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Review article
Protein biomarkers in gynecological cancers: The need for translational research towards clinical applications
Biomarcadores proteicos en los cánceres ginecológicos: la necesidad de una investigación traslacional para las aplicaciones clínicas
G. Kumarasamy, G. Kaur
Corresponding author
gurjeet@usm.my

Corresponding author.
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The proteomics approach in biomarker discovery&#46; Various biological samples contain proteins including cells&#44; tissues&#44; and body fluids&#46; The complex proteins are extracted from these samples&#46; Next&#44; they are stored in-solution or subjected to gel electrophoresis which separates the proteins&#46; The extracted proteins are digested with suitable enzymes such as trypsin before using a mass spectrometry-based technique&#46; Based on the peptides sequence results&#44; the proteins are identified using database search engines for example UniProt or NCBI&#46; For subsequent protein quantification&#44; Maxquant or Peaks Studio bioinformatics tools are commonly used&#46; The potential protein biomarkers are then validated using suitable assays such as immunoassay&#44; Western Blot or protein microarray&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gynecological cancers form a heterogeneous cluster of tumors originating in the organs of the female reproductive system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Globally&#44; ovarian cancer &#40;OC&#41; is ranked first among gynecological cancers with the highest incidence and morbidity rate&#44; followed by cervical and endometrial cancer &#40;EC&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Whereas&#44; vaginal and vulvar cancers are rare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Most of these malignancies cause either vague or no symptoms&#44; leading to late-stage diagnosis and poor patient outcome&#46; Cervical cancer is the only gynecological cancer that may be detected at an early stage through cervical exfoliative cytology &#40;PAP smear&#41; screening programs&#46; Tumor biomarkers play a critical role in diagnostic&#44; prognostic&#44; predictive or therapeutic applications&#46; The addition of biomarkers to currently available methods such as imaging will improve clinical decision-making and optimize patient management&#46; An ideal biomarker is detectable at high levels in cancer patients compared to unaffected individuals and preferably measured using non- or minimally invasive clinical samples such as blood&#44; urine&#44; or saliva&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Besides&#44; biomarkers should be sensitive&#44; specific&#44; cost-effective&#44; reliable&#44; and have clinical utility&#46; Molecular biomarkers in blood constitute various cellular elements such as circulating tumor cells&#44; genetic &#40;DNA and RNA&#41; material&#44; protein elements &#40;protein and peptides&#41;&#44; and metabolites&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Of these&#44; proteins remain a major substance of interest as they represent end products that control most of the cellular functions and biological processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Proteins can be quantified efficiently&#44; cost-effectively&#44; and has high analytical sensitivity&#46; Proteomics-based studies using contemporary technologies have generated many promising biomarkers for ovarian&#44; endometrial and cervical cancers&#59; however&#44; no biomarkers were reported for vaginal and vulva cancers&#46; This review provides a synopsis on the current and potential biomarkers in ovarian&#44; endometrial and cervical cancers&#44; and aims to encourage researchers to embark on necessary follow-up studies before translation into routine clinical practice&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Proteomics approach in biomarker discovery</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The advancement in protein separation&#44; identification&#44; quantification and validation provides a better understanding of protein functions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The conventional proteomics method utilizes two-dimensional gel electrophoresis &#40;2DE&#41; which separates proteins according to their size and charge allowing visualization of large portions of proteomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The introduction of fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis &#40;2D-DIGE&#41; led to enhanced protein separation and quantification&#46; In general&#44; gel-based methods are less sensitive in terms of qualitative and quantitative analyses&#46; Complete characterization of proteomes can only be achieved using mass spectrometry techniques such as nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry &#40;nanoLC-MS&#47;MS&#41;&#44; matrix-assisted laser desorption&#47;ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry &#40;MALDI-TOF MS&#41; and surface-enhanced laser desorption&#47;ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry &#40;SELDI-TOF MS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Before MS analysis&#44; the proteins are digested into peptides using a protease such as trypsin&#46; The commonly used methods for protein digestion are in-gel digestion and in-solution digestion&#46; Based on the MS&#47;MS spectra of peptides generated&#44; proteins are identified using database search engines such as UniProt&#47;Swiss-Prot and&#47;or NCBI sequence database to match the sequences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> To accurately quantify proteins&#44; label-free quantification &#40;LFQ&#41; or labelled-based approaches such as Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology &#40;MudPIT&#41;&#44; Isotope-Coded Affinity Tag &#40;ICAT&#41; and isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation &#40;iTRAQ&#41; are the methods of choice&#46; The quantified proteins are analyzed with tools such as Maxquant and Peaks studio&#46; Validation of the identified biomarkers is done using suitable assays including immunohistochemistry&#44; Western Blot&#44; and ELISA&#46; Other immunoassay techniques for the detection of proteins in body fluids include Luminex bead assay&#44; electrochemiluminescence immunoassay &#40;ECLIA&#41;&#44; and Simple Plex multi-analyte immunoassay&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> illustrates the proteomics approach in biomarker discovery&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Biomarkers for ovarian cancer</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Cancer antigen 125 &#40;CA125&#41;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although extensive research has been conducted to discover better biomarkers&#44; CA125 has remained superior&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> CA125 is a membrane glycoprotein antigen expressed in M&#252;llerian and coelomic epithelial tissue derivatives&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It has proven value in the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer &#40;OC&#41;&#46; Approximately 80&#37; of epithelial OC patients show elevated CA125 concentrations above 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;ml&#46; Reports have demonstrated elevated levels of CA125 in 50&#8211;60&#37; of patients in clinical stage I&#44; 80&#8211;90&#37; in stage II&#44; and more than 90&#37; of patients in stages III to IV in epithelial ovarian cancer OC&#46; CA125 can be diagnosed with 80&#37; specificity and 92&#37; sensitivity at late-stage OC&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> however&#44; it has limited sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of early-stage cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Thus&#44; CA125 is ideally used for cancer surveillance after a diagnosis of OC and hasn&#8217;t received approval by the US Food and Drug Administration &#40;FDA&#41; for preoperative use&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Human epididymis 4 &#40;HE4&#41;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2009&#44; HE4 was approved by the FDA to monitor the progression and recurrence of epithelial OC in combination with CA125&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> HE4 is a protease inhibitor found in the epithelia of normal genital tissue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> It is highly expressed by malignant epithelial ovarian cells and identified in the sera of individuals with OC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Analysis of serum samples demonstrated sensitivity ranging from 45&#46;9 to 72&#46;9&#37; and 95&#37; specificity&#46; Interestingly&#44; the sensitivity of serum HE4 increased to 76&#46;5&#37; when combined with CA125&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> Furthermore&#44; HE4 has greater specificity than CA125 in the premenopausal age group as it is not elevated in benign gynecological conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The combination of serum proteins CA125&#44; HE4&#44; carcinoembryonic antigen &#40;CEA&#41;&#44; and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 &#40;VCAM-1&#41; resulted in 86&#37; sensitivity and 98&#37; specificity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Osteopontin</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Osteopontin is an acidic&#44; calcium-binding glycoprotein constituting the extracellular matrix&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Under a stressed environment&#44; osteopontin promotes ovarian cancer progression&#44; cell survival&#44; and metastasis&#44; mediated through the activation and induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 &#40;HIF-1&#945;&#41; expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Elevated osteopontin expression is seen in borderline and invasive OC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> For the diagnosis of OC&#44; osteopontin sensitivity ranged from 80 to 85&#46;4&#37; at a specificity of 33&#46;7&#37; &#40;stage I&#8211;IV&#41; with a cut-off level of 252<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Furthermore&#44; the sensitivity was reported to be elevated to 93&#46;8&#37; in combination with CA125&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Using a multiplex ELISA panel comprising insulin-like growth factor&#44; leptin&#44; prolactin&#44; macrophage inhibitory factor&#44; CA125&#44; and osteopontin&#44; the sensitivity increased to 95&#46;3&#37; at a specificity of 99&#46;4&#37; for ovarian cancer detection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Though it is evident that a combination of osteopontin with other biomarkers shows promising results for the detection of ovarian cancer&#44; the translation into clinical application has not been explored&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Transthyretin &#40;TTR&#41;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transthyretin is a transport protein in the blood with the ability to bind to thyroid hormones and retinol-binding protein&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Alterations in serum TTR concentration are seen in several inflammatory conditions&#44; thyroid disease&#44; malnutrition&#44; and other diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Cramer et al&#46; reported transthyretin with 98&#37; specificity and 47&#37; sensitivity for both early and late-stage OC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> A panel comprising transthyretin&#44; CA125&#44; ApoA1 and transferrin showed increased sensitivity of 76&#37; with 98&#37; specificity for early-stage OC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Also&#44; improved sensitivity of 93&#46;9&#37; and specificity of 95&#37; was reported by Kim et al&#46;&#44; at all stages of OC using transthyretin&#44; ApoA1 and CA125 panel&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Cytokines &#40;IL-6 and IL-8&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 are secreted by antigen-presenting cells &#40;APCs&#41;&#44; tumor cells&#44; and tumor-derived fibroblasts in the ovary&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> The most common cytokine studied in ovarian cancer is IL-8&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Concentrations of IL-8 and anti-IL-8 antibodies were found to be increased in stages I and II of OC with 65&#46;5&#37; sensitivity and 98&#37; specificity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Whereas&#44; IL-6 showed 86&#37; specificity and 84&#46;1&#37; sensitivity for early-stage OC&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> A four-marker panel of CA125&#44; HE4&#44; E-cadherin&#44; and IL-6 displayed 95&#46;7&#37; sensitivity and 84&#46;2&#37; specificity compared to individual markers&#44; for early detection of serous ovarian cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Kallikreins</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Human kallikreins &#40;hKLK&#41; encode the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome&#46; They have distinct expression patterns and pathological functions for angiogenesis&#44; apoptosis&#44; and metastasis in tumor cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> The kallikreins overexpressed in ovarian cancer at mRNA and protein levels comprise KLK4-8&#44; KLK10-11&#44; and KLK13-15&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> In OC&#44; KLK11 was found to be elevated by 72&#37; in serum at 90&#37; specificity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> When hK10 was combined with CA125&#44; it achieved a greater sensitivity &#40;73&#37;&#41; compared to hK10 &#40;55&#37;&#41; or CA125 &#40;60&#37;&#41; alone&#44; at 90&#37; specificity&#46; Pre-operative high serum hK10 concentration was also noted to be an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for ovarian cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">B7-H4</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">B7-H4 negatively regulates T-cell immunity by the inhibition of T-cell cytokine production&#44; proliferation&#44; and cell cycle progression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> Elevated serum B7-H4 protein demonstrated 65&#37; sensitivity at 97&#37; specificity when combined with CA125 at early-stage ovarian cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> In another study conducted by Simon et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> 48&#37; of patients at stage I&#44; 55&#37; of patients at stage II&#44; and 67&#37; of patients with late-stage ovarian cancer demonstrated high expression levels of serum B7-H4&#46; B7-H4 may be useful as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of early-stage cancer&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Apolipoprotein A1 &#40;ApoA1&#41;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main protein component in high-density lipoprotein with anti-atherogenic&#44; antioxidant&#44; and anti-inflammatory properties is apolipoprotein A1 &#40;ApoA1&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Studies related to ApoA1 and ovarian cancer are scarce though a decreased level of ApoA1 has been reported in ovarian cancer patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> A panel of ApoA1&#44; CA125&#44; and &#946;-2-microglobulin &#40;&#946;2M&#41; reached a sensitivity of up to 94&#37; and specificity of 98&#37; for detection of early-stage disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> In a study conducted by Clarke et al&#46;&#44; a combination panel of ApoA1&#44; a truncated form of transthyretin&#44; connective tissue activating peptide III&#44; and CA125 yielded a sensitivity of 84&#37; at 98&#37; specificity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Biomarkers for endometrial cancer</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two proteins widely evaluated in endometrial cancer are CA125 and HE4&#46; Some studies have described the correlation of increased CA125 levels &#40;&#62;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mL&#41; with higher grade&#44; higher stage&#44; increased depth of myometrial invasion&#44; lymph node metastases&#44; and presence of lymphovascular space involvement in endometrial cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> At a cut-off level of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;mL of CA125&#44; myometrial invasion to more than one-half of the myometrium could be diagnosed with a sensitivity of 69&#46;0&#37; and specificity of 74&#46;1&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> HE4 has a higher sensitivity than CA125 in the prognosis of endometrial cancer&#46; HE4 was a better predictor of outer-half myometrial invasion than CA125&#44; especially in patients with low-grade endometrioid tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> HE4 provided a sensitivity ranging from 46 to 59&#46;4&#37; and specificity of 95 to 100&#37; for endometrioid adenocarcinoma in all stages at a cut-off level of 70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>pmol&#47;L&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49&#44;50</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Biomarkers for cervical cancer</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Squamous cell carcinoma antigen &#40;SCC-Ag&#41;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SCC-Ag is expressed in the normal squamous epithelium and can be used as a prognostic factor in cervical cancer&#46; Elevated levels of serum SCC-Ag was found to be strongly correlated with poor prognosis and inferior progression-free survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> Also&#44; a meta-analysis study revealed 1&#46;1 &#8211; 40&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL cut-off levels in pre-treatment and 0&#46;9&#8211;2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;mL cut-off levels in post-treatment serum SCC-Ag in cervical cancer patients were associated with recurrence and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Serum fragments of cytokeratin &#40;CYFRA&#41;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CYFRA 21-1 is a serum fragment of cytokeratin 19&#44; a subunit of cytokeratin expressed in normal epithelial cells and carcinomas of the cervix&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53&#44;54</span></a> Elevated levels of CYFRA 21-1 were observed in 42&#8211;63&#37; of patients with cervical cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> However&#44; CYFRA 21-1 was less sensitive than SCC-Ag in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> CYFRA 21-1 level was related to prognostic factors such as stage&#44; depth of stromal invasion&#44; tumor size&#44; and lymph node metastasis&#44; while elevated pre-treatment levels indicated shorter disease-free survival in cervical cancer patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Carcinoembryonic antigen &#40;CEA&#41;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CEA has been widely studied for its role as a biomarker for early cancer diagnosis and as a prognostic indicator in many cancers&#44; although its assessment in gynecological cancers is limited&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> The sensitivity of CEA for cervical cancer detection was 32&#37; in squamous cell carcinoma and 38&#46;5&#37; in adenocarcinoma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> In invasive squamous cell carcinoma&#44; the percentage of patients with CEA values above 2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml showed a gradual increase from 26 to 88&#37; in stage I&#8211;IV&#44; signifying the prognostic value of this marker&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the most promising protein biomarkers as single or in combination for ovarian&#44; endometrial and cervical cancers&#46; These tumor biomarkers warrant further investigations and validation in large patient cohorts&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Tackling the obstacles in translating biomarkers towards clinical applications</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tumor biomarkers establishment requires an in-depth understanding of the cellular processes and molecular mechanisms initiating cancer&#44; particularly focusing on how little changes in regulatory genes or proteins can interrupt a variety of cellular functions&#46; The abundance of research conducted in gynecological cancer have revealed several diagnostic biomarkers that can potentially impact patient outcome&#46; However&#44; acceptance for routine use by regulatory bodies and clinical practice guidelines are lacking&#46; Some of the crucial factors necessary for approval include specific analytical and clinical measurement criteria including cut-off value and rates of false-positive&#47;negative of biomarkers&#46; Besides&#44; the biological justification for use of the biomarkers&#44; including a complete understanding of the underlying pathway of the disease process&#44; and how the biomarker is involved in the disease pathway are also important&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the obstacles and limitations at present&#44; the advancement in biomarker studies holds promise for the transition into clinical practice soon&#46; For instance&#44; the application of high-throughput proteomics technologies in large-scale experiments has overcome the difficulty of analysing low abundance cancer-derived proteins in body fluids&#46; Furthermore&#44; an acceleration in the identification of novel biomarkers is expected with advancements in artificial-intelligence-based bioinformatics tools&#46; Although several validated single biomarkers lack an advantage over routine biomarkers such as B7-H4 biomarker for diagnosis of early OC when compared to CA125&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> current data recommends the incorporation of a multi-biomarker panel for superior sensitivity and specificity&#46; It is predicted that more affordable mass spectrometry-based diagnostics will be employed in pathology laboratories&#44; providing opportunities for cost-effective and robust proteomic profiling for better detection&#44; prognosis&#44; and management of cancer patients&#46; Therefore&#44; investment and funding of multicenter clinical trials to validate the efficacy of the most promising biomarkers is timely&#46; We propose validation studies for multi-biomarker panels of ApoA1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>transthyretin and VCAM-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CEA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HE4 for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer&#46; For enhanced prognostic value&#44; we suggest combination panels of CA125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HE4 for endometrial cancer&#44; and SCC-Ag<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CEA for cervical cancer&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Future biomarkers</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent times&#44; there is exponential research exploring nucleic acids as novel serum markers&#44; yielding higher specificity and sensitivity compared to protein biomarkers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> MicroRNAs &#40;miRNAs&#41; are the most studied and play a crucial role in regulating the expression of their target mRNAs to assist tumor growth&#44; invasion&#44; angiogenesis&#44; and immune evasion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a> High expression levels of several miRNAs such as miR-200a&#44; miR-200b&#44; miR-200c and miR-373 have been found to be associated with ovarian cancer progression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61&#44;62</span></a> The long noncoding RNAs &#40;lncRNAs&#41; are also considered to play an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors&#46; The interaction between microRNAs and lncRNAs has been of research interest lately&#46; Jin et al&#46;&#44; reported the lncRNA SNHG12 promoted progression in cervical cancer by sponging miR-125b&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> In addition to the above mentioned&#44; circular RNAs &#40;circRNAs&#41; that can regulate gene expression and influence cellular activities such as cell proliferation&#44; cycle progression&#44; cell senescence&#44; and apoptosis have shown promise in various types of cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> It is noteworthy to mention that circRNAs have been identified as emerging prognostic biomarkers and as potential therapeutic tools to treat gynecological cancers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conclusion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although many potential protein tumor biomarkers have been identified over the years&#44; most have not translated into routine clinical practice&#44; apart from CA125 and HE4 for ovarian cancer&#46; The benefit of multi-biomarker panels&#44; maximising affordable high-throughput proteomics technologies coupled with bioinformatics in larger study cohorts will be effective in validating previous reports&#44; and to deliver more reliable and reproducible results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Ethics approval</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Informed consent</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Funding</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The work was funded by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia</span> for Fundamental Research Grant Scheme with project code&#58; FRGS&#47;1&#47;2019&#47;SKK13&#47;USM&#47;01&#47;1&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Proteomics approach in biomarker discovery"
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          "titulo" => "Biomarkers for ovarian cancer"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Cancer antigen 125 &#40;CA125&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Human epididymis 4 &#40;HE4&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Osteopontin"
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              "titulo" => "Transthyretin &#40;TTR&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Cytokines &#40;IL-6 and IL-8&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Kallikreins"
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              "titulo" => "B7-H4"
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              "titulo" => "Apolipoprotein A1 &#40;ApoA1&#41;"
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          "titulo" => "Biomarkers for endometrial cancer"
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              "titulo" => "Squamous cell carcinoma antigen &#40;SCC-Ag&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Serum fragments of cytokeratin &#40;CYFRA&#41;"
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              "titulo" => "Carcinoembryonic antigen &#40;CEA&#41;"
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          "titulo" => "Tackling the obstacles in translating biomarkers towards clinical applications"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-09-21"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-10-22"
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            0 => "Ovarian cancer"
            1 => "Endometrial cancer"
            2 => "Cervical cancer"
            3 => "Biomarkers"
            4 => "Clinical applications"
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        ]
        1 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "abr"
          "titulo" => "Abbreviations"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1504570"
          "palabras" => array:23 [
            0 => "2D-DIGE"
            1 => "2DE"
            2 => "ApoA1"
            3 => "CA"
            4 => "CEA"
            5 => "CYFRA"
            6 => "DNA"
            7 => "EC"
            8 => "E-CAD"
            9 => "ELISA"
            10 => "FDA"
            11 => "HE4"
            12 => "hKLK"
            13 => "IL"
            14 => "KDa"
            15 => "MS"
            16 => "NCBI"
            17 => "OC"
            18 => "RNA"
            19 => "SCC-Ag"
            20 => "TTR"
            21 => "VCAM-"
            22 => "&#946;"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "C&#225;ncer de ovario"
            1 => "C&#225;ncer de endometrio"
            2 => "C&#225;ncer de cuello uterino"
            3 => "Biomarcadores"
            4 => "Aplicaciones cl&#237;nicas"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ovarian cancer is ranked highest among gynecological cancers&#44; followed by cervical and endometrial cancer&#46; Most women are asymptomatic and are eventually diagnosed with late-stage disease&#46; Numerous recent studies have proposed promising protein tumour biomarkers for diagnosis&#44; prognosis&#44; treatment and disease recurrence&#46; Cancer antigen 125 &#40;CA-125&#41; and human epididymis protein 4 &#40;HE4&#41; are biomarkers routinely used for monitoring recurrence in ovarian cancer patients&#46; They are of limited diagnostic value in early-stage cancer&#46; Application of sensitive advanced proteomics techniques reveals that a combined biomarker panel is superior in specificity and sensitivity compared to a single biomarker&#46; The major limitation in translating potential tumour biomarkers from the research setting to clinical practice is a lack of validation in large patient cohorts&#46; This review provides an overview of current and potential biomarkers for ovarian&#44; endometrial and cervical cancers&#46; In conclusion&#44; we propose validation studies for multiple biomarker panels of apolipoprotein A-I &#40;ApoA-I&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA-125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>transthyretin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 &#40;VCAM-1&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA-125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>carcinoembryonic antigen &#40;CEA&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HE4 for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer&#46; We also suggest combination panels of prognostic value consisting of CA-125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HE4 for endometrial cancer and squamous cell carcinoma antigen &#40;SCC-Ag&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CEA for cervical cancer&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El c&#225;ncer de ovario ocupa el primer lugar entre los c&#225;nceres ginecol&#243;gicos&#44; seguido del c&#225;ncer de cuello uterino y del c&#225;ncer de endometrio&#46; La mayor&#237;a de las mujeres son asintom&#225;ticas&#44; por lo que finalmente se les diagnostica la enfermedad en una fase avanzada&#46; En numerosos estudios recientes se han propuesto prometedores biomarcadores tumorales proteicos para el diagn&#243;stico&#44; el pron&#243;stico&#44; el tratamiento y la recidiva de la enfermedad&#46; El ant&#237;geno de c&#225;ncer 125 &#40;CA-125&#41; y la prote&#237;na 4 del epid&#237;dimo humano son biomarcadores que se utilizan de forma habitual para controlar la recidiva en pacientes con c&#225;ncer de ovario&#46; Tienen un valor diagn&#243;stico limitado en las fases iniciales del c&#225;ncer&#46; La aplicaci&#243;n de t&#233;cnicas sensibles de prote&#243;mica avanzada ha revelado que un grupo combinado de biomarcadores es superior en especificidad y sensibilidad en comparaci&#243;n con un &#250;nico biomarcador&#46; La principal limitaci&#243;n a la hora de trasladar los posibles biomarcadores tumorales del &#225;mbito de la investigaci&#243;n a la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica es la falta de validaci&#243;n en grandes cohortes de pacientes&#46; Esta revisi&#243;n ofrece una visi&#243;n general de los biomarcadores actuales y potenciales para el c&#225;ncer de ovario&#44; de endometrio y de cuello uterino&#46; En conclusi&#243;n&#44; proponemos estudios de validaci&#243;n para varios grupos de biomarcadores de apolipoprote&#237;na A-I<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA-125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>transtiretina y mol&#233;cula de adhesi&#243;n celular vascular 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA-125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ant&#237;geno carcinoembrionario<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>prote&#237;na 4 del epid&#237;dimo humano para el diagn&#243;stico precoz del c&#225;ncer de ovario&#46; Tambi&#233;n sugerimos grupos combinados de valor pron&#243;stico&#44; compuestos por CA-125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>prote&#237;na 4 del epid&#237;dimo humano para el c&#225;ncer de endometrio y ant&#237;geno de carcinoma de c&#233;lulas escamosas<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span> ant&#237;geno carcinoembrionario para el c&#225;ncer de cuello uterino&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:2 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1039
            "Ancho" => 2917
            "Tamanyo" => 174124
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The proteomics approach in biomarker discovery&#46; Various biological samples contain proteins including cells&#44; tissues&#44; and body fluids&#46; The complex proteins are extracted from these samples&#46; Next&#44; they are stored in-solution or subjected to gel electrophoresis which separates the proteins&#46; The extracted proteins are digested with suitable enzymes such as trypsin before using a mass spectrometry-based technique&#46; Based on the peptides sequence results&#44; the proteins are identified using database search engines for example UniProt or NCBI&#46; For subsequent protein quantification&#44; Maxquant or Peaks Studio bioinformatics tools are commonly used&#46; The potential protein biomarkers are then validated using suitable assays such as immunoassay&#44; Western Blot or protein microarray&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; ECLIA&#44; electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer&#59; ELISA&#44; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay&#59; SELDI-TOF-MS&#44; surface-enhanced laser desorption&#47;ionization&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Protein biomarker&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cancer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Approach&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Proposed application&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Specificity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sensitivity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cancer antigen 125 &#40;CA125&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">638 blood samples&#59; 445 benign ovarian tumors&#44; 31 borderline ovarian tumors&#44; 162 malignant ovarian tumor&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ECLIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">13</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">844 blood samples&#59; 262 benign ovarian tumors&#44; 196 malignant pelvic tumors&#44; 386 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ECLIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#46;61&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;75&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665">66</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">172 blood samples&#59; 125 newly diagnosed ovarian cancer&#44; 30 benign ovarian masses&#44;17 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Simple Plex immunoassay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;0&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">36</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Endometrial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">221 blood samples&#59; 110 uterine endometrial cancer&#44; 111 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">47</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Human epididymis 4 &#40;HE4&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">233 blood samples&#59; 67 invasive epithelial ovarian cancers&#44; 166 benign ovarian neoplasms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">19</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140 blood samples&#59; 50 benign ovarian tumors&#44; 60 ovarian carcinoma&#44; 30 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">20</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Endometrial</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">327 blood samples&#44; 171 endometrial cancer&#44; 156 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580">49</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Blood samples&#59; 101 surgically staged endometrial cancer&#44; 103 benign uterine disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis and prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#46;4&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585">50</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Osteopontin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">127 blood samples&#59; 25 ovarian cancer&#44; 7 borderline ovarian tumors&#44; 34 benign ovarian tumors&#44; 30 other gynecologic cancers&#44; 31 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">26</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Transthyretin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">287 blood samples&#59; 93 stages I &#38; II ovarian cancer&#44; 100 stages III &#38; IV ovarian cancer&#44; 94 control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Singleplex Luminex bead assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">30</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IL-8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">211 blood samples&#59; 44 stages I &#38; II ovarian cancer&#44; 50 stages III &#38; IV ovarian cancer&#44; 37 benign pelvic mass&#44; 80 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Luminex bead assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;5&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505">34</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">IL-6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">126 blood samples&#59; 44 early-stage ovarian cancer&#44; 37 benign pelvic tumors&#44; 45 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiplex Luminex bead assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">35</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Kallikreins&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">156 frozen tissue samples&#59; 134 epithelial ovarian cancer&#44; 22 low malignant potential&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis and prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525">38</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">B7-H4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">326 tissue samples&#59; 251 ovarian cancer&#44; 43 benign ovarian tumor&#44; 32 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">41</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Transthyretin &#40;truncated&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ApoA1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>connective tissue activating peptide III<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">231 blood samples&#59; 41 stages I &#38; II epithelial ovarian cancer&#44; 51 stages III &#38; IV epithelial ovarian cancer&#44; 40 benign ovarian tumors&#44; 99 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&#44; SELDI-TOF-MS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">45</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">VCAM-1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CEA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HE4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2765 blood samples&#59; 69 stage I ovarian cancer&#44; 114 stage II ovarian cancer&#44; 273 stage III &#38; IV ovarian cancer&#44; 296 benign pelvic tumor&#44; 315 other cancers&#44; 2&#46;031 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiplex Luminex bead assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">22</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CA125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HE4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>E-CAD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IL-6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">172 blood samples&#59; 125 newly diagnosed ovarian cancer&#44; 30 benign ovarian mass&#44; 17 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Simple Plex immunoassay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#46;7&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">36</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ApoA1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>transthyretin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">263 blood samples&#59; 118 ovarian cancer&#44; 84 benign ovarian tumor&#44; 61 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiplex Luminex bead assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">32</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Transthyretin<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CA125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ApoA1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>transferrin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ovarian&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">358 blood samples&#59; 90 stages I &#38; II ovarian cancer&#59; 96 stages III &#38; IV ovarian cancer&#44; 79 benign ovarian tumors&#44; 93 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chemiluminescence assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">76&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">31</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Squamous cell carcinoma antigen &#40;SCC-Ag&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cervical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">188 serum samples&#59; 138 cervical cancer&#44; 50 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Chemiluminescence assay&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;9&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670">67</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carcinoembryonic antigen &#40;CEA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cervical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">139 blood samples&#59; 7 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia&#44; 80 squamous cell carcinoma&#44; 16 adenocarcinoma&#44; 36 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ELISA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620">57</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Serum fragments of cytokeratin &#40;CYFRA&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cervical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">188 serum samples&#59; 138 cervical cancer&#44; 50 healthy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ECLIA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prognosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670">67</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An overview of potential protein tumor biomarkers as a single or combination panel for ovarian&#44; endometrial and cervical cancers&#46;</p>"
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      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:67 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0340"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Predictive biomarkers in oncology"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "L&#46; De Brot"
                            1 => "F&#46;A&#46; Soares"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/978-3-319-95228-4"
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "editorial" => "Springer International Publishing"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Cham"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0345"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Global cancer statistics 2018&#58; GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Bray"
                            1 => "J&#46; Ferlay"
                            2 => "I&#46; Soerjomataram"
                            3 => "R&#46;L&#46; Siegel"
                            4 => "L&#46;A&#46; Torre"
                            5 => "A&#46; Jemal"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3322/caac.21492"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "CA Cancer J Clin"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "394"
                        "paginaFinal" => "424"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30207593"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            ]
            2 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical proteomic biomarkers&#58; relevant issues on study design &#38; technical considerations in biomarker development"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Frantzi"
                            1 => "A&#46; Bhat"
                            2 => "A&#46; Latosinska"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1186/2001-1326-3-7"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Transl Med"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2"
                        "paginaFinal" => "22"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24512772"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0355"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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ISSN: 0210573X
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