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CLINICAL SCIENCE
Association between muscle strength and the cardiopulmonary status of individuals living with HIV/AIDS
Vagner RasoI,II,III,
Corresponding author
vraso@usp.br

Tel.: 55 11 2661-6041
, Roy J. ShephardIV, Jorge CassebV,VI, Alberto José da Silva DuarteV,VI, Paulo Roberto Santos SilvaVII, Júlia Maria D′Andréa GreveI,VII
I Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - (FMUSP), Department of Experimental Pathophysiology, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
II Bandeirante University of São Paulo (UNIBAN), Master Program on Body Balance Rehabilitation and Social Inclusion, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
III University of Western São Paulo, (UNOESTE), Medicine and Physical Education School, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
IV University of Toronto, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Toronto, ON/Canada
V Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - (ADEE 3002-HC-FMUSP), Secondary Immunodeficiency Ambulatory, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
VI Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - (LIM-56-HC-FMUSP), Laboratory of Investigation in Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
VII Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - (LEM-IOT-HC-FMUSP) Movement Studies Laboratory, Orthopedics and Traumatology Institute, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle60">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The acute phase of HIV&#47;AIDS is frequently marked by a substantial loss of physical fitness&#46; In planning an appropriate course of rehabilitation&#44; it is important to know which aspects of fitness deteriorate and the persistence of this functional loss following treatment&#46; Most studies have pointed to a loss of muscular strength&#44; with little deterioration of cardio-respiratory fitness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1">1-2</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; some reports have also indicated adverse effects of the disease and treatment with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on various aspects of cardio-respiratory health&#46; Reported changes include delayed heart rate recovery following exercise &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>&#41;&#44; increased cardiovascular risk factors &#40;particularly the HDL&#47;LDL cholesterol ratio&#44; secondary to decreased plasma adiponectin levels&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib4">4-5</a>&#41;&#44; deteriorating endothelial function &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>&#41;&#44; atherosclerosis progression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>&#41; and increased risk of myocardial infarction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aerobic exercise has been recommended for patients with HIV&#47;AIDS&#44; both as a possible means of slowing disease progression &#91;with benefits observed by Mustafa et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>&#41;&#44; but not by Stringer et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41; or Terry et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a>&#41;&#93; and also for exercise&#39;s potential to reverse the depressed mood that commonly accompanies both HIV&#47;AIDS infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy &#40;HAART&#41; treatment &#91;with elevations of mood state reported by Ciccolo et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a>&#41;&#44; Neidig et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>&#41; and Stringer et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#44; but not by Terry et al&#46; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a>&#41;&#93;&#46;</p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most reports to date&#44; any changes in an individual&#39;s muscular strength have been considered independently of peak aerobic power&#46; However&#44; this interpretation is not entirely appropriate&#46; The peak oxygen intake that a patient can attain partially depends upon the muscle mass that is activated by the test exercise &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; if the muscles are weak&#44; perfusion of the active tissues is restricted&#44; and lactate begins to accumulate at a low power output&#44; causing local fatigue and limiting the peak effort that can be developed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To shed further light upon these issues&#44; we took a substantial sample of physically active male patients with HIV&#47;AIDS and compared their aerobic performance with matched control subjects from the same milieu&#46; We also compared values for subsets of the patient sample classified in terms of immune status&#44; exposure to retroviral treatment and current peak isokinetic muscle torque&#46; Our primary hypotheses were that aerobic function would generally be well maintained in physically active patients with HIV&#47;AIDS but that even within a sample engaged in regular endurance activity&#44; aerobic performance might nevertheless be impaired in individual patients with substantial muscle weakness&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">METHODS</span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">Volunteers</span><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient sample consisted of 39 physically active males living with HIV&#47;AIDS&#46; All were volunteers who were recruited from an ambulatory outpatient clinic&#46; The 28 matched controls were drawn from the same city&#46; All subjects were informed about the procedures and risks before giving written consent to participate in the study&#44; which had been approved by the research ethics committee of the S&#227;o Paulo University Hospital &#40;File reference 768&#47;06&#41;&#46; The protocol met all of the ethical standards established for this journal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An initial telephone call was used to invite 56 volunteers with HIV&#47;AIDS for a screening that focused on their current health status&#44; current drug and cigarette consumption and physical activity&#46; This was followed by a hospital visit for a detailed history and physical examination covering previous and current health status and other tests that included a 12-lead electrocardiogram&#44; questionnaires regarding mood state and ability to perform the basic and instrumental activities of daily living&#44; measures of body composition and routine blood and urine tests&#46; Criteria for exclusion included the following&#58; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>&#41; acute or chronic psychological disturbances&#59; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>&#41; central or peripheral nervous system disorders&#59; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>&#41; musculo-skeletal problems&#59; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a>&#41; cardiopulmonary or metabolic disorders&#59; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>&#41; cigarette smoking&#59; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>&#41; surgery or bed rest in the previous three months&#59; and &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>&#41; any orthopedic conditions that could limit exercise testing or be exacerbated by exercise testing&#46; Thirty-nine of the 56 volunteers met the criteria for the definitive study&#46; Infection had been acquired through homosexual or heterosexual intercourse in 32 of the 39 patients&#59; in the remainder of the patients&#44; the source of infection was intravenous drug use or blood transfusion&#46; The mean duration of diagnosed infection was 6&#46;1&#177;0&#46;8 years&#44; with 20 of the 39 patients developing AIDS within 6&#46;0&#177;0&#46;9 years&#46; HAART had been administered to 18 of the 39 patients for an average of 56&#46;1&#177;7&#46;5 months&#44; with an adherence of 9&#46;2&#177;0&#46;3 on a 0 to 10 scale&#46;</p><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The control group met the same health criteria as the patients&#44; with the exception that the former were HIV-negative&#46; The two groups were also matched in terms of their age&#44; physical activity level and body mass index&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">Body composition and habitual physical activity</span><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Height and body mass were determined by standard anthropometric techniques&#46; Adiposity was determined using Harpenden skinfold calipers &#40;Baty International&#44; Burgess Hill&#44; West Sussex&#44; UK&#41;&#59; central adiposity was represented by the sum of subscapular&#44; mid-axillary&#44; abdominal and suprailiac skinfolds&#44; and peripheral adiposity was represented by the sum of the biceps&#44; triceps&#44; anterior thigh and mid-calf skinfolds&#46;</p><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Portuguese version of the international physical activity questionnaire &#40;IPAQ&#41; was used to estimate habitual physical activity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a>&#41;&#46; Subjects reported the frequency and duration of walking &#40;considered light activity&#41; and bouts of moderate and vigorous physical activity&#46; The information was combined to yield an approximate physical activity score&#44; measured in kJ of energy expended per week&#46; For each of the light &#91;3&#46;3 METs&#93;&#44; moderate &#91;4&#46;0 METs&#93; and vigorous &#91;8&#46;0 METs&#93; activities&#44; the duration &#40;minutes per day&#41; was multiplied by the reported frequency &#40;days per week&#41; to yield accumulated totals of MET-min week<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle100">Cardiopulmonary parameters</span><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peak oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41; was measured directly using a progressive treadmill protocol &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a>&#41;&#46; An automated gas analyzer &#40;CPX&#47;D&#44; Medgraphics&#44; Saint Paul&#44; MN&#41;&#44; calibrated against room air and a medically certified gas mixture of 11&#46;9&#37; O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and 5&#46;12&#37; CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; provided breath-by-breath data on respiratory gas exchange&#46; A 12-lead electrocardiogram was monitored continuously during testing&#46; Exercise began at a walking velocity of 3&#46;6 km h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> and with a 1&#37; gradient&#46; The velocity was increased by 1&#46;2 km h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> in each succeeding minute until volitional exhaustion&#46; V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span> was recorded when one or more of the following criteria were satisfied&#58; 1&#41; respiratory exchange ratio &#40;RER&#41; &#8805;1&#46;10&#59; 2&#41; attainment of the age-predicted maximal heart rate&#59; 3&#41; volitional fatigue&#59; and&#47;or 4&#41; signs of exhaustion &#40;unsteady gait&#44; hyperpnea&#44; sweating&#44; facial flushing and grimacing&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>&#41;&#46; The test-retest error of peak oxygen intake determinations was &#60;5&#37;&#46; A computerized regression analysis determined the anaerobic threshold &#40;AT&#41; from a plot of CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> intake &#40;V&#729;CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; versus O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> intake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; and the onset of excess CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> output &#40;V-slope method&#41;&#46; The respiratory compensation point &#40;RCP&#41; was detected by plotting respiratory minute ventilation against V&#729;CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec60" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle110">Peak muscle torque</span><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peak muscle torque was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer &#40;Biodex Multi-Joint System&#44; Shirley&#44; NY&#41;&#46; This apparatus was calibrated weekly&#44; according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46; After one familiarization test&#44; volunteers performed five definitive maximal extensor movements at an angular velocity of 60&#176;&#183;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; with verbal encouragement throughout&#59; a two-minute rest interval was allowed between sets&#46; The largest of the five readings was noted as the individual&#39;s peak torque &#91;Nm&#93;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec70" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle120">Blood collection&#44; leukocyte counts and flow cytometry</span><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjects refrained from ingesting solid or liquid food containing caffeine or chocolate or cola-based products and avoided even moderate physical activity for 48 hours before blood sampling&#46; The subjects arrived at the laboratory at 7&#58;00 a&#46;m&#46;&#44; having fasted overnight&#44; and blood was collected from the median antecubital vein after 30 min of seated rest&#46; Differential leukocyte counts were performed using an automated Cell-Dyn 3500 analysis system &#40;Coulter Corp&#46;&#44; Miami&#44; FL&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the flow cytometry&#44; 200 mL of whole blood was incubated with 5 mL of appropriate monoclonal antibodies &#40;CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#44; CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#91;Becton-Dickinson&#44; Miami&#44; FL&#93;&#41; for 20 minutes in the dark and at room temperature&#46; Samples with isotypic control antibodies &#40;IgG1&#91;FITC&#93;&#47;IgG1&#91;PE&#93;&#47;IgG1&#91;PCy-5&#93;&#41; were run in parallel with each sample&#46; A minimum of 5000 cells was analyzed on the Coulter XL-MCL counter &#40;Coulter Corp&#46;&#44; Miami&#44; FL&#41; using XL System II software &#40;Coulter Corporation&#44; Miami&#44; FL&#41;&#46; The lowest recorded CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> count was considered the CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> nadir&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec80" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle130">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All analyses were performed using the Predictive Analytics Software 17&#46;0 for Windows Package &#40;PASW&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics demonstrated that all data were normally distributed&#46; Data are presented as the means &#177; standard errors of the mean&#46; Unpaired Student t-tests were used to compare patients and control groups and also to compare patient subgroups&#46; Univariate regression analyses also investigated associations of peak isokinetic torque with anaerobic threshold&#44; respiratory compensation point and V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> peak&#46; Statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 throughout&#46;</p><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We determined that a 10&#37; loss of aerobic performance would have practical and clinical significance&#46; Thus&#44; the sample size of 39 patients and 28 controls provided adequate sample power to detect such an effect at the 95&#37; confidence level&#46; This remained true with binary subdivision of the 39-patient sample&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec90" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle140">RESULTS</span><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">General characteristics and immunological data for the patients and control subjects are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>&#46; The patients tended to have a slightly lower body mass than the controls&#44; particularly in the subgroup with a lower CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> nadir&#44; but the patients did not differ significantly from the controls in terms of age or body mass index&#46; In terms of reported activity&#44; both groups were quite active&#44; undertaking the equivalent of 60 minutes or more of moderate activity &#40;4 METS&#41; per day&#46; The average peak isokinetic extensor torque of the patients &#40;248&#177;8 Nm&#41; was similar to previously reported values for healthy subjects in this age group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib21">21-27</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Findings during the progressive treadmill test are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#46; Patients and control subjects reached similar peak heart rates&#44; which were relatively high for their age&#44; but the peak oxygen intake values were not outstanding in either group&#46; There was no evidence that the AT&#44; RCP or &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41; was any lower in the patients than in the control subjects&#44; irrespective of the patients&#39; CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> nadir&#46; A similar analysis in terms of whether the patients had received HAART revealed no differences in this subgroup &#40;data not shown&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Classification of patients based on their current CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> counts &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a> again revealed no statistically significant differences&#44; with the exception of peak isokinetic torque&#44; which was approximately 20&#37; less in those individuals with a count &#60;200 cells&#46;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl3"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; when patients were classified in terms of their peak isokinetic torque &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl4">Table 4</a>&#44; the AT&#44; RCP and peak aerobic power were all significantly greater in those individuals with well-preserved muscular strength&#59; stronger subjects were able to progress to a significantly greater treadmill velocity&#46; Linear regression analysis revealed parallel trends among individual subjects &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>&#59; AT and RCP exhibited statistically positive associations with peak isokinetic torque&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl4"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle150">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data confirm our initial hypothesis&#58; on average&#44; the &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41; of physically active individuals with HIV&#47;AIDS does not differ from that of control subjects of similar age and with similar physical activity patterns&#46; This is in agreement with previous reports&#44; which have also suggested that after treatment&#44; the cardio-respiratory fitness of physically active individuals with HIV&#47;AIDS generally shows little deterioration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1">1-2</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; our findings also underline that within this apparent normality of aerobic function&#44; individual patients who have substantial muscle strength deficiency also exhibit substantial deficiency of aerobic performance&#44; averaging around 20&#37;&#44; relative to equally active but stronger peers&#46;</p><p id="para210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because our analysis was cross-sectional&#44; it might be argued that the individuals who developed a low peak isokinetic torque had engaged in less habitual activity during their leisure time or were simply less motivated during exercise testing&#46; The first of these explanations can be largely discounted because the reported activity levels of the two subgroups were equal&#46; The small and statistically non-significant trend to a lower peak heart rate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl4">Table 4</a> and some association between a poor aerobic performance and high depression scores&#44; as measured by the profile of mood states questionnaire &#40;data not shown&#41;&#44; may signal somewhat poorer motivation in those who were depressed&#46; Nevertheless&#44; it seems of importance that lower muscle strength was also linked to a lower current CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> count &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#46; Moreover&#44; although differences in motivation might have influenced the peak oxygen intake&#44; it is not as easy to explain the lower ATs of the weaker individuals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl4">Table 4</a> simply in terms of differences in individual motivation&#46; A direct effect of local muscle strength upon perfusion of the limbs and&#44; thus&#44; peak oxygen transport offers a more plausible explanation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; we conclude that an HIV&#47;AIDS-induced reduction in muscle mass and the resultant loss of muscle strength appears to impair both anaerobic effort &#40;by causing lactate to accumulate at a lower fraction of maximal oxygen intake&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>&#41; and &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41; &#40;because of both earlier fatigue and the lower volume of muscle that is available for activation during treadmill testing&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are a number of limitations to our data&#46; Unfortunately&#44; we were unable to obtain strength data for the control subjects&#44; but the average values observed in the patients were not much lower than those reported in previous normal studies &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib22">22-27</a>&#41;&#46; It could also be objected that with greater opportunity to practice procedures&#44; higher test scores might have been obtained on both the treadmill and the dynamometer tests&#59; however&#44; this in no way invalidates the differences we have observed between patients with high and low muscular strength values&#46; It should also be emphasized that our patient sample was male&#44; and the sample was deliberately selected in terms of a number of criteria for good health&#59; the sample represented approximately one-sixth of patients attending the HIV&#47;AIDS clinic&#46; It would be interesting to extend our observations by assessing the effects of muscle weakening upon aerobic function in an unselected group of HIV&#47;AIDS patients&#44; including women and men&#46;</p><p id="para230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The practical clinical implications of our findings point to the following&#58; to ensure good aerobic power in patients with HIV&#47;AIDS&#44; rehabilitation should include a program of progressive muscle strengthening exercises&#44; and such rehabilitation should be continued until the strength of the major muscle groups has been normalized&#46; This proposal now needs to be tested with a group of HIV&#47;AIDS patients with aerobic impairment secondary to poor muscle strength by evaluating how far the patients&#39; aerobic power can indeed be enhanced by a program that normalizes muscular function&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle160">AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</span><p id="para240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Casseb J&#44; Duarte AJ&#44; DGreve JM and Raso V had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and accuracy of the data analysis&#46; DGreve JM&#44; Raso V and Shephard RJ were responsible for the study concept and design and provided critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content&#46; DGreve JM&#44; Raso V and Silva PRS were responsible for data acquisition&#46; Raso V was responsible for data analysis and interpretation and performed the statistical analysis&#46; DGreve JM and Raso V drafted the manuscript&#46; Duarte AJS was responsible for administrative&#44; technical or material support and study supervision&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION"
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          "titulo" => "METHODS"
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              "titulo" => "Volunteers"
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              "titulo" => "Body composition and habitual physical activity"
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              "titulo" => "Cardiopulmonary parameters"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec60"
              "titulo" => "Peak muscle torque"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec70"
              "titulo" => "Blood collection&#44; leukocyte counts and flow cytometry"
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            5 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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        3 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "RESULTS"
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        4 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "DISCUSSION"
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        6 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-10-13"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-11-22"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Anaerobic Threshold"
            1 => "Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing"
            2 => "HIV"
            3 => "Peak Aerobic Power"
            4 => "Muscle Strength"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "resumen" => array:1 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">OBJECTIVE</span><p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study was to compare aerobic function &#91;anaerobic threshold &#40;&#37;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-AT&#41;&#44; respiratory compensation point &#40;&#37;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-RCP&#41; and peak oxygen uptake &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41;&#93; between physically active patients with HIV&#47;AIDS and matched controls and to examine associations between disease status&#44; poor muscle strength&#44; depression &#40;as estimated by the profile of mood states questionnaire&#41; and the aerobic performance of patients&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">METHODS</span><p id="spara90" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Progressive treadmill test data for &#37;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>-AT &#40;V-slope method&#41;&#44; RCP and &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41; were compared between 39 male patients with HIV&#47;AIDS &#40;age 40&#46;6&#177;1&#46;4 years&#41; and 28 male controls &#40;age 44&#46;4&#177;2&#46;1 years&#41; drawn from the same community and matched for habitual physical activity&#46; Within-patient data were also examined in relation to CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> counts &#40;nadir and current data&#41; and peak isokinetic knee torque&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS</span><p id="spara100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AT&#44; RCP and &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41; values were generally similar for patients and controls&#46; Within the patient sample&#44; binary classification suggested that AT&#44; RCP and &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41; values were not associated with either the nadir or current CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> count&#44; but treadmill test variables were positively associated with peak isokinetic knee torque&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">CONCLUSION</span><p id="spara110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aerobic performance of physically active patients with HIV&#47;AIDS is generally well conserved&#46; Nevertheless&#44; poor muscle strength is observed in some HIV&#47;AIDS patients&#44; which is associated with lower anaerobic power and &#40;V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2peak</span>&#41;&#44; suggesting the possibility of enhancing the aerobic performance of patients with weak muscles through appropriate muscle-strengthening activities&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between peak muscle torque &#40;Nm&#183;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; and V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at &#40;A&#41; the anaerobic threshold&#44; &#40;B&#41; the respiratory compensation point and &#40;C&#41; the peak oxygen intake &#40;mL&#183;kg&#183;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="TFN01t01" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values are means &#177; standard errors of mean&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; CBA&#58; central body adiposity&#59; PBA&#58; peripheral body adiposity&#59; TBA&#58; total body adiposity&#59; HA&#58; habitual activity&#59;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Control &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> nadir &#40;cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span>&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#60; 200 &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#8805; 200 &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Total &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;4&#177;2&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#46;9&#177;1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;6&#177;2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#46;6&#177;1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Body height &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;74&#177;0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&#46;69&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1&#46;73&#177;0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;71&#177;0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Body composition</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Body mass &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;1&#177;1&#46;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">1</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;6&#177;2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">74&#46;0&#177;2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;9&#177;1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BMI &#40;kg&#8901;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;4&#177;0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;8&#177;0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;8&#177;0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;8&#177;0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CBA &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#46;2&#177;5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#46;4&#177;8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;0&#177;5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PBA &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;9&#177;2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;8&#177;3&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;2&#177;2&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TBA &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;1&#177;6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">102&#46;3&#177;11&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">91&#46;2&#177;7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HA &#40;MET&#46;min&#46;week<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1797&#177;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1589&#177;229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1726&#177;188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1666&#177;144&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Immunological parameters</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span>&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">433&#177;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">588&#177;90<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">521&#177;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CD8<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> &#40;cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span>&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1083&#177;111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1086&#177;167&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1084&#177;105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> nadir &#40;cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span>&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">154&#177;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">344&#177;48<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">261&#177;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="justify" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Viral load &#40;log&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;1&#177;0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;5&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara10">Statistically significant difference between control and HIV&#47;AIDs group with CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#60;200 cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>Statistically significant difference between HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#60;200 cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span> and HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#8805;200 cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#59; Values are means &#177; standard errors of mean&#59; AT&#58; anaerobic threshold&#59; RCP&#58; respiratory compensation point&#59; V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; oxygen intake&#59; HR&#58; heart rate&#59; PHR&#58; peak heart rate&#59; RPE&#58; rating of perceived exertion&#59;</p><p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">abc Statistically significant difference between control and HIV<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> subgroups&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Individuals living with HIV&#47;AIDS</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> nadir &#40;cells&#183;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span>&#41;</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Control&#40;a&#41; &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#60; 200&#40;b&#41; &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#8805;200&#40;c&#41; &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;22&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Total &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HR &#40;bpm&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">119&#177;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120&#177;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">122&#177;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">121&#177;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">140&#177;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">141&#177;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">147&#177;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">144&#177;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PHR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">179&#177;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">178&#177;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">179&#177;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">178&#177;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RPE</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;5&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;8&#177;&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;2&#177;0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;0&#177;0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;9&#177;0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;8&#177;0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;2&#177;0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;0&#177;0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mL&#8901;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#8901;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;4&#177;0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;4&#177;0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;5&#177;0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;5&#177;0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;6&#177;0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;3&#177;1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;2&#177;0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;7&#177;0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Peak&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;2&#177;0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;6&#177;1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;9&#177;1&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;2&#177;0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;&#37; peak&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;3&#177;1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#46;3&#177;1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52&#46;3&#177;2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;4&#177;1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Individuals living with HIV&#47;AIDS</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Current CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#60;200 cells mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span> &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Peak isokinetic torque &#40;Nm&#183;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">205&#177;13 &#40;151-241&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">257&#177;8 &#40;150-349&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN05t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Peak isokinetic torque &#40;Nm&#183;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#60;230 &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;15&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#8805;230 &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;24&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TM Velocity &#40;km&#8901;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;4&#177;0&#46;2 &#40;3&#46;6-7&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;0&#177;0&#46;2 &#40;4&#46;8-7&#46;2&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN06t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;3&#177;0&#46;2 &#40;6&#46;0-8&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;3&#177;0&#46;2 &#40;6&#46;0-10&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN06t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PEAK&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;3&#177;0&#46;6 &#40;7&#46;2-15&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;4&#177;0&#46;4 &#40;9&#46;6-18&#46;0&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN06t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">HR &#40;bpm&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">122&#177;4 &#40;94-145&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">120&#177;3 &#40;94-156&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">142&#177;3 &#40;125-159&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">145&#177;3 &#40;116-178&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PHR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">174&#177;3 &#40;136-195&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">180&#177;3 &#40;161-203&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RPE</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;1&#177;0&#46;3 &#40;7&#46;0-12&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;0&#177;0&#46;2 &#40;7&#46;0-12&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;9&#177;0&#46;5 &#40;9&#46;0-15&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;0&#177;0&#46;3 &#40;9&#46;0-15&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;mL&#8901;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#8901;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;9&#177;0&#46;7 &#40;11&#46;4-20&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;3&#177;0&#46;4 &#40;15&#46;1-22&#46;5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN06t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;6&#177;0&#46;7 &#40;15&#46;4-23&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;4&#177;0&#46;7 &#40;18&#46;4-31&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN06t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Peak&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;8&#177;1&#46;2 &#40;20&#46;1-40&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#46;6&#177;0&#46;9 &#40;27&#46;7-43&#46;4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN06t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;&#37; peak&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;&#8213;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;2&#177;2&#46;7 &#40;41&#46;0-79&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&#46;9&#177;1&#46;2 &#40;40&#46;9-67&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">RCP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#46;0&#177;2&#46;9 &#40;53&#46;0-92&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;6&#177;1&#46;8 &#40;52&#46;0-87&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TM test duration &#40;min&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;0&#177;0&#46;5 &#40;4&#46;0-13&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                      "titulo" => "In treatment-na&#239;ve and antiretroviral-treated subjects with HIV&#44; reduced plasma adiponectin is associated with a reduced fractional clearance rate of VLDL&#44; IDL and LDL apolipoprotein B-100"
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Article information
ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos