteria and intensive care unit admission.
Emerg Infect Dis, 13 (2007), pp. 1144-1149
[60.]
C. Kang, S. Kim, W. Park, K. Lee, H. Kim, E. Kim, et al.
Boodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistans Gramnegative bacilli: risk factors and impact of inappropiate initial antimicrobial therapy on outcome.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49 (2005), pp. 760-766
[61.]
D. Raymond, S. Pelletier, T. Crabtree, H. Evans, T. Pruett, R. Sawyer.
Impact of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infections on outcome in hospitalized patients.
Crit Care Med, 31 (2003), pp. 1035-1041
[62.]
D. Genné, A. Menetrey, P. Indino, C. Sénéchaud, H.H. Siegriest.
Treatment of secondary peritonitis: Is a less expensive broadspectrum antibiotic as effective as a carbapenem?.
Dig Surg, 20 (2003), pp. 415-420
[63.]
A. Sotto, J. Lefrant, P. Fabbro-Peray, L. Muller, J. Tafuri, F. Navarro, et al.
Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy management of 120 consecutive patients with secondary peritonitis.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 50 (2002), pp. 569-576
[64.]
J. Bradley, J. Garau, H. Lode, K. Roston, J. Qujinn, S.E. Wilson.
Carbapenems in clinical practice: a guide to their use in serious infection.
Int J Antimicrob Agents, 11 (1999), pp. 93-100
[65.]
S. Kusachi, Y. Sumiyama, Y. Arima, Y. Yoshida, H. Tanaka, Y. Nakamura, et al.
Isolated bacteria and drug susceptibility associated with the course of surgical site infections.
J Infect Chemother, 13 (2007), pp. 166-171
[66.]
T. Babinchak, E. Ellis-Grose, N. Dartois, G. Rose, E. Loh, collaboration Tigecycline 301 and 306 Study G.
The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: Analysis of pooled clinical trial data.
Clin Infect Dis, 41 (2005), pp. S354-S366
[67.]
H. Dupont.
The empiric treatment of nosocomial intraabdominal infections.
Int J Infec Dis, 11 (2007), pp. 1-6
[68.]
R. Burnett, D. Haverstock, E. Dellinger, H. Reinhart, J. Bohnen, O. Rotstein, et al.
Definition of the role of Enterococcus in intraabdominal infction: Analysis of a prospective randomized trial.
Surgery, 118 (1995), pp. 716-723
[69.]
A. Onderdonk, J. Barlett, T. Louie, N. Sullivan-Seigler, S. Gorbach.
Microbial synergy in experimental intra-abdomninal abscess.
Infec Immun, 13 (1976), pp. 22-26
[70.]
R. Moellering.
Enterococcus species. Streptococcus bovis, and Leuconostoc species.
Mandel. Douglas, and Bennett, pp. 2411-2421
[71.]
R. Dahms, E. Johnson, C. Statz, J. Lee, D. Dunn, G. Beilman.
Third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin as risk factors for postorpeative vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection.
Arch Surg, 133 (1998), pp. 1343-1346
[72.]
A. Róhrborn, H. Wacha, U. Schöffel, A. Billing, P. Aeberhard, B. Beghard, et al.
Coverage of enterococci in community acquired secondary peritonitis: Results of a randomized trial.
Surg Infect, 1 (2000), pp. 95-107
[73.]
J. Solomkin, A. Yellin, O. Rostein, N. Christou, E. Dellinger, J. Tellado, et al.
Comparacioón de ertapenem con piperacilina/tazobactam en el tratamiento de infecciónes intraabdominales complicadas resultados de un ensayo comparativo aleatorizado doble ciego en fase III.
Ann Surg, 237 (2003), pp. 235-245
[74.]
S. Borbone, C. Cascone, M. Santagati, M. Mezzatesta, M. Stefani.
Bactericidal activity of ertapenem against major intraabdominal pathogens.
Int J Antimicrob Agents, 28 (2006), pp. 396-401
[75.]
N. Namias, J. Solomkin, E. Jensen, J. Tomassini, M. Abramson.
Randomized, multicenter, double-blind study of efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravenous ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam in treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections in hospitalized adults.
Surg Infect, 8 (2007), pp. 15-28
[76.]
P. Barie, S. Vogel, E. Dellinger, O. Rostein, J. Solomkin, J. Yang, et al.
A randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing cefepime plus metronidazole with imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Cefepime Intra-abdominal Infection Study Group.
Arch Surg, 132 (1997), pp. 1294-1302
[77.]
K. Itani, S. Wilson, S. Award, E. Jensen, T. Finn, M. Abramson.
Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 2640-2651
[78.]
B. Mirelis Otero, G. Prats Pastor.
Conceptos de microbiologia aplícada.
Infecciones Quirúrgicas, pp. 27-46
[79.]
H. Boucher, C. Wennersten, G. Eliopoulos.
In Vitro Activities of the glycylcycline GAR-936 against Gram-positive bacteria.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 44 (2000), pp. 2225-2229
[80.]
C. Betriu, I. Rodriguez-Avial, B. Ali-Sanchez, M. Gómez, J. Alvarez, J. Picazo, et al.
In vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against recently isolated clinical bacteria in Spain.
Antimicrob Ag Chem, 46 (2002), pp. 892-895
[81.]
D. Dean, K. Buechard.
Fungal Infections in surgical patients.
Am J Surg, 171 (1996), pp. 374-382
[82.]
J. Nolla-Salas, A. Sitges-Serra, C. León-Gil, J. Martínez-Gonzalez, M. León-Regidor, P. Ibáñez-Lucia, et al.
Candidemia in non neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy.
Intensive Care Med, 23 (1997), pp. 23-30
[83.]
P. Sandven, K. Giercksky, the NORGAS Group, and the Norweigian Yeast Study Group.
Yeast colonization in surgical patients with intra-abdominal perforations.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 20 (2001), pp. 475-481
[84.]
C. León, S. Ruiz-Santana, P. Saavedra, B. Almirante, J. Nolla-Salas, F. Álvarez-Lerma, et al.
A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization.
Crit Care Med, 34 (2006), pp. 730-737
[85.]
J. Vincent, E. Anaissie, H. Bruining, W. Demajo, M. El-Ebiary, J. Haber, et al.
Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment od systemic Candida infection in surgical patients under intensive care.
Intensive Care Med, 24 (1998), pp. 206-216
[86.]
C. Weiss III, C. Statz, R. Dahms, M. Remucal, D. Dunn, B. GJ.
Six years of surgical wound infection surveillance at a tertiary care center: review of the microbiologic and epidemiological aspects of 20,007 wounds.
Arch Surg, 134 (1999), pp. 1041-1048
[87.]
M. Levison, D. Zeigler.
Correlation of APACHE II score, drainage technique and outcome in postoperative intraabdominal abscess.
Surg Gynecol Obstet, 172 (1991), pp. 89-94
[88.]
R. Brolin, L. flancbaum, F. EWrcoli, L. Milgrim, J. Bocage, A. Blum, et al.
Limitations of percutaneous catheter drainage of abdominal abscesses.
Surg Gynecol Obstet, 173 (1991), pp. 203-210
[89.]
P. Montravers, H. Dupont, R. Gauzit, B. Veber, C. Auboyer, P. Blin, et al.
Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis.
Crit Care Med, 34 (2006), pp. 646-652
[90.]
N. Pultz, U. Stiefel, M. Ghannoum, M. Helfand, C. Dosnkey.
Effect of parenteral antibiotic administration on establishment of intestinal colonization by Candida glabrata in adult mice.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49 (2005), pp. 438-440
[91.]
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
Management of deep Candida infection in surgical and intensive care unit patients.
Intensive Care Med, 20 (1994), pp. 522-528
[92.]
S. Blot, K. Vandewoude, J. Waele.
Candida peritonitis.
Curr Opin Crit Care, 13 (2007), pp. 195-199
[93.]
J. Nolla-Salas, J. Torres-Rodriguez, S. Grau, F. Isbert, T. Torrella, M. Riveiro, et al.
Succesful Treatment with Liposomal Amphoitercin B of an Intraabdominal abscess Due to Candida norvegensis Associates with a Gore-Tex-Mesh Infection.
Scand J Infect Dis, 32 (2000), pp. 560-562
[94.]
G. Pier, R. Ramphal.
Pseudomons aeruginosa.
Mandell. Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed., pp. 2587-2615
[95.]
C. Kang, S. Kim, H. Kim, S. Park, Y. Choe, M. Oh, et al.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: risk factors for mortality and influence of delayed receipt of effective antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome.
Clin Infect Dis, 37 (2003), pp. 745-751
[96.]
P. Berthelot, F. Grattard, P. Mahul, R. Jospé, C. Venet, A. Carricajo, et al.
Prospective study of nosocomial colonization and infection dur to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mechanically ventilated patients.
Intensive Care Med, 27 (2001), pp. 503-512
[97.]
N. Christou, P. Barie, P. Dellinger, P. Waymack, H. Stone, Surgical Infection Society Intra-abdominal Infection Study.
Prospecti-ve evaluation of management techniques and outcome.
Arch Surg, 128 (1993), pp. 193-199
[98.]
H. Wacha, T. Hau, R. Dittmer, C. Ohmann.
and the peritonitis study group. Risk factors associated with intraabdominal infections: a prospective multicenter study.
Lagenbeck's Arch Surg, 384 (1999), pp. 24-32
[99.]
K. Bosscha, K. Reijnders, P. Hulstaert, A. Algra, C. van der Werken.
Prognostic scoring systems to predict outcome in peritonitis and intra-abdominal sepsis.
Br J Surg, 84 (1997), pp. 1532-1534
[100.]
E. Farthmann, U. Schöffel.
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of IAI.
Infection, 26 (1998), pp. 329-334
[101.]
R. Hotchkiss.
The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis.
N Engl J Med, 348 (2003), pp. 138-150
[102.]
J. Mazuski, S. RG, A. Nathens, J. Dipiro, M. Schein, K. Kudsk, et al.
The Surgical Infection Society Guidelines on Antimicrobial therapy for Intra-Abdominal Infections: An Executive Sum-mary.
Surgical Infections, 3 (2002), pp. 163-173
[103.]
P. Cattan, D. Yin, E. Sarfati, R. Lyu, M. de Zelicourt, F. Fagnani.
Cost of care for inpatients with community-acquired intra abdominal infections.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 21 (2002), pp. 787-797
[104.]
E. Lennard, P. Dellinger, M. Wertz, B. Minshew.
Implications of leukocytosis and fever at conclusion of antibiotic therapy for intraabdominal sepsis.
Ann Surg, 195 (1982), pp. 19-24
[105.]
F. Alcocer, E. Lopez, J. Calva, M. Herrera.
Secondary peritonitis: towards a definition of an optimal period of antibiotic treatment.
Rev Invest Clin, 53 (2001), pp. 121-125
[106.]
M. Shein, A. Assalia, H. Bachus.
Minimal antibiotic therapy after emergency abdominal surgery: a prospective study.
Br J Surg, 81 (1994), pp. 989-991
[107.]
A. Basoli, P. Chirletti, E. Cirino, N. D’Ovidio, G. Doglietto, D. Giglio, et al.
A prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized trial comparing ertapenem 3 vs. Z5 days in communityacquired intraabdominal infection.
J Gastrointest Surg, 12 (2008), pp. 592-600
[108.]
R. Couto, J. Barbosa, T. Pedrosa, F. Biscione.
C-Reactive proteinguided approach may shorten length of antimicrobial treatment of culture-proven late-onset sepsis.
An intervention stud. Braz J Infect Dis, 11 (2007), pp. 240-245
[109.]
P. Barie.
Modern surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy: Less is more.
Surg Infect, 1 (2000), pp. 23-29
[110.]
X. Guirao, M. García-Domingo, L. Lladó, G. Franch, A. Oliva, A. Muñoz, et al.
A new model of intra-abdominal abscess. Usefulness for hydrosaline metabolism studies in parenteral nutrition associated with sepsis.
J Surg Res, 59 (1995), pp. 658-665
[111.]
J. Roberts, J. Lipman.
Phramacokinetic issues for antibiotics in the critically ill patient.
Crit Care Med, 37 (2009), pp. 840-851
[112.]
A. Brink, G. Richards, V. Schillack, S. Kiem, J. Schetag.
Pharmakinetics of onec-daily dosing of ertapenem in critically ill patientes with severe sepsis.
Int J Antimicrob Agents, 33 (2009), pp. 432-436
[113.]
C. Jones, P. Petersen.
Tigecycline: First class glycylcycline a new choice for empiric therapy.
Drug Discov Today, 3 (2006), pp. 137-144
[114.]
D. Stevens.
The role of vancomycin in the treatment paradigm.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. S51-S57
[115.]
M. Aarts, J. Granton, D. Cook, J. Bohnen, J. Marshall.
Empiric antimicrobial therapy in critical illness: Results of a Surgical Infection Society Survey.
Surg Infec, 8 (2007), pp. 329-336
Publish in
Cirugía Española
Recommended
articles
articles
Cir Esp. 2022;100:608-13
Cir Esp. 2024;102:373-80
Cir Esp. 2023;101:238-51
Cirugía Española (English Edition) follows the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals