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Vol. 52. Issue 1. (In progress)
(January - March 2025)
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Vol. 52. Issue 1. (In progress)
(January - March 2025)
Review article
Update on second trimester ultrasound scanning in pregnancy
Actualización en el protocolo de estudio en la ecografía del segundo trimestre de la gestación
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I. Pelayo-Delgadoa,
Corresponding author
Irene.pelayo@uah.es

Corresponding author.
, E. Gómez-Montesb, M. Álvaro-Navidadc
a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28034, Spain
b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28041, Spain
c Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Measurement standards of foetal biometry: biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL).
Table 2. Anatomical structures classified by organs that should be evaluated during second trimester foetal ultrasound.
Table 3. Foetal heart exploration in the second trimester ultrasound: 4-chamber view's landmarks.
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Abstract

Second trimester ultrasound is a standardised examination in pregnancy that should be routinely offered to all pregnant women, both for monitoring foetal growth and for screening for malformations. It should be performed between 18 and 24 weeks (in Spain from 18+0 to 22+0 weeks of gestation), by trained personnel and with appropriate equipment. The report should reflect foetal position and movements, biometry, amount of amniotic fluid, placental location and appearance, and foetal morphology. The foetal anatomy should include the study of the head (ossification and neurosonography), neck (discarding masses), thoracic cavity and its contents, abdomen and pelvis (studying stomach, umbilical vein, entrance of umbilical cord, kidneys, bladder), spine (in sagittal, coronal and axial planes), extremities (three segments, movement), and genitalia. Special attention should be paid to foetal heart examination (situs, four chamber view, left ventricular and right ventricular outflow-tracts, three-vessel and three-vessel-and trachea views). Neurosonography is also important with the transventricular, transcerebellar and transthalamic plane.

Keywords:
Second trimester ultrasound
Pregnancy control
Basic neurosonography
Basic echocardiography
Abbreviations:
1TUS
2TUS
3VT
3VV
AC
AFI
ALARA
Bpm
CHD
CNS
CP
CSP
DBP
DVP
HC
EFW
FGR
FL
FO
LA
LV
LVOT
RVOT
RV
Resumen

La ecografía del segundo trimestre de la gestación es una exploración estandarizada en el embarazo que debería ofrecerse de forma rutinaria a todas las gestantes, tanto para el seguimiento del crecimiento fetal como para el cribado de malformaciones. Debe realizarse entre las semanas 18-24 (en España de 18+0 a 22+0 semanas de gestación), por personal entrenado y con el equipamiento adecuado. El informe debe reflejar la posición y los movimientos fetales, la biometría, la cantidad de líquido amniótico, la localización y el aspecto de la placenta y la morfología fetal. La anatomía fetal debe incluir el estudio de la cabeza (osificación y neurosonografía), cuello (descartando masas), cavidad torácica y su contenido, abdomen y pelvis (estudiando estómago, vena umbilical, entrada del cordón umbilical, riñones, vejiga), columna vertebral (en planos sagital, coronal y axial), extremidades (3 segmentos, movimiento) y genitales. Debe prestarse especial atención al examen del corazón fetal (situs, vista de 4 cámaras, tractos de salida del ventrículo izquierdo y del ventrículo derecho, vistas de 3 vasos y de 3 vasos y tráquea). También es importante la neurosonografía con el plano transventricular, transcerebeloso y transtalámico.

Palabras clave:
Ecografía del segundo trimestre
Control del embarazo
Neurosonografía básica
Ecocardiografía básica

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