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BASIC RESEARCH
Blockade of CXCR1/2 chemokine receptors protects against brain damage in ischemic stroke in mice
Larissa Fonseca da Cunha SousaI,
Corresponding author
laris.fonseca@gmail.com

Tel.: 55 31 3409-2651
, Fernanda Matos CoelhoI, David Henrique RodriguesI, Alline Cristina CamposI, Lucíola da Silva BarcelosII, Mauro Martins TeixeiraI, Milene Alvarenga RachidIII, Antonio Lúcio TeixeiraI
I Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
II Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Departamento de Fisiologia, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
III Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Departamento de Patologia Geral, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle60">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ischemic stroke may result from transient or permanent reductions of regional cerebral blood flow &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>&#41;&#46; In humans&#44; stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>&#41; and often occurs in the territory supplied by the middle cerebral artery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>&#41;&#46; Inflammatory processes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia&#44; involving the recruitment and influx of leukocytes from the circulation to the ischemic brain tissue&#46;</p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the early stages of ischemia&#44; polymorphonuclear neutrophils &#40;PMNs&#41; are the main type of infiltrating cells&#46; Several studies report the later presence of monocytes&#47;macrophages&#44; activation of resident brain cells and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines&#44; chemokines and adhesion molecules in the injured brain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a>&#41;&#46; Leukocyte infiltration&#44; especially of PMNs&#44; seems to play a deleterious role during an ischemic event in the central nervous system &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>&#41;&#46; PMNs are a potential source of radical oxygen species&#44; proteinases and cytokines that may contribute to the brain injury &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; strategies affecting the recruitment of PMNs are of great interest for controlling various inflammatory diseases&#46; Several authors have postulated that the expression of certain chemokines&#44; mainly CXC ligand 8 &#40;CXCL8&#41; in humans and CXCL1 and CXCL2 in rodents&#44; by central nervous system cells is required for PMN accumulation and activation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; human patients exhibit increased circulating levels of CXCL8 following stroke &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the last decade&#44; several studies have suggested that anti-inflammatory strategies could be of paramount importance to prevent brain damage following cerebral ischemia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#46; Indeed&#44; anti-chemokine approaches successfully conferred neuroprotection in rodent models of brain ischemia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib11">11-13</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reparixin is a chemical derivative of phenyl propionic acids that acts as noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2&#44; which bind to the chemokines CXCL1 &#40;previously known as KC&#41; and CXCL2 &#40;previously known as MIP-2&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reparixin on inflammatory and behavioral outcomes in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion &#40;MCAo&#41; in mice&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">MATERIAL AND METHODS</span><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Animals&#58;</span> Male C57BL&#47;6J mice &#40;8-10 weeks old&#47;20-25 g&#41; obtained from the Animal Care Facilities of the Institute of Biological Science &#40;ICB-UFMG&#41; were maintained in a temperature controlled room &#40;24&#177;1&#176;C&#41; under standard laboratory conditions with free access to food and water and a 12-h light&#47;12-h dark cycle &#40;lights on at 7 a&#46;m&#46;&#41;&#46; All experiment procedures were conducted in accordance with the Animal Ethics Committee &#40;CETEA-UFMG&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Drugs&#58;</span> Reparixin &#40;30 mg&#47;kg &#8211; Domp&#233; Pharma&#44; L&#39;Aquila&#44; Italy&#41;&#44; a CXCR1&#47;2 allosteric antagonist&#44; was dissolved in saline and administered subcutaneously&#46;</p><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Transient focal cerebral ischemia</span>&#58; Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride &#40;150 mg&#47;kg&#41; and xylazine &#40;10 mg&#47;kg&#41;&#46; The surgical procedure was performed on a warming mantle with all animals spontaneously breathing&#46; Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by MCAo&#44; using the method previously described for rats by Longa et al&#46;&#44; 1989 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#46; Briefly&#44; a blunted silicon tip &#40;Silon2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APS</span> Fluido&#44; Petr&#243;polis&#44; Brazil&#41; and a 5-0 nylon monofilament catalyst &#40;Silon2 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">APSC</span>&#44; Petr&#243;polis&#44; Brazil&#41; were advanced to the level of the carotid bifurcation via the internal carotid artery until light resistance was felt&#46; The monofilament was removed after 90 minutes of occlusion&#46; In the sham group&#44; the arteries were visualized but not disturbed&#46;</p><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">SHIRPA screening test&#58;</span> The primary SmithKline&#47;Harwell&#47;Imperial College&#47;Royal Hospital&#47;Phenotype Assessment &#40;SHIRPA&#41; screen consists of a wide range of tests&#44; organized into the following five functional categories&#58; neuropsychiatric state &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; spontaneous activity&#44; transfer arousal&#44; touch escape&#44; positional passivity&#44; biting&#44; fear&#44; irritability&#44; aggression&#44; vocalizations&#41;&#44; motor behavior &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; body position&#44; tremor&#44; locomotor activity&#44; pelvic elevation&#44; gait&#44; tail elevation&#44; trunk curl&#44; limb grasping&#44; wire maneuver&#44; negative geotaxis&#41;&#44; reflex and sensory function &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; startle response&#44; visual placing&#44; pinna reflex&#44; corneal reflex&#44; toe pinch&#44; righting reflex&#41;&#44; autonomic function &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; respiratory rate&#44; defecation&#44; urination&#44; palpebral closure&#44; piloerection&#44; skin color&#44; heart rate&#44; lacrimation&#44; salivation&#44; body temperature&#41; and muscle tone and strength &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; grip strength&#44; body tone&#44; limb tone&#44; abdominal tone&#41;&#46; The SHIRPA provides a basic behavioral and functional profile through the observational assessment of individual performance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>&#41;&#46; All measures were performed in a Plexiglas square arena &#40;40 cm &#215; 40 cm &#215; 30 cm&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Experimental procedures&#58;</span> The subcutaneous administration of reparixin &#40;30 mg&#47;kg&#41; was performed 60 minutes before cerebral ischemia induction &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>&#41;&#46; The animals were divided into the following three experimental groups&#58; Sham &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the group in which the arteries were visualized&#44; but there was no occlusion of the middle cerebral artery&#41;&#44; Vehicle &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the group pre-treated with the vehicle&#44; phosphate buffer solution&#44; 60 minutes before MCAo&#41; and Reparixin &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; the group pre-treated with the drug 60 minutes before MCAo&#41;&#46; To evaluate neurological signs secondary to MCAo&#44; the animals were assessed with the SHIRPA battery 24 h after reperfusion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>&#41;&#46; Immediately after behavioral testing&#44; all animals were sacrificed&#44; and the whole brain was removed for biochemical and histological analyses&#46; Neutrophil infiltration in the brain was estimated by myeloperoxidase activity test &#40;MPO&#41;&#44; and the results were expressed in relative units&#46; The concentration of IL-1&#946; was measured in brain tissue using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41;&#44; according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions &#40;Duo-Set Kits&#59; R&#38;D Systems&#44; Minneapolis&#44; MN&#41;&#46; For histological analysis&#44; a brain fragment was preserved in 10&#37; buffered formalin&#46; Sections &#40;4 &#956;m thick&#41; were subject to routine hematoxylin and eosin staining&#46; Ischemia&#47;reperfusion-induced lesions and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were analyzed qualitatively&#46;</p><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statistical analysis&#58;</span> Data are represented as the means &#177; SEM&#46; One-way ANOVA followed by the Newman-Keuls post-hoc test was used for multiple comparisons&#46; The statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">RESULTS</span><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When subjected to MCAo&#44; vehicle-treated mice exhibited higher MPO activity&#44; an index of PMN infiltration in the brain&#44; in comparison with the sham animals&#46; Reparixin significantly prevented the increase of MPO induced by MCAo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vehicle-treated animals subjected to the MCAo procedures also displayed higher brain levels of IL1-&#946; compared to sham mice&#46; Similar to the MPO results&#44; pretreatment with reparixin significantly reduced the levels of this inflammatory cytokine &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ischemia&#47;reperfusion procedure induced an extensive hemorrhagic necrosis in the brain &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3">Figures 3 A-D</a>&#41;&#46; This lesion was circumscribed by inflammatory cells&#44; mainly PMNs&#44; surrounded by degenerative tissue &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3">Figures 3 C and D</a>&#41;&#46; Corroborating the MPO and IL1-&#946; results&#44; reparixin treatment attenuated the ischemia&#47;reperfusion-induced lesions and the infiltration of inflammatory cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig3">Figures 3 E and F</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig3"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consistent with these pathological results&#44; the MCAo procedure induced motor impairment&#44; which was attenuated by pretreatment with reparixin &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig4">Figure 4</a>&#46; Other SHIRPA categories did not change after MCAo&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig4"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this work&#44; we demonstrated that the inhibition of CXCR1&#47;2 receptors by reparixin protected the brain after MCAo&#46; The blockade of CXCR1&#47;2 receptors attenuated not only the structural changes in the ischemic brain but also the corresponding behavioral consequences of the brain injury&#46;</p><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tissue damage after ischemia is mediated through several mechanisms&#44; including hypoxia and inflammatory responses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>&#41;&#46; The latter is particularly relevant in the context of reperfusion&#44; in which PMNs infiltrate ischemic&#47;reperfused organs&#44; such as the brain&#44; lung and intestine &#40;10&#44; 18&#44; 19&#41;&#46; Once in the tissue&#44; neutrophils release enzymes from their granules that may cause serious damage to the inflamed tissue&#46; The peak of PMN infiltration occurs 24 h after the ischemia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>&#41;&#59; this was the time point chosen to perform the analyses for this work&#46;</p><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Strategies against the recruitment of PMNs have been associated with protective effects in ischemia&#47;reperfusion models &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a>&#41;&#46; Considering the role of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in PMN recruitment&#44; their blockade could theoretically protect the brains of mice subjected to MCAo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#46; Reparixin is a compound that inhibits the effects of CXCL1 and CXCL2 by allosteric modulation of the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors&#46; In rats&#44; reparixin reduced brain PMN infiltration and the associated tissue damage in a cerebral ischemia&#47;reperfusion model &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#46; The administration of SB225002&#44; a CXCR2 antagonist&#44; was also associated with reduced neutrophil infiltration in the brains of rats 24 h after cerebral ischemia&#8211;reperfusion &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>&#41;&#46; Our results are in agreement with these preliminary findings in rats &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>&#41;&#46; In parallel with the decrease of PMN infiltration&#44; as assessed by the MPO assay&#44; reparixin treatment decreased tissue damage and motor compromise&#46; Therefore&#44; this study reinforces the role of PMNs in stroke physiopathology and suggests that reparixin is a promising agent for future experimental and clinical studies&#46; A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stroke pathogenesis can foster the search for candidate drugs to prevent or attenuate the deficits caused by cerebral ischemia&#46; This is of paramount importance because quality of life for stroke sufferers is largely dependent on the severity of their motor and&#47;or cognitive deficits &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Members of the IL-1 family of cytokines&#44; such as IL-1&#946;&#44; are considered major effectors of injury in stroke&#46; Inhibiting the signaling of IL-1&#945; and IL-1&#946; with an IL-1 receptor antagonist was protective in experimental models of cerebral ischemia &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>&#41;&#46; We found that reparixin-pretreated mice had lower brain levels of IL-1&#946; in conjunction with less structural and functional compromise&#46;</p><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CXCR1&#47;2 receptor blockade by reparixin pretreatment resulted in a decrease of cerebral damage&#44; as indicated by a reduction of PMN recruitment&#44; IL-1&#946; levels and motor impairment following MCAo&#46; Further studies are needed to determine if reparixin treatment after ischemia could reverse the brain injury and the associated long-lasting neurological consequences of stroke in mice&#46; The lack of discrimination of cortical <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> subcortical damage and of identification of the penumbra area in histopathological analysis must be regarded as limitations of this study and deserve further investigation&#46;</p><p id="para200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; these results support the concept that the blockade of inflammatory processes mediated by CXCL8 could be a future intervention for the improvement of the structural and behavioral consequences of human cerebrovascular diseases&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle100">AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</span><p id="para210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sousa LFC performed the surgical procedures to induce transient cerebral ischemia&#44; behavioral tests and immunological assays and drafted the first version of the manuscript&#46; Coelho FM and Rodrigues DH participated in the immunological assays and behavioral tests&#46; Campos AC and Barcelos LS contributed to the analysis and interpretation of the results&#46; Rachid MA performed the histopathological analysis&#46; Teixeira MM and Teixeira AL designed the study and were responsible for editing the manuscript&#46; All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec10"
          "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION"
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        2 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "MATERIAL AND METHODS"
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec30"
          "titulo" => "RESULTS"
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          "titulo" => "DISCUSSION"
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          "titulo" => "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS"
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          "identificador" => "xack639604"
          "titulo" => "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
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        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
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      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-09-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-11-22"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582904"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Cerebral Ischemia"
            1 => "Neutrophils"
            2 => "Reparixin"
            3 => "CXCR1&#47;CXCR2 Receptors"
          ]
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      ]
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        "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">OBJECTIVE</span><p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ischemic stroke may result from transient or permanent reductions of regional cerebral blood flow&#46; Polymorphonuclear neutrophils have been described as the earliest inflammatory cells to arrive in ischemic tissue&#46; CXCR1&#47;2 receptors are involved in the recruitment of these cells&#46; However&#44; the contribution of these chemokine receptors during transient brain ischemia in mice remains poorly understood&#46; In this work&#44; we investigated the effects of reparixin&#44; an allosteric antagonist of CXCR1&#47;2 receptors&#44; in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in mice&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">METHODS</span><p id="spara60" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">C57BL&#47;6J male mice treated with reparixin or vehicle were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion procedure 1 h after the treatment&#46; Ninety minutes after ischemia induction&#44; the monofilament that prevented blood flow was removed&#46; Twenty-four hours after the reperfusion procedure&#44; behavioral changes&#44; including motor signs&#44; were analyzed with the SmithKline&#47;Harwell&#47;Imperial College&#47;Royal Hospital&#47;Phenotype Assessment &#40;SHIRPA&#41; battery&#46; The animals were sacrificed&#44; and brain tissue was removed for histological and biochemical analyses&#46; Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin&#44; neutrophil infiltration was estimated by myeloperoxidase activity and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1&#946; was measured by ELISA&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS</span><p id="spara70" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pre-treatment with reparixin reduced the motor deficits observed in this model of ischemia and reperfusion&#46; Myeloperoxidase activity and IL-1&#946; were reduced in the reparixin-treated group&#46; Histological analysis revealed that ischemic injury was also attenuated by reparixin pre-treatment&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">CONCLUSIONS</span><p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our results suggest that the blockade of the CXCR1&#47;2 receptors by reparixin promotes neuroprotective effects by reducing the levels of polymorphonuclear infiltration in the brain and the tissue damage associated with middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara10">No potential conflict of interest was reported&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reparixin reduces neutrophil activity in the brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion&#47;reperfusion &#40;MCAo&#41; in mice&#46; The figure shows myeloperoxidase &#40;MPO&#41; activity in mice not subjected to MCAo &#40;Sham&#41; or subjected to MCAo with pre-administration of vehicle &#40;Vehicle&#41; or reparixin &#40;30 mg&#47;kg&#44; s&#46;c&#46;&#41; 60 minutes before MCAo procedures&#46; The results are expressed as the means &#177; SEM &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;6&#41;&#46; &#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 compared to Sham group&#46; &#35; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 compared to vehicle&#46; &#40;ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls posthoc test&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reparixin reduces the levels of IL-1&#946; in the brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion&#47;reperfusion &#40;MCAo&#41; in mice&#46; Bars represent levels of IL-1&#946; &#40;pg&#47;100 mg&#41; measured by ELISA in the brain tissues of mice subjected or not &#40;SHAM&#41; to MCAo and pretreated with vehicle or reparixin &#40;30 mg&#47;kg&#44; s&#46;c&#46;&#41;&#46; The results are expressed as the means &#177; SEM &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;6&#41;&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 compared to Sham group&#46; &#35; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;01 compared to Vehicle&#46; &#40;ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls posthoc test&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Histopathological analysis of cerebral sections of sham &#40;A-B&#41;&#44; ischemia&#47;reperfusion &#40;C-D&#41; and reparixin-treated mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion&#47;reperfusion &#40;E-F&#41;&#46; Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections&#46; Cerebral cortex of sham mice showing normal tissue <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;A&#41;</span> and healthy neural cells <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;B&#41;</span>&#46; Cerebral section of an ischemia&#47;reperfusion mouse exhibits large hemorrhagic necrosis <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;C&#41;</span>&#46; Note the inflammatory cells and vacuolated tissue around the infarct area <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;D&#41;</span>&#46; Reparixin-treated animals present focal infarct surrounded by ischemic neural cells &#40;asterisks&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;E&#41;</span>&#46; The dotted line delineates dark and shrunken neural cells &#40;left&#41; from normal neural cells &#40;right&#41; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#40;F&#41;</span>&#46; Original magnifications&#58; A&#44; C and E&#58; x200&#46; B&#44; D and F&#58; x400&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Reparixin prevents motor impairment after middle cerebral artery occlusion&#47;reperfusion &#40;MCAo&#41; in mice&#46; Bars indicate levels of motor deficits as assessed by SHIRPA in mice subjected or not to MCAo &#40;Sham&#41; or subjected to MCAo pretreated with vehicle or reparixin &#40;30 mg&#47;kg&#44; s&#46;c&#46;&#41;&#46; The results are expressed as the means &#177; SEM &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;6&#41;&#46; &#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05 compared to Sham group&#59; ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls post-test&#46; &#40;ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls posthoc test&#41;&#46;</p>"
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es en pt

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