Editorial
Clinics Reviews
Mauricio Rocha e Silva
Corresponding author
Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo SP, Brazil
Read
717
Timeswas read the article
267
Total PDF
450
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:23 [ "pii" => "S1807593222015782" "issn" => "18075932" "doi" => "10.1590/S1807-59322011001300001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-01-01" "aid" => "1578" "copyright" => "CLINICS" "copyrightAnyo" => "2011" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Clinics. 2011;66 Supl 1:1-2" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1807593222015794" "issn" => "18075932" "doi" => "10.1590/S1807-59322011001300002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-01-01" "aid" => "1579" "copyright" => "CLINICS" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Clinics. 2011;66 Supl 1:3-17" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Long-term potentiation and long-term depression: a clinical perspective" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "17" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig3" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 402 "Ancho" => 611 "Tamanyo" => 44214 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Non-invasive methods of inducing synaptic plasticity in the human CNS. (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">A</span>) Repetitive trains of transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have been employed in several regions of the brain to induce LTP- and LTD-like changes in spontaneous neural activity and responsiveness to stimulation. This approach is limited in the frequencies that can be attained and is restricted to surface structures in the brain, primarily cortical, close enough to the TMS device for effective stimulation. (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">B</span>) Direct transdural electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can be used to deliver trains of stimuli to afferent fibres and induce LTP- or LTD-like changes within the spinal cord. (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">C</span>) Work in primary sensory cortices, notably visual and auditory cortex, has revealed that repetitive sensory stimulation, either flashes or tones, can induce lasting LTP- or LTD-like changes in event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in these regions. (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">D</span>) Approaches which combine two of the techniques described above (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">A-C</span>) can be used to induce changes in synaptic strength that often have the added advantage of reducing the amount of stimulation required and restricting the focus of the effect. Interventional paired associative stimulation (IPAS) mimics STDP protocols by combining rTMS with TENS, or sensory stimulation, to induce lasting changes in neural responsiveness. Just as in STDP, the timing of the two stimuli, in this case one peripheral and one central, determines the polarity of change. (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">E</span>) As well as TMS, direct current stimulation (DCS) can be used to depolarize neurons in the cortex non-invasively. This technique delivers a very weak current continuously over an extended period. There is some indication that DC stimulation in itself can result in lasting changes in neural responsiveness. However, there is substantial evidence that when be combined with tetanic stimulation, or a sensori-motor task, long-lasting changes in synaptic strength can be induced. (<span class="elsevierStyleBold">F</span>) Another less temporally defined means of modulating the effects of any direct stimulation of the brain is through the ingestion or injection of drugs. Thus far there has not been a great deal of work on combining nootropics with sensory or direct brain stimulation but this is surely an avenue that is ripe for exploration.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Timothy V.P. Bliss, Sam F Cooke" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Timothy V.P." "apellidos" => "Bliss" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sam F" "apellidos" => "Cooke" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222015794?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/00000066000000S1/v1_202212010745/S1807593222015794/v1_202212010745/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Clinics Reviews" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "2" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Mauricio Rocha e Silva" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Mauricio Rocha" "apellidos" => "e Silva" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mrsilva36@hcnet.usp.br" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo SP, Brazil" "identificador" => "aff1-cln_66p1" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Tel.: 55 11 3069-6235" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This issue of CLINICS which appears as CLINICS: REVIEWS opens a new collection of supplements to be published at a frequency of 1-3 per year. Each supplement will be dedicated to a specific medical chapter. This first issue is dedicated to Neurological and Behavioral Sciences. We believe we have been extremely fortunate in the authors who accepted to cooperate with this new development.</p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the Medical Research Council, UK and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Timothy Bliss and Sam Cooke</span> have provided us with a highly intriguing discussion on the clinical repercussions of the memory fixation and deletion properties of long-term potentiation and depression. In addition to their physiological relevance, long-term potentiation and depression may have important clinical applications. Molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, and technological advances in non-invasive manipulation of brain activity, now puts us at the threshold of harnessing long-term potentiation and depression, as well as other forms of synaptic, cellular and circuit plasticity to manipulate synaptic strength in the human nervous system. These approaches hold promise for the treatment of a variety of neurological conditions, including neuropathic pain, epilepsy, depression, amblyopia, tinnitus and stroke.</p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the Department of Psychiatry of São Paulo University Medical College, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Luiz Ferreira and Geraldo Busatto</span> review the very current theme of early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimaging techniques have provided invaluable information about Alzheimeŕs disease. Due to recent advances, these methods will have an increasingly important role in research and clinical practice. It is now a well-established fact that therapeutic strategies will focus on early diagnosis and attempts to retard and ultimately prevent disease evolution. Recent neuroimaging studies of Alzheimeŕs disease have provided relevant information to clinical practice. A new diagnostic modality, i.e. in vivo amyloid imagingis proving to be a valuable addition to the more established procedures of magnetic resonance, single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET).</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the Department of Neurology of Duke University the Research Group headed by <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Miguel Nicolelis</span> provides us with a review on future developments in brain machine interface research by <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Mikhai Lebedev et al</span>. Neuroprosthetic devices based on brain-machine interface technology hold promise for the restoration of body mobility in patients suffering from devastating motor deficits caused by brain injury, neurological diseases and limb loss. Progress has been recently achieved in this multidisciplinary research, mainly in brain-machine interactors that enact upper-limb functionality, but many problems need to be resolved before fully functional limb neuroprostheses can be built. This paper reviews future steps that are part of the strategic plan of Duke University and its partners to bring this new technology to clinical fruition.</p><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Suely Marie and Sueli Shinjo</span>, from the Department of Neurology of São Paulo University Medical College brings us new insights into the interaction of cellular energy metabolism and brain cancer, in which they review current literature and present original new data. A crucial point made here is that to support rapid proliferation, cancer cells select glycolysis in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect) to fuel macromolecules for the synthesis of nucleotides, fatty acids, and aminoacids for the accelerated mitosis, rather than fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolic pathways are modified by cancer cells and the interactions between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes with these pathways may enlighten new strategies for cancer therapy. Potential therapeutic targets of the cancer energetic metabolism are enumerated, highlighting the astrocytomas, the most common brain cancer.</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease is discussed from the same Department of Psychiatry of São Paulo University by <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Evelin L. Schaeffer, Micheli Figueiró and Wagner F. Gattaz</span>who describe the main transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease which have been adopted in Alzheimer's research, and discuss the insights into its pathogenesis from studies in such models. These have been key to the understanding of the roles of soluble β-amiloidoligomers in disease pathogenesis, as well as of the relationship between pathologies relating β-amiloidplaques or to neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated Tau protein.</p><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Carla Scorza and Esper Cavalheiro</span> from the Department of Neurology of the Federal University of São Paulo review the significant theme of translational research relating to animal models of animal intelligence disabilities. Human intellectual disability affects 2-3% of the general population, making it a daunting, but poorly understood social problem characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior. Studies in humans have a very limited capacity to explain basic mechanisms of this condition, making animal models an invaluable investigative tool. Translational research specifically aims at taking basic scientific discoveries and best practices to benefit the lives of people and this review describes animal models of potential risk factors for intellectual disabilities.</p><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the same Department, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Fulvio Scorza et al</span>. review a much neglected issue: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. This is one of the most common neurologic problems worldwide. Unfortunately, individuals with epilepsy are at higher risk of death than the general population, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. This article focuses on the risk factors, mechanisms and preventative measures obtained from clinical and experimental studies on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.</p><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Peyman Yeganeh-Doost et al</span>., from the Departments of Psychiatry, University of Göttingen and University of São Paulo provide us with a provoking review on the role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. The cerebellum is involved in cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, verbal learning and sensory discrimination. In schizophrenia, a disturbed prefronto-thalamo-cerebellar circuit has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology. A deficit of the glutamatergic NMDA receptor has been hypothezised. The risk gene neuregulin 1 (NRG-1) may play major role in this process. Altered expressions of receptors in right cerebellar regions of schizophrenia patients, which may be secondary upregulations due to dysfunctional receptor has been shown. A dysfunction of the gamma amino butyric system may also be involved. Molecular findings in the light of the role of the cerebellum in attention and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are discussed.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18075932/00000066000000S1/v1_202212010745/S1807593222015782/v1_202212010745/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18075932/00000066000000S1/v1_202212010745/S1807593222015782/v1_202212010745/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222015782?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2024 October | 49 | 22 | 71 |
| 2024 September | 36 | 12 | 48 |
| 2024 August | 55 | 14 | 69 |
| 2024 July | 33 | 16 | 49 |
| 2024 June | 45 | 18 | 63 |
| 2024 May | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2024 April | 38 | 8 | 46 |
| 2024 March | 47 | 16 | 63 |
| 2024 February | 21 | 12 | 33 |
| 2024 January | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2023 December | 7 | 17 | 24 |
| 2023 November | 9 | 20 | 29 |
| 2023 October | 14 | 16 | 30 |
| 2023 September | 14 | 25 | 39 |
| 2023 August | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2023 July | 12 | 23 | 35 |
| 2023 June | 8 | 16 | 24 |
| 2023 May | 2 | 5 | 7 |
| 2023 April | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2023 March | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2023 January | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Show all