Trypsin inhibitor from tamarindus indica L. seeds reduces weight gain and food consumption and increases plasmatic cholecystokinin levels

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Expression of Per2 (period circadian clock 2), Cyp17a1 (17-alpha-monooxygenase) and Cyp19a1 (aromatase). GI: control group; GII: experimental group (received melatonin supplementation). Note the greater expression of Per2 in the theca interna cells (arrows) compared to the granulosa cells (CG) and interstitial cells in GII relative to GI. Please also note the intense reactivity for Cyp17a1 in the theca interna (arrows) and granulosa cells (CG) in the GI. 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There were no differences in the pH values among the groups. Decreased serum levels of Na and increased serum levels of K were observed at 1 hour and 3 hours after reperfusion in the LFS and LFS + IPC groups compared with the control group (p = 0.021 and p = 0.047 for Na values and p = 0.028 and p = 0.004 for K values, respectively)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Antonio José Gonçalves Leal, Ana Cristina Aoun Tannuri, Alessandro Rodrigo Belon, Raimundo Renato Nunes Guimarães, Maria Cecília Mendonça Coelho, Josiane de Oliveira Gonçalves, Suellen Serafini, Evandro Sobroza de Melo, Uenis Tannuri" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antonio José Gonçalves" "apellidos" => "Leal" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Cristina Aoun" "apellidos" => "Tannuri" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alessandro Rodrigo" "apellidos" => "Belon" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Raimundo Renato Nunes" "apellidos" => "Guimarães" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria Cecília Mendonça" "apellidos" => "Coelho" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Josiane" "apellidos" => "de Oliveira Gonçalves" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Suellen" "apellidos" => "Serafini" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Evandro Sobroza" "apellidos" => "de Melo" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Uenis" "apellidos" => "Tannuri" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222008067?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/0000007000000002/v1_202212010829/S1807593222008067/v1_202212010829/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "BASIC RESEARCH" "titulo" => "Trypsin inhibitor from tamarindus indica L. seeds reduces weight gain and food consumption and increases plasmatic cholecystokinin levels" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "136" "paginaFinal" => "143" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Joycellane Alline do Nascimento Campos Ribeiro, Alexandre Coellho Serquiz, Priscila Fabíola dos Santos Silva, Patrícia Batista Barra Medeiros Barbosa, Tarcísio Bruno Montenegro Sampaio, Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo, Adeliana Silva de Oliveira, Richele Janaina Araújo Machado, Bruna Leal Lima Maciel, Adriana Ferreira Uchôa, Elizeu Antunes dos Santos, Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais" "autores" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Joycellane Alline" "apellidos" => "do Nascimento Campos Ribeiro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alexandre Coellho" "apellidos" => "Serquiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Priscila Fabíola" "apellidos" => "dos Santos Silva" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "af2-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Patrícia Batista Barra Medeiros" "apellidos" => "Barbosa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tarcísio Bruno Montenegro" "apellidos" => "Sampaio" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "af3-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Raimundo Fernandes" "apellidos" => "de Araújo" "sufijo" => "Junior" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "IV" "identificador" => "af4-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adeliana Silva" "apellidos" => "de Oliveira" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Richele Janaina Araújo" "apellidos" => "Machado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Bruna Leal Lima" "apellidos" => "Maciel" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "af2-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adriana Ferreira" "apellidos" => "Uchôa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "V" "identificador" => "af5-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Elizeu Antunes" "apellidos" => "dos Santos" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln_70p136" ] ] ] 11 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ana Heloneida" "apellidos" => "de Araújo Morais" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "aharaujomorais@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "af2-cln_70p136" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Biosciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Natal/RN, Brazil." "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln_70p136" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Center for Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal/RN, Brazil." "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "af2-cln_70p136" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Potiguar University, Biology Course, Natal/RN, Brazil." "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "af3-cln_70p136" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Center for Biosciences, Department of Morfology, Natal/RN, Brazil." "etiqueta" => "IV" "identificador" => "af4-cln_70p136" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Center for Biosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Natal/RN, Brazil." "etiqueta" => "V" "identificador" => "af5-cln_70p136" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "corresponding author. Tel.: 55 84 9407-5497" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig3-cln_70p136" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 536 "Ancho" => 751 "Tamanyo" => 23729 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Wistar rats were subjected to oral gavage using the AIN-93G standard diet +1 mL of water (SW, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg casein in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg C, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg IS, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) and AIN-93G+50 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (50 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) for 11 days. A) Food consumption (%) after 1 h, 2 h and 6 h of gavage in the studied groups. B) Plasmatic CCK levels after 1 h of gavage in the studied groups. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of each group. Different letters indicate p<0.05 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTIONObesity is considered an epidemic in the globalized world. As the cost of treating obesity and its associated diseases is high (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>), investments in natural products that may reduce dietary intake and weight gain are needed. Thus, advances in scientific technical knowledge involving quality, safety and efficacy, which are inherent to herbal medicines, have placed the area of bioactive natural products in a position of great interest in recent years. In the treatment of obesity, factors such as the high cost and the side effects of drugs, including those presented by allopathic anorectics, have increased the demand for natural products with slimming actions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>).In this context, vegetable- and fruit-derived proteinase inhibitors have been studied in animal models for their effects on reducing energy consumption and/or food intake. These studies confirm that endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) is important in the control of food intake. Furthermore, protease inhibitors may have therapeutic potential to reduce food intake by stimulating increases in serum CCK (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib4">4–7</a>).The tamarind fruit is often consumed in Brazil and almost all of its parts are used. Although many therapeutic effects, such as laxative, digestive and anti-diabetes effects are locally attributed to this fruit (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>), few studies have tested the effect of this fruit or its extracts in vitro or in vivo.Our group previously isolated a trypsin inhibitor from tamarind seeds (TTI). This inhibitor is 20 kDa in size and presented a non-competitive inhibition mechanism. TTI inhibited the larval growth of Rhyzophertha dominica, Anthonomus grandis and Ceratitis capitata by inhibiting digestive enzymes and did not show inhibition either to the serine proteases elastase and chymotrypsin or to the cysteine proteases papain and bromelain (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>). Thus, trypsin inhibitors have been isolated and their heterologous actions related to health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and satiety control effects (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>), have been extensively investigated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a>).Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether these extracts present effects in reducing food consumption and weight gain and if these effects are CCK dependent. Thus, this study investigated the effect of TTI in food consumption and weight gain in rats. We also analyzed CCK levels in the studied animals. Our results show a potential effect of TTI in reducing food consumption and weight gain, possibly mediated by increased CCK levels. This study shows that isolated TTI may be a potential phytotherapeutic candidate for preventing/treating obesity.MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterialsChemicals and Reagents: CELM Kit® (São Paulo, Brazil); Kit transferases from Labtest Diagnostic (Paraná, Brazil); Kit Phoenix Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Burlingame, USA); Soybean trypsin inhibitor, Kunitz type, from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).Tamarind fruit seedsTamarind fruits were obtained from markets in Natal, a city from the Rio Grande do Norte state in northeastern Brazil. Tamarind seeds were obtained after peeling and removing the pulp using knives.Isolation of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitorIsolation of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor followed the methodology described by Araújo et al. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>), with modifications. The modifications occurred in the step to obtain TTI; once the fraction was saturated with 30–60% ammonium sulfate from the crude extract, Tamarindus indica L. seeds were precipitated with acetone 1∶2 (v/v). The fraction obtained after precipitation was isolated using Trypsin-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, subjected to dialysis for approximately 24 h against Tris-HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.5), labeled TTI and then subjected to 12% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. All isolation steps were monitored and subjected to trypsin inhibition assays using the specific substrate BApNA (N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>) and protein quantification (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1-cln_70p136">Figure1</a>) shows the steps of the TTI isolation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia>Animal study designIn this study, two animal experiments were conducted. All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte state in Brazil (protocol No. 011/2010).Experiment IThis first experiment was performed to assess the effect of TTI on food consumption, weight gain and TTI digestibility in rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) aged 3 months and weighing 100 to 150 g were kept in cages in a vivarium at 23±2°C with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and humidity between 45 and 55%. After 3 days of adaptation in metabolic cages, the rats were divided into 4 groups according to the diets received for 11 days: 1) Standard diet, AIN-93G (S, n = 6); 2) Standard diet, AIN-93G+1 mL of water (SW, n = 6); 3) Protein-free diet (PF, n = 6); 4) AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6). Water and TTI were given by oral gavage. Rats were weighed daily using a calibrated scale. Food consumption was registered daily, as described below. Feces were individually collected on the 4th, 7th and 10th days, identified and kept at -20°C for digestibility analysis. The feces were dried in a greenhouse with circulating air at 105°C for 24 h, cooled, weighed and crushed in a multiprocessor to measure the total nitrogen levels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>). The apparent and true digestibilities were then calculated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>).On day 11, the rats were anesthetized with 2% xylazine and 5% ketamine and then euthanized. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and stored in Falcon tubes. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min and used for the measurement of glucose (GL), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (COL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (Kit CELM®, São Paulo, Brazil). The blood samples were also subjected to enzymatic assays for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Labtest transferases diagnostic kit, Paraná, Brazil). Organs from euthanized rats were assessed for histopathological alterations as described below (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a>).Experiment IIThis experiment was performed to assess the effect of TTI on short-term satiety and CCK production in rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 36) aged 3 months and weighing 100 to 150 g were kept in cages in a vivarium at 23±2°C with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and humidity between 45 and 55%. All rats received standard diets (AIN-93G) ad libitum during this experiment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a>). After 3 days of adaptation in metabolic cages, the rats were divided into 5 groups according to the treatment received by oral gavage: 1) Standard diet, AIN-93G+1 mL of water (SW, n = 6); 2) AIN-93G+25 mg/kg Casein in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg C, n = 6); 3) AIN-93G+25 mg/kg Soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg IS, n = 6); 4) AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6); and 5) AIN-93G+50 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (50 mg/kg TTI, n = 6).Casein is a protein without inhibitory activity that was used to discard the hypothesis that the effect of TTI could be an unspecific protein effect. Soybean trypsin inhibitor was used to compare the satietogenic effect of TTI once it was well documented that soybean trypsin inhibitor promotes satiety (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>). Two different TTI concentrations were used to verify whether the observed TTI effects were dose dependent.In experiment II, the rats were also weighed daily using a calibrated scale. Food consumption was registered 1 h, 2 h and 16 h after treatment, as described below. On day 11, blood samples were taken 1 h after treatment for CCK analysis, as described below. Next, rats were anesthetized with 2% xylazine and 5% ketamine and then euthanized. The blood was collected by cardiac puncture and stored in Falcon tubes. Gamma glutamyl transferase was evaluated by measuring the blood dosage (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a>). Total protein was measured using the biuret method (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>). Albumin was measured using bromocresol green (BCG). The globulin content was calculated as the difference between the total protein and albumin and then the albumin/globulin ratio was calculated. C-reactive protein was detected by agglutination immune reaction using commercially available kits (BioClin).Assessment of food consumption and body weight evolutionFood consumption was analyzed daily in all experiments by calculating the difference between the diet provided (before consumption) and the diet consumed using a calibrated scale with 0.01 mg precision (Tecnal). In experiment I, this calculation was performed as follows: food consumption per day (g) = diet provided (g) - diet consumed (g). The results for each day are expressed as the mean food consumption (g) in each group. In experiment II, the results are expressed as the percentage (%), considered 100% of the average of the usual pattern of food consumption of the rats before testing (3 days of adaptation). Thus, after testing, the percentage decrease in consumption (%) was obtained. In experiment I, weights were also assessed daily using a calibrated scale with 0.01 mg precision (Tecnal). The results are expressed as the mean weight gain per group.Assessment of histopathological alterationsIn experiment I, after the animals were euthanized, the thoracic-abdominal cavity was opened. The intestines, pancreas, stomach and liver were removed and fixed with paraffin in blades using a standardized method (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a>).Plasmatic CCK evaluationIn experiment II, plasmatic CCK was measured 1 h after treatment by an immunoassay using commercially available kits according to the manufacturer's instructions (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals Inc., Burlingame, USA).Statistical analysisWeight gain and food consumption were analyzed using multifactor ANOVA to find possible differences between groups. When significant differences were detected, Tukey's post-hoc test was used. CCK and the biochemical parameters (GL, TG, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, ALT, AST, GGT, albumin and C-reactive protein) were analyzed and compared between the different groups using Student's t-test and multifactorial ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. Data were analyzed for normality and homoscedasticity through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Levene's test, respectively. All data were analyzed using the Statistica 7 software (Stat Soft, Tulsa, OK, USA).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTTI reduced weight gain and food consumption in ratsAs shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure2A</a>), weight gain was significantly lower in the animals treated with TTI in experiment I. By treating one group with Standard diet (S) and another with AIN-93G+1 mL of water given by gavage (SW), our data reject the hypothesis that the gavage itself could reduce weight gain. Interestingly, 25 mg/kg TTI treatment caused a reduction in weight gain that was higher than the protein-free diet.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia>The food consumption data corroborates weight gain data. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure2B</a>) shows that animals treated with 25 mg/kg TTI had the lowest food consumption compared with the other studied groups.Mclaughlin et al. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>) analyzed the effect of the synthetic trypsin inhibitor N,N-dimethyl-4-(4-guanidino-benzyloxy)-phenyl ethyl methane-sulfate (DGPM) in obese and thin Zucker rats. The administration of DGPM (25 to 200 mg/kg) in rats after 6 h of fasting decreased food consumption in a dose-dependent manner. A decrease in the mean size of the meals was observed in both obese and thin rats. Nevertheless, this effect was higher among the obese rats. Furthermore, the administration of 100 mg/kg twice a day for 7 days decreased food consumption and body weight in obese rats but not in thin rats. This shows a specific prominent action of DGPM in obese rats (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>). In our study, we did not evaluate obese rats.As observed by Mclaughlin et al. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>) using DGPM, the effects of TTI could possibly be potentiated in obese models. Nevertheless, our data for normal Wistar rats are consistent, thus indicating that further studies using obese models should be performed to verify if the effects observed are more prominent in an obese model.A recent study evaluated the effect of concentrated potato protease inhibitors (PPIC), potato protease inhibitor II and casein at concentrations of 100 mg/kg administered for 10 days by oral gavage on food consumption and weight gain in Wistar rats (180-200 g) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>). The authors found that casein and PPIC significantly reduced food consumption. Similarly to our results, the use of PPIC caused a reduction in weight gain of 11%.Nevertheless, our results show a more powerful effect of TTI with a smaller dose (25 mg/kg) and the reduction in weight gain was higher (approximately 70%). Furthermore, we found a considerable effect on food consumption once food consumption was reduced by 47%.TTI treatment produced no effects on in vivo digestibilityThe satisfactory use of proteins for nutrition is dependent on the protein composition, its amino acid bioavailability, digestibility and the presence or absence of toxicity and anti-nutritional factors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a>). Thus, analyzing the digestibility of 25 mg/kg TTI was important to assess whether the reduction effects on weight gain and food consumption was due to the existence of anti-nutritional factors that could affect overall protein absorption.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t1-cln_70p136">Table1</a> shows the digestibility results for the groups of animals in experiment I. There were no significant differences between true digestibility and apparent digestibility in the different groups studied. This excludes the hypothesis that TTI could cause digestibility alterations that interfere with the protein digestion/absorption process in treated animals.<elsevierMultimedia ident="t1-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia>Not all trypsin inhibitors have the effect of reducing weight gain without interfering with protein digestibility. Some studies, using Wistar rats fed soybean trypsin inhibitor, found a reduction in weight gain and food consumption (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib27">27–29</a>). However, soybean trypsin inhibitor also reduced digestibility compared with casein, which was not the case in our study.TTI treatment did not alter the histopathology of specific organsBecause oral administration of plant extracts may cause in vivo damage to organs (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib27">27–30</a>), in experiment I, we analyzed the effect of 25 mg/kg TTI on the histopathology of the intestines, pancreas, stomach and liver. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure2C</a>) shows that there were no alterations in the liver parenchyma of treated animals: the stroma was preserved, the arterioles, venules and capillaries were filled with normal red blood cells, the membranes and nuclei were preserved and no signs of cell death could be observed.Animals treated with TTI also presented normal stomach mucosa, intact gastric glands, no inflammatory infiltration and intact submucosal, muscular and serous layers (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure2C</a>). The pancreas also showed no alterations, exhibiting intact tissue, normal Langerhans islets and no size alterations or cytoarchitectural distortion (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure2C</a>). The intestines also presented normal architecture and layers, with no signs of inflammatory infiltration (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure2C</a>).These results are in accordance with those of other studies that have found no histopathological variations in diverse organs after treatment with trypsin inhibitors (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib31">31</a>). Unlike lectins (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib27">27</a>), trypsin inhibitors do not seem to interact with intestinal mucosal cells.TTI produced no effects on the general biochemical parameters of treated animalsThe results of the biochemical analysis of the effect of 25 mg/kg TTI treatment in experiment I is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t2-cln_70p136">Table2</a>. Glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides were not different between TTI-treated animals and controls. As expected, glucose and triglycerides were significantly lower in the animals that received the protein-free diet, possibly due to an adaptation of metabolism because the feeding was not balanced. The same effect was observed in experiment II (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table3</a>), in which TTI at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses also did not cause significant alterations in glucose, total cholesterol, HDL or triglycerides compared with the other groups.<elsevierMultimedia ident="t2-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="t3-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia>Interestingly, 25 mg/kg TTI treatment did not decrease glucose levels after decreasing food consumption. This absence of an effect on glucose levels was also observed in experiment II, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table3</a>.The liver enzymes ALT and AST were also similar between the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg TTI-treated and control groups in both experiments I and II (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#t2-cln_70p136">Tables2 and 3</a>), respectively), which may indicate that the use of TTI did not cause liver damage. Furthermore, gamma GT, analyzed in experiment II, did not differ between the studied groups. This is in agreement with the liver histopathological analysis, which showed no significant alterations, suggesting that TTI may be harmless to this tissue (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure2C</a>).To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess gamma GT in Wistar rats treated with trypsin inhibitors. Nevertheless, Garthoff (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>), in studies using pigs given a partially purified trypsin inhibitor preparation, found that GGT levels were not changed.To corroborate the digestibility analyses, we also evaluated the effect of TTI on total protein, albumin and globulin levels in experiment II. As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table3</a>, albumin levels did not differ between the groups studied, showing that none of the treatments interfered with the nutritional status of the animals. Globulin was significantly lower in the 50 mg/kg TTI-treated and casein-treated groups compared with the group fed a standard diet (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table3</a>).Globulin changes may indicate adaptation to stress. Adapted animals tend to have normal values, whereas stressed animals have increased levels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib32">32</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib33">33</a>). Thus, based on the small decrease found in the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg TTI- and casein-treated groups, it is not likely that the animals were stressed.As globulin levels were different in the 50 mg/kg TTI- and casein-treated groups compared with the control groups, the albumin/globulin ratio was also significantly different in these groups. Nevertheless, the total protein levels were similar between the studied groups.Other studies using trypsin inhibitors have found no alterations in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, globulin and albumin levels in pig (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>), mice (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib34">34</a>) and rat (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib35">35</a>) models.To assess the possible induction of inflammation by 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg TTI, we also analyzed C-reactive protein in the animals from experiment II. No alterations were found and all groups presented similar C-reactive protein concentrations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table3</a>).TTI increased short-term satiety and CCK levelsIn experiment II, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3-cln_70p136">Figure3A</a>), food consumption was significantly reduced after the 1st hour in mice treated with TTI at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, with values of 68.87±1.80% and 56.80±4.80%, respectively, compared with that of the mice fed a standard diet (mean reduction of 26.41±2.86%) and of the animals that received casein (mean reduction of 46.30±3.27%). The same effect of food consumption reduction was observed after the 2nd hour of TTI treatment. Nevertheless, only TTI treatment at 50 mg/kg (54.50±1.32%) resulted in a significant difference between animals fed standard diet (18.86±0.54%) and animals given casein (25.74±1.00%).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig3-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia>After 16 h of TTI treatment, a reduction in food consumption was again observed. The 25 mg/kg TTI-treated group displayed significantly reduced food consumption (21.17±0.89%) compared with the reduction observed in the standard diet-fed (3.89±1.29%), casein-treated (13.67±1.25%) and soybean trypsin inhibitor-treated (9.89±1.11%) groups.Taken together, the results from our study show that TTI at the studied doses may cause a reduction in food intake during the 1st and 2nd hours after administration and that this reduction may last until 16 h after treatment.To evaluate whether the effect of TTI (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) on reducing food consumption was CCK associated, we evaluated plasmatic CCK levels in experiment II. As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3-cln_70p136">Figure3B</a>), CCK levels after 1 h of treatment were significantly lower in the animals that received a standard (5.92±1.15 pmol/L) and casein diet (10.14±2.9 pmol/L) compared with the groups that received trypsin inhibitors. Among these groups, those treated with TTI at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg presented the highest CCK levels (17.41±1.60 and 20±1.22 pmol/L, respectively). Interestingly, CCK levels in the animals that received TTI at 50 mg/kg were significantly higher than those in the animals treated with soybean trypsin inhibitor (15.51±1.82 pmol/L), an inhibitor with a well-known satiety effect (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib36">36</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib37">37</a>).The effect of CCK on human satiety was first described by Pi-Sunyer et al. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib38">38</a>) using exogenous CCK infusion. Ballinger et al. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib39">39</a>) reported a 20% reduction in caloric intake after a physiological infusion of CCK-8. In another study, the effect of CCK-33 at physiological concentrations on satiety was studied in slim and obese individuals. In this study, CCK also promoted satiety and no differences in nutritional status were observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib39">39</a>). This is an interesting finding because it indicates that natural molecules with the potential to induce CCK secretion may be used to promote satiety, thereby preventing or treating human obesity.For the above reasons, trypsin inhibitors have been studied. So far, few studies have been performed in humans. Hill et al. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>) evaluated the effect of a potato proteinase inhibitor (POT II) on food intake in 11 lean individuals. A double-blind study was carried out and the authors observed that the use of POT II 5 minutes before lunch significantly reduced energy consumption by 17.5%. In neonatal rats administered soybean trypsin inhibitor (1 mg in 230 mL saline), an 87% increase in CCK plasmatic concentrations was observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib36">36</a>). Komarnytsky et al. (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>) also reported that the oral administration of a potato-derived protease inhibitor concentrate (PPIC) was effective in reducing food intake and weight gain in healthy rats by increasing circulating CCK levels through a trypsin-dependent mechanism.Another study evaluated the effect of a potato extract that included trypsin inhibitor proteins (Protein) in satiety and CCK production by enteroendocrine cells. In this study, soybean trypsin inhibitor was used as a positive control and water was used as a negative control. The evaluation was performed up to 6 h after administration. The results showed that although soybean trypsin inhibitor and protein reduced food intake, protein but not soybean trypsin inhibitor dose-dependently induced CCK secretion in STC-1 cells (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>).To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study using TTI, which comes from a very popular fruit in northeastern Brazil. Our data, using TTI at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, possibly demonstrates that the effect of TTI on increasing CCK is not dose dependent. Nevertheless, further kinetic in vivo studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Furthermore, this study showed that TTI has an excellent effect on reducing weight gain and increasing satiety. These effects are possibly mediated by stimulating CCK production. To ensure that TTI is a promising phytotherapeutic extract in the prevention and/or treatment of obesity, more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which TTI may induce CCK secretion. The TTI signaling pathways and interactions with hormones and adipokines also need to be studied.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work received financial support from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientítico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Brazilian research promotion agencies. The authors would like to thank Mauricio Pereira de Sales (in memoriam) for stimulating the development of this work.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSRibeiro JA, Silva PF, Barbosa PB and Oliveira AS contributed to the collection, analysis and interpretation of the in vitro data and drafting of the figures. Serquiz AC and Sampaio TB contributed to the collection, analysis and interpretation of the in vivo data and drafting of the figures. Araújo Junior RF contributed to the histopathological analysis. Machado JR and Maciel BL contributed to the statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript. Uchôa AF and Santos EA contributed by providing the laboratory with financial resources and by critically revising the manuscript for the importance of the intellectual content. Morais AH contributed to the conception and design of the study, to obtaining financial resources, to the analysis and interpretation of the data and to the writing of the manuscript." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1581478" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "MATERIALS AND METHODS" "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "Materials" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec40" "titulo" => "Tamarind fruit seeds" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec50" "titulo" => "Isolation of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec60" "titulo" => "Animal study design" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec70" "titulo" => "Experiment I" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec80" "titulo" => "Experiment II" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec90" "titulo" => "Assessment of food consumption and body weight evolution" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec100" "titulo" => "Assessment of histopathological alterations" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec110" "titulo" => "Plasmatic CCK evaluation" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec120" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cesec130" "titulo" => "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec140" "titulo" => "TTI reduced weight gain and food consumption in rats" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec150" "titulo" => "TTI treatment produced no effects on in vivo digestibility" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec160" "titulo" => "TTI treatment did not alter the histopathology of specific organs" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec170" "titulo" => "TTI produced no effects on the general biochemical parameters of treated animals" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec180" "titulo" => "TTI increased short-term satiety and CCK levels" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec190" "titulo" => "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec200" "titulo" => "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-07-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-11-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1581478" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Tamarind" 1 => "Satiety" 2 => "Slimming" 3 => "Obesity" 4 => "CCK" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "resumen" => "OBJECTIVES:Seeds are excellent sources of proteinase inhibitors, some of which may have satietogenic and slimming actions. We evaluated the effect of a trypsin inhibitor from Tamarindus indica L. seeds on weight gain, food consumption and cholecystokinin levels in Wistar rats. METHODS:A trypsin inhibitor from Tamarindus was isolated using ammonium sulfate (30–60%) following precipitation with acetone and was further isolated with Trypsin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Analyses were conducted to assess the in vivo digestibility, food intake, body weight evolution and cholecystokinin levels in Wistar rats. Histological analyses of organs and biochemical analyses of sera were performed. RESULTS:The trypsin inhibitor from Tamarindus reduced food consumption, thereby reducing weight gain. The in vivo true digestibility was not significantly different between the control and Tamarindus trypsin inhibitor-treated groups. The trypsin inhibitor from Tamarindus did not cause alterations in biochemical parameters or liver, stomach, intestine or pancreas histology. Rats treated with the trypsin inhibitor showed significantly elevated cholecystokinin levels compared with animals receiving casein or water. CONCLUSION:The results indicate that the isolated trypsin inhibitor from Tamarindus reduces weight gain by reducing food consumption, an effect that may be mediated by increased cholecystokinin. Thus, the potential use of this trypsin inhibitor in obesity prevention and/or treatment should be evaluated." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs10" "titulo" => "OBJECTIVES:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs20" "titulo" => "METHODS:" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs30" "titulo" => "RESULTS:" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs40" "titulo" => "CONCLUSION:" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "No potential conflict of interest was reported." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1-cln_70p136" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 327 "Ancho" => 792 "Tamanyo" => 23879 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Trypsin-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor (TTI). A) Elution profile of the retained acetone-precipitated fraction (RPA). Adsorbed proteins were monitored at 280 nm (-). The inhibitory activity on trypsin (—) was assayed using 100 µL of TTI. B) Denaturing electrophoresis on a 12% polyacrylamide gel after staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. M, Molecular mass markers; PA, precipitated with acetone; RPA, fraction obtained after precipitation with acetone isolated by Trypsin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and TTI, tamarind trypsin inhibitor, isolated by Trypsin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and subjected to dialysis. The arrows indicate 14 kDa for RPA and 20 kDa for TTI." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig2-cln_70p136" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 341 "Ancho" => 751 "Tamanyo" => 28104 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Wistar rats were subjected to oral gavage with the standard diet AIN-93G (S, n = 6), standard diet AIN-93G+1 mL of water (SW, n = 6), protein-free diet (PF, n = 6), or AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) for 11 days. A) The evolution of body weight, in grams (g). The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of each group. Different letters indicate p<0.05 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. B) The average food intake in grams per day (g/day). The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of each group. C) Assessment of the histopathological alterations in the SW and TTI groups. A1 and A2: liver sections (40× magnification); B1 and B2: stomach sections (10× magnification); C1 and C2: pancreatic sections (10× magnifications); D1 and D2: bowel sections (10× magnification)." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig3-cln_70p136" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 536 "Ancho" => 751 "Tamanyo" => 23729 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Wistar rats were subjected to oral gavage using the AIN-93G standard diet +1 mL of water (SW, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg casein in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg C, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg IS, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) and AIN-93G+50 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (50 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) for 11 days. A) Food consumption (%) after 1 h, 2 h and 6 h of gavage in the studied groups. B) Plasmatic CCK levels after 1 h of gavage in the studied groups. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of each group. Different letters indicate p<0.05 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "t1-cln_70p136" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Urine nitrogen (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Fecal nitrogen (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">True Digestibility (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Apparent Digestibility (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">S \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">90.70±1.22aA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">96.36±0.91aB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">SW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">91.10±1.02aC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">96.68±2.03aD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">TTI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">89.88±0.94aE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">92.58±1.38aE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">PF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">0.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "True digestibility and apparent digestibility in Wistar rats subjected to the standard diet AIN-93G (S, n = 6), AIN-93G+1 mL of water (SW, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) and protein-free diet (PF, n = 6) for 11 days. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation in each group. Different lower case letters indicate p<0.05 between groups. Different upper case letters indicate p<0.05 between true digestibility and apparent digestibility. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test or Student's t-test was used." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "t2-cln_70p136" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Groups Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">S \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">SW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">TTI 25 mg/kg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Glucose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">151.2±7.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">162.3±6.7a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">93.0±1.0b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">158.1±9.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">51.4±6.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">59.7±4.3a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">54±6.0b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">41±3.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">LDL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">19.8±6.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">32.7±3.3b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">18.0±3.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">24.3±3.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">HDL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">24.2±2.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">23.8±0.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">20.0±0.8b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">24.6±1.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">26.6±1.4a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">18.5±6.7a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">19.5±5.8b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">21.3±4.7a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">ALT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">24.4±4.6a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">26.8±5.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">13.7±0.3b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">21.1±1.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">AST \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">82±8.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">91±7.1ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">102±7.0b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">79±6.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Biochemical parameters in Wistar rats subjected to the standard diet AIN-93G (S, n = 6), standard diet AIN-93G+1 mL of water (SW, n = 6), protein-free diet (PF, n = 6) and AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) for 11 days. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of each group. Different letters indicate p<0.05 between groups; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test was used." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "t3-cln_70p136" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "NR: Non-reactive." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Groups Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">SW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">C 25 mg/kg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">IS 25 mg/kg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">TTI 25 mg/kg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">TTI 50 mg/kg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Glucose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">212±35.9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">212±64.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">220±38.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">212±58.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">205±57.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">75.3±9.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">81.9±12a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">88.8±10.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">76.2±2.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">83.5±8.4a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">LDL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">26.1±8.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">33.4±1.4a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">39±12.6a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">32.3±9.3a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">40.3±6.7a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">HDL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">24.1±3.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">32.8±6.3a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">33.2±6.9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">27.6±3.3a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">34.0±6.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Triglycerides \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">82.2±19.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">102.5±33.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">75.0±33.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">59.0±25.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">64.7±25.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">ALT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">78.4±15.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">60.4±24.7a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">67.5±10.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">57.5±9.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">59.7±5.6a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">AST \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">137.6±16.9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">158.8±26.6a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">101.5±35.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">149.6±36.4a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">154±49.4a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Gamma GT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">5.5±1.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">7.0±1.9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">10.6±4.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">9.7±3.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">8.9±2.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Albumin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">4.5±0.3a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">4.58±0.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">5.0±0.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">4.5±0.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">4.55±0.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Globulin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">4.2±0.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">3.3±0.8b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">4.0±0.18ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">3.9±0.5ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">3.1±0.2b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">ALB/GLO Ratio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.1±0.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.4±0.2b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.3±0.17ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.2±0.2ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1.47±0.0b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Total protein \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">8.6±0.7ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">7.9±1.4ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">8.9±0.4a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">8.3±0.7ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">7.6±0.3b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">C-reactive Protein \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Biochemical parameters in Wistar rats fed the standard diet, AIN-93G+1 mL of water (SW, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg casein in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg C, n = 6), AIN-93G+25 mg/kg soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg IS, n = 6); AIN-93G+25 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (25 mg/kg TTI, n = 6), and AIN-93G+50 mg/kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water (50 mg/kg TTI, n = 6) for 11 days. The results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of each group. Different letters indicate p<0.05 between groups; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test was used." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:39 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization. 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BASIC RESEARCH

Joycellane Alline do Nascimento Campos RibeiroI, Alexandre Coellho SerquizI, Priscila Fabíola dos Santos SilvaII, Patrícia Batista Barra Medeiros BarbosaI, Tarcísio Bruno Montenegro SampaioIII, Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo JuniorIV, Adeliana Silva de OliveiraI, Richele Janaina Araújo MachadoI, Bruna Leal Lima MacielII, Adriana Ferreira UchôaV, Elizeu Antunes dos SantosI, Ana Heloneida de Araújo MoraisII,

Corresponding author

aharaujomorais@gmail.com

corresponding author. Tel.: 55 84 9407-5497

I Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Biosciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Natal/RN, Brazil.

II Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Center for Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal/RN, Brazil.

III Potiguar University, Biology Course, Natal/RN, Brazil.

IV Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Center for Biosciences, Department of Morfology, Natal/RN, Brazil.

V Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Center for Biosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Natal/RN, Brazil.

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          "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Wistar rats were subjected to oral gavage using the AIN-93G standard diet &#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg casein in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg C&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg IS&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; and AIN-93G&#43;50 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;50 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; for 11 days&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#41;</span> Food consumption &#40;&#37;&#41; after 1 h&#44; 2 h and 6 h of gavage in the studied groups&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#41;</span> Plasmatic CCK levels after 1 h of gavage in the studied groups&#46; The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation of each group&#46; Different letters indicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle50">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obesity is considered an epidemic in the globalized world&#46; As the cost of treating obesity and its associated diseases is high &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>&#41;&#44; investments in natural products that may reduce dietary intake and weight gain are needed&#46; Thus&#44; advances in scientific technical knowledge involving quality&#44; safety and efficacy&#44; which are inherent to herbal medicines&#44; have placed the area of bioactive natural products in a position of great interest in recent years&#46; In the treatment of obesity&#44; factors such as the high cost and the side effects of drugs&#44; including those presented by allopathic anorectics&#44; have increased the demand for natural products with slimming actions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this context&#44; vegetable- and fruit-derived proteinase inhibitors have been studied in animal models for their effects on reducing energy consumption and&#47;or food intake&#46; These studies confirm that endogenous cholecystokinin &#40;CCK&#41; is important in the control of food intake&#46; Furthermore&#44; protease inhibitors may have therapeutic potential to reduce food intake by stimulating increases in serum CCK &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib4">4&#8211;7</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tamarind fruit is often consumed in Brazil and almost all of its parts are used&#46; Although many therapeutic effects&#44; such as laxative&#44; digestive and anti-diabetes effects are locally attributed to this fruit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>&#41;&#44; few studies have tested the effect of this fruit or its extracts <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>&#46;</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our group previously isolated a trypsin inhibitor from tamarind seeds &#40;TTI&#41;&#46; This inhibitor is 20 kDa in size and presented a non-competitive inhibition mechanism&#46; TTI inhibited the larval growth of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhyzophertha dominica&#44; Anthonomus grandis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ceratitis capitata</span> by inhibiting digestive enzymes and did not show inhibition either to the serine proteases elastase and chymotrypsin or to the cysteine proteases papain and bromelain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; trypsin inhibitors have been isolated and their heterologous actions related to health benefits&#44; such as anti-inflammatory&#44; gastroprotective and satiety control effects &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>&#41;&#44; have been extensively investigated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; it remains unclear whether these extracts present effects in reducing food consumption and weight gain and if these effects are CCK dependent&#46; Thus&#44; this study investigated the effect of TTI in food consumption and weight gain in rats&#46; We also analyzed CCK levels in the studied animals&#46; Our results show a potential effect of TTI in reducing food consumption and weight gain&#44; possibly mediated by increased CCK levels&#46; This study shows that isolated TTI may be a potential phytotherapeutic candidate for preventing&#47;treating obesity&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle60">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">Materials</span><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chemicals and Reagents&#58; CELM Kit&#174; &#40;S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#41;&#59; Kit transferases from Labtest Diagnostic &#40;Paran&#225;&#44; Brazil&#41;&#59; Kit Phoenix Pharmaceuticals Inc&#46; &#40;Burlingame&#44; USA&#41;&#59; Soybean trypsin inhibitor&#44; Kunitz type&#44; from Sigma &#40;St&#46; Louis&#44; MO&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">Tamarind fruit seeds</span><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tamarind fruits were obtained from markets in Natal&#44; a city from the Rio Grande do Norte state in northeastern Brazil&#46; Tamarind seeds were obtained after peeling and removing the pulp using knives&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">Isolation of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor</span><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolation of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor followed the methodology described by Ara&#250;jo et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#44; with modifications&#46; The modifications occurred in the step to obtain TTI&#59; once the fraction was saturated with 30&#8211;60&#37; ammonium sulfate from the crude extract&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamarindus indica</span> L&#46; seeds were precipitated with acetone 1&#8758;2 &#40;v&#47;v&#41;&#46; The fraction obtained after precipitation was isolated using Trypsin-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography&#44; subjected to dialysis for approximately 24 h against Tris-HCl buffer &#40;50 mM&#44; pH 7&#46;5&#41;&#44; labeled TTI and then subjected to 12&#37; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS&#46; All isolation steps were monitored and subjected to trypsin inhibition assays using the specific substrate BApNA &#40;N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>&#41; and protein quantification &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1</a>&#41; shows the steps of the TTI isolation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec60" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle100">Animal study design</span><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; two animal experiments were conducted&#46; All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte state in Brazil &#40;protocol No&#46; 011&#47;2010&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec70" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle110">Experiment I</span><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This first experiment was performed to assess the effect of TTI on food consumption&#44; weight gain and TTI digestibility in rats&#46; Male Wistar rats &#40;n &#61; 24&#41; aged 3 months and weighing 100 to 150 g were kept in cages in a vivarium at 23&#177;2&#176;C with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and humidity between 45 and 55&#37;&#46; After 3 days of adaptation in metabolic cages&#44; the rats were divided into 4 groups according to the diets received for 11 days&#58; 1&#41; Standard diet&#44; AIN-93G &#40;S&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; 2&#41; Standard diet&#44; AIN-93G&#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; 3&#41; Protein-free diet &#40;PF&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; 4&#41; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#46; Water and TTI were given by oral gavage&#46; Rats were weighed daily using a calibrated scale&#46; Food consumption was registered daily&#44; as described below&#46; Feces were individually collected on the 4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>&#44; 7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> and 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> days&#44; identified and kept at -20&#176;C for digestibility analysis&#46; The feces were dried in a greenhouse with circulating air at 105&#176;C for 24 h&#44; cooled&#44; weighed and crushed in a multiprocessor to measure the total nitrogen levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>&#41;&#46; The apparent and true digestibilities were then calculated &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On day 11&#44; the rats were anesthetized with 2&#37; xylazine and 5&#37; ketamine and then euthanized&#46; Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and stored in Falcon tubes&#46; Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span> for 10 min and used for the measurement of glucose &#40;GL&#41;&#44; triacylglycerol &#40;TG&#41;&#44; total cholesterol &#40;COL&#41; and high-density lipoprotein &#40;HDL&#41; &#40;Kit CELM&#174;&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; The blood samples were also subjected to enzymatic assays for alanine aminotransferase &#40;ALT&#41; and aspartate aminotransferase &#40;AST&#41; &#40;Labtest transferases diagnostic kit&#44; Paran&#225;&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; Organs from euthanized rats were assessed for histopathological alterations as described below &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec80" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle120">Experiment II</span><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This experiment was performed to assess the effect of TTI on short-term satiety and CCK production in rats&#46; Male Wistar rats &#40;n &#61; 36&#41; aged 3 months and weighing 100 to 150 g were kept in cages in a vivarium at 23&#177;2&#176;C with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and humidity between 45 and 55&#37;&#46; All rats received standard diets &#40;AIN-93G&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad libitum</span> during this experiment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a>&#41;&#46; After 3 days of adaptation in metabolic cages&#44; the rats were divided into 5 groups according to the treatment received by oral gavage&#58; 1&#41; Standard diet&#44; AIN-93G&#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; 2&#41; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg Casein in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg C&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; 3&#41; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg Soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg IS&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; 4&#41; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; and 5&#41; AIN-93G&#43;50 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;50 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Casein is a protein without inhibitory activity that was used to discard the hypothesis that the effect of TTI could be an unspecific protein effect&#46; Soybean trypsin inhibitor was used to compare the satietogenic effect of TTI once it was well documented that soybean trypsin inhibitor promotes satiety &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>&#41;&#46; Two different TTI concentrations were used to verify whether the observed TTI effects were dose dependent&#46;</p><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In experiment II&#44; the rats were also weighed daily using a calibrated scale&#46; Food consumption was registered 1 h&#44; 2 h and 16 h after treatment&#44; as described below&#46; On day 11&#44; blood samples were taken 1 h after treatment for CCK analysis&#44; as described below&#46; Next&#44; rats were anesthetized with 2&#37; xylazine and 5&#37; ketamine and then euthanized&#46; The blood was collected by cardiac puncture and stored in Falcon tubes&#46; Gamma glutamyl transferase was evaluated by measuring the blood dosage &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a>&#41;&#46; Total protein was measured using the biuret method &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>&#41;&#46; Albumin was measured using bromocresol green &#40;BCG&#41;&#46; The globulin content was calculated as the difference between the total protein and albumin and then the albumin&#47;globulin ratio was calculated&#46; C-reactive protein was detected by agglutination immune reaction using commercially available kits &#40;BioClin&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec90" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle130">Assessment of food consumption and body weight evolution</span><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food consumption was analyzed daily in all experiments by calculating the difference between the diet provided &#40;before consumption&#41; and the diet consumed using a calibrated scale with 0&#46;01 mg precision &#40;Tecnal&#41;&#46; In experiment I&#44; this calculation was performed as follows&#58; food consumption per day &#40;g&#41; &#61; diet provided &#40;g&#41; - diet consumed &#40;g&#41;&#46; The results for each day are expressed as the mean food consumption &#40;g&#41; in each group&#46; In experiment II&#44; the results are expressed as the percentage &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; considered 100&#37; of the average of the usual pattern of food consumption of the rats before testing &#40;3 days of adaptation&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; after testing&#44; the percentage decrease in consumption &#40;&#37;&#41; was obtained&#46; In experiment I&#44; weights were also assessed daily using a calibrated scale with 0&#46;01 mg precision &#40;Tecnal&#41;&#46; The results are expressed as the mean weight gain per group&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle140">Assessment of histopathological alterations</span><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In experiment I&#44; after the animals were euthanized&#44; the thoracic-abdominal cavity was opened&#46; The intestines&#44; pancreas&#44; stomach and liver were removed and fixed with paraffin in blades using a standardized method &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle150">Plasmatic CCK evaluation</span><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In experiment II&#44; plasmatic CCK was measured 1 h after treatment by an immunoassay using commercially available kits according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions &#40;Phoenix Pharmaceuticals Inc&#46;&#44; Burlingame&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle160">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Weight gain and food consumption were analyzed using multifactor ANOVA to find possible differences between groups&#46; When significant differences were detected&#44; Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test was used&#46; CCK and the biochemical parameters &#40;GL&#44; TG&#44; total cholesterol&#44; HDL&#44; LDL&#44; ALT&#44; AST&#44; GGT&#44; albumin and C-reactive protein&#41; were analyzed and compared between the different groups using Student&#39;s t-test and multifactorial ANOVA with Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test&#46; Data were analyzed for normality and homoscedasticity through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Levene&#39;s test&#44; respectively&#46; All data were analyzed using the Statistica 7 software &#40;Stat Soft&#44; Tulsa&#44; OK&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle170">RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</span><span id="cesec140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle180">TTI reduced weight gain and food consumption in rats</span><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2A</a>&#41;&#44; weight gain was significantly lower in the animals treated with TTI in experiment I&#46; By treating one group with Standard diet &#40;S&#41; and another with AIN-93G&#43;1 mL of water given by gavage &#40;SW&#41;&#44; our data reject the hypothesis that the gavage itself could reduce weight gain&#46; Interestingly&#44; 25 mg&#47;kg TTI treatment caused a reduction in weight gain that was higher than the protein-free diet&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The food consumption data corroborates weight gain data&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2B</a>&#41; shows that animals treated with 25 mg&#47;kg TTI had the lowest food consumption compared with the other studied groups&#46;</p><p id="para210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mclaughlin et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>&#41; analyzed the effect of the synthetic trypsin inhibitor N&#44;N-dimethyl-4-&#40;4-guanidino-benzyloxy&#41;-phenyl ethyl methane-sulfate &#40;DGPM&#41; in obese and thin Zucker rats&#46; The administration of DGPM &#40;25 to 200 mg&#47;kg&#41; in rats after 6 h of fasting decreased food consumption in a dose-dependent manner&#46; A decrease in the mean size of the meals was observed in both obese and thin rats&#46; Nevertheless&#44; this effect was higher among the obese rats&#46; Furthermore&#44; the administration of 100 mg&#47;kg twice a day for 7 days decreased food consumption and body weight in obese rats but not in thin rats&#46; This shows a specific prominent action of DGPM in obese rats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>&#41;&#46; In our study&#44; we did not evaluate obese rats&#46;</p><p id="para220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As observed by Mclaughlin et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>&#41; using DGPM&#44; the effects of TTI could possibly be potentiated in obese models&#46; Nevertheless&#44; our data for normal Wistar rats are consistent&#44; thus indicating that further studies using obese models should be performed to verify if the effects observed are more prominent in an obese model&#46;</p><p id="para230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent study evaluated the effect of concentrated potato protease inhibitors &#40;PPIC&#41;&#44; potato protease inhibitor II and casein at concentrations of 100 mg&#47;kg administered for 10 days by oral gavage on food consumption and weight gain in Wistar rats &#40;180-200 g&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>&#41;&#46; The authors found that casein and PPIC significantly reduced food consumption&#46; Similarly to our results&#44; the use of PPIC caused a reduction in weight gain of 11&#37;&#46;</p><p id="para240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; our results show a more powerful effect of TTI with a smaller dose &#40;25 mg&#47;kg&#41; and the reduction in weight gain was higher &#40;approximately 70&#37;&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; we found a considerable effect on food consumption once food consumption was reduced by 47&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle190">TTI treatment produced no effects on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> digestibility</span><p id="para250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The satisfactory use of proteins for nutrition is dependent on the protein composition&#44; its amino acid bioavailability&#44; digestibility and the presence or absence of toxicity and anti-nutritional factors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; analyzing the digestibility of 25 mg&#47;kg TTI was important to assess whether the reduction effects on weight gain and food consumption was due to the existence of anti-nutritional factors that could affect overall protein absorption&#46;</p><p id="para260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t1-cln_70p136">Table<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1</a> shows the digestibility results for the groups of animals in experiment I&#46; There were no significant differences between true digestibility and apparent digestibility in the different groups studied&#46; This excludes the hypothesis that TTI could cause digestibility alterations that interfere with the protein digestion&#47;absorption process in treated animals&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t1-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not all trypsin inhibitors have the effect of reducing weight gain without interfering with protein digestibility&#46; Some studies&#44; using Wistar rats fed soybean trypsin inhibitor&#44; found a reduction in weight gain and food consumption &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib27">27&#8211;29</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; soybean trypsin inhibitor also reduced digestibility compared with casein&#44; which was not the case in our study&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec160" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle200">TTI treatment did not alter the histopathology of specific organs</span><p id="para280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because oral administration of plant extracts may cause <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> damage to organs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib27">27&#8211;30</a>&#41;&#44; in experiment I&#44; we analyzed the effect of 25 mg&#47;kg TTI on the histopathology of the intestines&#44; pancreas&#44; stomach and liver&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2C</a>&#41; shows that there were no alterations in the liver parenchyma of treated animals&#58; the stroma was preserved&#44; the arterioles&#44; venules and capillaries were filled with normal red blood cells&#44; the membranes and nuclei were preserved and no signs of cell death could be observed&#46;</p><p id="para290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Animals treated with TTI also presented normal stomach mucosa&#44; intact gastric glands&#44; no inflammatory infiltration and intact submucosal&#44; muscular and serous layers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2C</a>&#41;&#46; The pancreas also showed no alterations&#44; exhibiting intact tissue&#44; normal Langerhans islets and no size alterations or cytoarchitectural distortion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2C</a>&#41;&#46; The intestines also presented normal architecture and layers&#44; with no signs of inflammatory infiltration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2C</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results are in accordance with those of other studies that have found no histopathological variations in diverse organs after treatment with trypsin inhibitors &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib31">31</a>&#41;&#46; Unlike lectins &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib27">27</a>&#41;&#44; trypsin inhibitors do not seem to interact with intestinal mucosal cells&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec170" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle210">TTI produced no effects on the general biochemical parameters of treated animals</span><p id="para310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the biochemical analysis of the effect of 25 mg&#47;kg TTI treatment in experiment I is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t2-cln_70p136">Table<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2</a>&#46; Glucose&#44; total cholesterol&#44; LDL&#44; HDL and triglycerides were not different between TTI-treated animals and controls&#46; As expected&#44; glucose and triglycerides were significantly lower in the animals that received the protein-free diet&#44; possibly due to an adaptation of metabolism because the feeding was not balanced&#46; The same effect was observed in experiment II &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3</a>&#41;&#44; in which TTI at 25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg doses also did not cause significant alterations in glucose&#44; total cholesterol&#44; HDL or triglycerides compared with the other groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t2-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="t3-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; 25 mg&#47;kg TTI treatment did not decrease glucose levels after decreasing food consumption&#46; This absence of an effect on glucose levels was also observed in experiment II&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3</a>&#46;</p><p id="para330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The liver enzymes ALT and AST were also similar between the 25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg TTI-treated and control groups in both experiments I and II &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#t2-cln_70p136">Tables<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 and 3</a>&#41;&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; which may indicate that the use of TTI did not cause liver damage&#46; Furthermore&#44; gamma GT&#44; analyzed in experiment II&#44; did not differ between the studied groups&#46; This is in agreement with the liver histopathological analysis&#44; which showed no significant alterations&#44; suggesting that TTI may be harmless to this tissue &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2C</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the first study to assess gamma GT in Wistar rats treated with trypsin inhibitors&#46; Nevertheless&#44; Garthoff &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>&#41;&#44; in studies using pigs given a partially purified trypsin inhibitor preparation&#44; found that GGT levels were not changed&#46;</p><p id="para350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To corroborate the digestibility analyses&#44; we also evaluated the effect of TTI on total protein&#44; albumin and globulin levels in experiment II&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3</a>&#44; albumin levels did not differ between the groups studied&#44; showing that none of the treatments interfered with the nutritional status of the animals&#46; Globulin was significantly lower in the 50 mg&#47;kg TTI-treated and casein-treated groups compared with the group fed a standard diet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globulin changes may indicate adaptation to stress&#46; Adapted animals tend to have normal values&#44; whereas stressed animals have increased levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib32">32</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib33">33</a>&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; based on the small decrease found in the 25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg TTI- and casein-treated groups&#44; it is not likely that the animals were stressed&#46;</p><p id="para370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As globulin levels were different in the 50 mg&#47;kg TTI- and casein-treated groups compared with the control groups&#44; the albumin&#47;globulin ratio was also significantly different in these groups&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the total protein levels were similar between the studied groups&#46;</p><p id="para380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other studies using trypsin inhibitors have found no alterations in glucose&#44; cholesterol&#44; triglycerides&#44; total protein&#44; globulin and albumin levels in pig &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>&#41;&#44; mice &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib34">34</a>&#41; and rat &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib35">35</a>&#41; models&#46;</p><p id="para390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the possible induction of inflammation by 25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; we also analyzed C-reactive protein in the animals from experiment II&#46; No alterations were found and all groups presented similar C-reactive protein concentrations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_70p136">Table<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec180" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle220">TTI increased short-term satiety and CCK levels</span><p id="para400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In experiment II&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3A</a>&#41;&#44; food consumption was significantly reduced after the 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> hour in mice treated with TTI at 25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg doses&#44; with values of 68&#46;87&#177;1&#46;80&#37; and 56&#46;80&#177;4&#46;80&#37;&#44; respectively&#44; compared with that of the mice fed a standard diet &#40;mean reduction of 26&#46;41&#177;2&#46;86&#37;&#41; and of the animals that received casein &#40;mean reduction of 46&#46;30&#177;3&#46;27&#37;&#41;&#46; The same effect of food consumption reduction was observed after the 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span> hour of TTI treatment&#46; Nevertheless&#44; only TTI treatment at 50 mg&#47;kg &#40;54&#46;50&#177;1&#46;32&#37;&#41; resulted in a significant difference between animals fed standard diet &#40;18&#46;86&#177;0&#46;54&#37;&#41; and animals given casein &#40;25&#46;74&#177;1&#46;00&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig3-cln_70p136"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 16 h of TTI treatment&#44; a reduction in food consumption was again observed&#46; The 25 mg&#47;kg TTI-treated group displayed significantly reduced food consumption &#40;21&#46;17&#177;0&#46;89&#37;&#41; compared with the reduction observed in the standard diet-fed &#40;3&#46;89&#177;1&#46;29&#37;&#41;&#44; casein-treated &#40;13&#46;67&#177;1&#46;25&#37;&#41; and soybean trypsin inhibitor-treated &#40;9&#46;89&#177;1&#46;11&#37;&#41; groups&#46;</p><p id="para420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taken together&#44; the results from our study show that TTI at the studied doses may cause a reduction in food intake during the 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> and 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span> hours after administration and that this reduction may last until 16 h after treatment&#46;</p><p id="para430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate whether the effect of TTI &#40;25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg&#41; on reducing food consumption was CCK associated&#44; we evaluated plasmatic CCK levels in experiment II&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3-cln_70p136">Figure<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3B</a>&#41;&#44; CCK levels after 1 h of treatment were significantly lower in the animals that received a standard &#40;5&#46;92&#177;1&#46;15 pmol&#47;L&#41; and casein diet &#40;10&#46;14&#177;2&#46;9 pmol&#47;L&#41; compared with the groups that received trypsin inhibitors&#46; Among these groups&#44; those treated with TTI at 25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg presented the highest CCK levels &#40;17&#46;41&#177;1&#46;60 and 20&#177;1&#46;22 pmol&#47;L&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; Interestingly&#44; CCK levels in the animals that received TTI at 50 mg&#47;kg were significantly higher than those in the animals treated with soybean trypsin inhibitor &#40;15&#46;51&#177;1&#46;82 pmol&#47;L&#41;&#44; an inhibitor with a well-known satiety effect &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib36">36</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib37">37</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of CCK on human satiety was first described by Pi-Sunyer et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib38">38</a>&#41; using exogenous CCK infusion&#46; Ballinger et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib39">39</a>&#41; reported a 20&#37; reduction in caloric intake after a physiological infusion of CCK-8&#46; In another study&#44; the effect of CCK-33 at physiological concentrations on satiety was studied in slim and obese individuals&#46; In this study&#44; CCK also promoted satiety and no differences in nutritional status were observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib39">39</a>&#41;&#46; This is an interesting finding because it indicates that natural molecules with the potential to induce CCK secretion may be used to promote satiety&#44; thereby preventing or treating human obesity&#46;</p><p id="para450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the above reasons&#44; trypsin inhibitors have been studied&#46; So far&#44; few studies have been performed in humans&#46; Hill et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>&#41; evaluated the effect of a potato proteinase inhibitor &#40;POT II&#41; on food intake in 11 lean individuals&#46; A double-blind study was carried out and the authors observed that the use of POT II 5 minutes before lunch significantly reduced energy consumption by 17&#46;5&#37;&#46; In neonatal rats administered soybean trypsin inhibitor &#40;1 mg in 230 mL saline&#41;&#44; an 87&#37; increase in CCK plasmatic concentrations was observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib36">36</a>&#41;&#46; Komarnytsky et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>&#41; also reported that the oral administration of a potato-derived protease inhibitor concentrate &#40;PPIC&#41; was effective in reducing food intake and weight gain in healthy rats by increasing circulating CCK levels through a trypsin-dependent mechanism&#46;</p><p id="para460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another study evaluated the effect of a potato extract that included trypsin inhibitor proteins &#40;Protein&#41; in satiety and CCK production by enteroendocrine cells&#46; In this study&#44; soybean trypsin inhibitor was used as a positive control and water was used as a negative control&#46; The evaluation was performed up to 6 h after administration&#46; The results showed that although soybean trypsin inhibitor and protein reduced food intake&#44; protein but not soybean trypsin inhibitor dose-dependently induced CCK secretion in STC-1 cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the first <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> study using TTI&#44; which comes from a very popular fruit in northeastern Brazil&#46; Our data&#44; using TTI at 25 mg&#47;kg and 50 mg&#47;kg doses&#44; possibly demonstrates that the effect of TTI on increasing CCK is not dose dependent&#46; Nevertheless&#44; further kinetic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis&#46; Furthermore&#44; this study showed that TTI has an excellent effect on reducing weight gain and increasing satiety&#46; These effects are possibly mediated by stimulating CCK production&#46; To ensure that TTI is a promising phytotherapeutic extract in the prevention and&#47;or treatment of obesity&#44; more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which TTI may induce CCK secretion&#46; The TTI signaling pathways and interactions with hormones and adipokines also need to be studied&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec190" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle230">ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</span><p id="para480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work received financial support from the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#40;CAPES&#41; and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;tico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#40;CNPq&#41; Brazilian research promotion agencies&#46; The authors would like to thank Mauricio Pereira de Sales &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in memoriam</span>&#41; for stimulating the development of this work&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec200" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle240">AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</span><p id="para490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ribeiro JA&#44; Silva PF&#44; Barbosa PB and Oliveira AS contributed to the collection&#44; analysis and interpretation of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> data and drafting of the figures&#46; Serquiz AC and Sampaio TB contributed to the collection&#44; analysis and interpretation of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> data and drafting of the figures&#46; Ara&#250;jo Junior RF contributed to the histopathological analysis&#46; Machado JR and Maciel BL contributed to the statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript&#46; Uch&#244;a AF and Santos EA contributed by providing the laboratory with financial resources and by critically revising the manuscript for the importance of the intellectual content&#46; Morais AH contributed to the conception and design of the study&#44; to obtaining financial resources&#44; to the analysis and interpretation of the data and to the writing of the manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1581478"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec10"
          "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "cesec20"
          "titulo" => "MATERIALS AND METHODS"
          "secciones" => array:10 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec30"
              "titulo" => "Materials"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec40"
              "titulo" => "Tamarind fruit seeds"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec50"
              "titulo" => "Isolation of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec60"
              "titulo" => "Animal study design"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec70"
              "titulo" => "Experiment I"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec80"
              "titulo" => "Experiment II"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec90"
              "titulo" => "Assessment of food consumption and body weight evolution"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec100"
              "titulo" => "Assessment of histopathological alterations"
            ]
            8 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec110"
              "titulo" => "Plasmatic CCK evaluation"
            ]
            9 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec120"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "cesec130"
          "titulo" => "RESULTS AND DISCUSSION"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec140"
              "titulo" => "TTI reduced weight gain and food consumption in rats"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec150"
              "titulo" => "TTI treatment produced no effects on in vivo digestibility"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec160"
              "titulo" => "TTI treatment did not alter the histopathology of specific organs"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec170"
              "titulo" => "TTI produced no effects on the general biochemical parameters of treated animals"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec180"
              "titulo" => "TTI increased short-term satiety and CCK levels"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec190"
          "titulo" => "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec200"
          "titulo" => "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS"
        ]
        6 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
        ]
      ]
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-07-29"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-11-19"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1581478"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Tamarind"
            1 => "Satiety"
            2 => "Slimming"
            3 => "Obesity"
            4 => "CCK"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">OBJECTIVES&#58;</span><p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Seeds are excellent sources of proteinase inhibitors&#44; some of which may have satietogenic and slimming actions&#46; We evaluated the effect of a trypsin inhibitor from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamarindus indica</span> L&#46; seeds on weight gain&#44; food consumption and cholecystokinin levels in Wistar rats&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">METHODS&#58;</span><p id="spara90" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A trypsin inhibitor from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamarindus</span> was isolated using ammonium sulfate &#40;30&#8211;60&#37;&#41; following precipitation with acetone and was further isolated with Trypsin-Sepharose affinity chromatography&#46; Analyses were conducted to assess the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> digestibility&#44; food intake&#44; body weight evolution and cholecystokinin levels in Wistar rats&#46; Histological analyses of organs and biochemical analyses of sera were performed&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS&#58;</span><p id="spara100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The trypsin inhibitor from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamarindus</span> reduced food consumption&#44; thereby reducing weight gain&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span> true digestibility was not significantly different between the control and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamarindus</span> trypsin inhibitor-treated groups&#46; The trypsin inhibitor from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamarindus</span> did not cause alterations in biochemical parameters or liver&#44; stomach&#44; intestine or pancreas histology&#46; Rats treated with the trypsin inhibitor showed significantly elevated cholecystokinin levels compared with animals receiving casein or water&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">CONCLUSION&#58;</span><p id="spara110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results indicate that the isolated trypsin inhibitor from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tamarindus</span> reduces weight gain by reducing food consumption&#44; an effect that may be mediated by increased cholecystokinin&#46; Thus&#44; the potential use of this trypsin inhibitor in obesity prevention and&#47;or treatment should be evaluated&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "OBJECTIVES&#58;"
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            "titulo" => "METHODS&#58;"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs30"
            "titulo" => "RESULTS&#58;"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs40"
            "titulo" => "CONCLUSION&#58;"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara10">No potential conflict of interest was reported&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trypsin-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography of the tamarind seed trypsin inhibitor &#40;TTI&#41;&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#41;</span> Elution profile of the retained acetone-precipitated fraction &#40;RPA&#41;&#46; Adsorbed proteins were monitored at 280 nm &#40;-&#41;&#46; The inhibitory activity on trypsin &#40;&#8212;&#41; was assayed using 100 &#181;L of TTI&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#41;</span> Denaturing electrophoresis on a 12&#37; polyacrylamide gel after staining with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coomassie Brilliant Blue</span> R-250&#46; M&#44; Molecular mass markers&#59; PA&#44; precipitated with acetone&#59; RPA&#44; fraction obtained after precipitation with acetone isolated by Trypsin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and TTI&#44; tamarind trypsin inhibitor&#44; isolated by Trypsin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and subjected to dialysis&#46; The arrows indicate 14 kDa for RPA and 20 kDa for TTI&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig2-cln_70p136"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 341
            "Ancho" => 751
            "Tamanyo" => 28104
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Wistar rats were subjected to oral gavage with the standard diet AIN-93G &#40;S&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; standard diet AIN-93G&#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; protein-free diet &#40;PF&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; or AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; for 11 days&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#41;</span> The evolution of body weight&#44; in grams &#40;g&#41;&#46; The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation of each group&#46; Different letters indicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">one-way</span> ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#41;</span> The average food intake in grams per day &#40;g&#47;day&#41;&#46; The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation of each group&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">C&#41;</span> Assessment of the histopathological alterations in the SW and TTI groups&#46; A1 and A2&#58; liver sections &#40;40&#215; magnification&#41;&#59; B1 and B2&#58; stomach sections &#40;10&#215; magnification&#41;&#59; C1 and C2&#58; pancreatic sections &#40;10&#215; magnifications&#41;&#59; D1 and D2&#58; bowel sections &#40;10&#215; magnification&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig3-cln_70p136"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 536
            "Ancho" => 751
            "Tamanyo" => 23729
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Wistar rats were subjected to oral gavage using the AIN-93G standard diet &#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg casein in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg C&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg IS&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; and AIN-93G&#43;50 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;50 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; for 11 days&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">A&#41;</span> Food consumption &#40;&#37;&#41; after 1 h&#44; 2 h and 6 h of gavage in the studied groups&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">B&#41;</span> Plasmatic CCK levels after 1 h of gavage in the studied groups&#46; The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation of each group&#46; Different letters indicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 using one-way ANOVA and Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "t1-cln_70p136"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Urine nitrogen &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Fecal nitrogen &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">True Digestibility &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Apparent Digestibility &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">S</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">90&#46;70&#177;1&#46;22<span class="elsevierStyleSup">aA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;36&#177;0&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleSup">aB</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">SW</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">91&#46;10&#177;1&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleSup">aC</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;68&#177;2&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleSup">aD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TTI</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;88&#177;0&#46;94<span class="elsevierStyleSup">aE</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">92&#46;58&#177;1&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleSup">aE</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">PF</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">True digestibility and apparent digestibility in Wistar rats subjected to the standard diet AIN-93G &#40;S&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; and protein-free diet &#40;PF&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; for 11 days&#46; The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation in each group&#46; Different lower case letters indicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 between groups&#46; Different upper case letters indicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 between true digestibility and apparent digestibility&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">One-way</span> ANOVA followed by Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test or Student&#39;s t-test was used&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "t2-cln_70p136"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Groups Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">S&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">SW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">TTI 25 mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Glucose</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">151&#46;2&#177;7&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">162&#46;3&#177;6&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">93&#46;0&#177;1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">158&#46;1&#177;9&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Total cholesterol</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;4&#177;6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;7&#177;4&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">54&#177;6&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">41&#177;3&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">LDL</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;8&#177;6&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;7&#177;3&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;0&#177;3&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;3&#177;3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HDL</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;2&#177;2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;8&#177;0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;0&#177;0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;6&#177;1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Triglycerides</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;6&#177;1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;5&#177;6&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;5&#177;5&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;3&#177;4&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ALT</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;4&#177;4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;8&#177;5&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;7&#177;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;1&#177;1&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">AST</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Biochemical parameters in Wistar rats subjected to the standard diet AIN-93G &#40;S&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; standard diet AIN-93G&#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; protein-free diet &#40;PF&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; and AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; for 11 days&#46; The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation of each group&#46; Different letters indicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 between groups&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">one-way</span> ANOVA followed by Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test was used&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "t3-cln_70p136"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara70" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NR&#58; Non-reactive&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Groups Parameters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">SW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">C 25 mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">IS 25 mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">TTI 25 mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">TTI 50 mg&#47;kg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">212&#177;35&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">220&#177;38&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">212&#177;58&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">205&#177;57&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Total cholesterol</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;3&#177;9&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;9&#177;12<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">88&#46;8&#177;10&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;2&#177;2&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;5&#177;8&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;1&#177;8&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;1&#177;3&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;8&#177;6&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">33&#46;2&#177;6&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;6&#177;3&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;0&#177;6&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Triglycerides</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;2&#177;19&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">102&#46;5&#177;33&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;0&#177;33&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;0&#177;25&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;7&#177;25&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ALT</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;4&#177;15&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;5&#177;10&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;5&#177;9&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;7&#177;5&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">AST</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">137&#46;6&#177;16&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">158&#46;8&#177;26&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">101&#46;5&#177;35&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">149&#46;6&#177;36&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">154&#177;49&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gamma GT</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;5&#177;1&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;0&#177;1&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;6&#177;4&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;7&#177;3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;9&#177;2&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Albumin</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;5&#177;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;58&#177;0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0&#177;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;5&#177;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;55&#177;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Globulin</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;2&#177;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;3&#177;0&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;0&#177;0&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ab</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;9&#177;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ab</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;1&#177;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ALB&#47;GLO Ratio</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;1&#177;0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&#177;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;3&#177;0&#46;17<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ab</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;2&#177;0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ab</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;9&#177;1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ab</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;9&#177;0&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;3&#177;0&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleSup">ab</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;6&#177;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">C-reactive Protein</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spara60" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Biochemical parameters in Wistar rats fed the standard diet&#44; AIN-93G&#43;1 mL of water &#40;SW&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg casein in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg C&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg soybean trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg IS&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#59; AIN-93G&#43;25 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;25 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41;&#44; and AIN-93G&#43;50 mg&#47;kg tamarind trypsin inhibitor in 1 mL water &#40;50 mg&#47;kg TTI&#44; n &#61; 6&#41; for 11 days&#46; The results are expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviation of each group&#46; Different letters indicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 between groups&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">one-way</span> ANOVA followed by Tukey&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">post-hoc</span> test was used&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                    ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "Available from http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;mediacentre&#47;factsheets&#47;fs311&#47;en&#47;"
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
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                        "volumen" => "39"
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                      "titulo" => "Perda de peso em ratos alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o hipercal&#243;rica e tratados com o fitoter&#225;pico pholianegra&#174;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Fac Med Veterin&#225;ria e Zootec"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1271/bbb.110936"
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                        "volumen" => "76"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "1104"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                            1 => """
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                            2 => """
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                            3 => """
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                      "doi" => "10.1021/jf200988f"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Agric Food Chem"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "59"
                        "numero" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "9491"
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                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21809886"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
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            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Efeito sacietog&#234;nico de um novo inibidor de tripsina da pa&#231;oca do amendoim com aumento plasm&#225;tico de colecistocinina &#40;CCK&#41;"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => """
                              AC Serquiz \n
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
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              "etiqueta" => "8"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => """
                              G College \n
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                            1 => """
                              MS Karad \n
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                            2 => """
                              T Linn \n
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                        ]
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "2"
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            ]
            8 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Antidiabetic efficacy of Tamarindus indica seeds in alloxan induced diabetic rats"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              S Manoharan \n
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                            1 => """
                              A Chellammal \n
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                            3 => """
                              K Vasudevan \n
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                              P Ranezab Anishkumar \n
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                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "2"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              CL Araujo \n
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                              """
                            1 => """
                              IWL Bezerra \n
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                              AS Oliveira \n
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                            3 => """
                              FT Moura \n
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                              LLP Macedo \n
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                            5 => """
                              CEM Gomes \n
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1021/jf0502505"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913299"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => """
                              EA Santos \n
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                              """
                            1 => """
                              AS Oliveira \n
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                              """
                            2 => """
                              LMA Rab&#234;lo \n
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                              """
                            3 => """
                              AF Uch&#244;a \n
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                              """
                            4 => """
                              AHA Morais \n
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                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Affinity Chromatography &#91;Internet&#93;&#46; InTech"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "paginaInicial" => "211"
                        "paginaFinal" => "244"
                      ]
                    ]
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                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "Available from http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;intechopen&#46;com&#47;books&#47;affinity-chromatography&#47;affinity-chromatography-as-a-key-tool-to-purify-protease-inhibitors-from-plants"
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                    ]
                  ]
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              ]
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              RJA Machado \n
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                              """
                            1 => """
                              V Monteiro NK \n
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                              """
                            2 => """
                              L Migliolo \n
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                            3 => """
                              ON Silva \n
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                              """
                            4 => """
                              MFS Pinto \n
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                            5 => """
                              AS Oliveira \n
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0063571"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS One"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e63571"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737945"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0085253815498382"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00852538"
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              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
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Article information

ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English

DOI:10.6061/clinics/2015(02)11

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

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2024 October	33	25	58
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2024 July	19	18	37
2024 June	16	16	32
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2024 March	32	13	45
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2023 June	23	1	24
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