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CLINICAL SCIENCE
PROP1 and CTNNB1 expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas with or without β-catenin mutations
Carolina M.G. CaniI,
Corresponding author
carolinacani@gmail.com

Tel.: 55 11 2661-7512
, Hamilton MatushitaII, Luciani R.S. CarvalhoI, Ibere C. SoaresIII, Luciana P. BritoI, Madson Q. AlmeidaI, Berenice B. MendonçaI
I Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, São Paulo, SP/Brazil.
II Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo, SP/Brazil.
III Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Divisão de Anatomia Patológica, Laboratório de Patologia Hepática/LIM14, São Paulo, SP/Brazil.
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          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> gene expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas with or without somatic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutations&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Craniopharyngiomas are rare intra&#47;suprasellar neoplasms that account for 10&#37; of all pediatric intracranial tumors&#46; During childhood&#44; they are the most common lesions involving the hypothalamo-pituitary regions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a> Craniopharyngiomas are histologically benign and can be categorized into two primary subtypes with different histopathological features&#58; adamantinomatous and papillary&#46; The former is thought to arise from squamous cell rests of the craniopharyngeal duct&#44; which is a canal that connects the stomodeal ectoderm with Rathke&#39;s pouch&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib2">2&#44;3</a> and the latter subtype results from metaplasia of the adenohypophyseal cells in the pituitary gland&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a> The adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma is the most common histological type and occurs at all ages&#44; but it predominantly affects individuals in the first two decades of life&#46; Conversely&#44; papillary craniopharyngiomas have been almost exclusively described in adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a></p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas is poorly understood&#46; To date&#44; mutations in the &#946;-catenin gene have been identified only in the adamantinomatous subtype and at a variable frequency&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib6">6&#8211;9</a> The &#946;-catenin protein is encoded by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> gene&#46; The association of &#946;-catenin with cadherin adhesion molecules at the plasma membrane provides a link between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton&#44; which is essential for strong cell-cell adhesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a> Furthermore&#44; &#946;-catenin is a key mediator of the canonical WNT signaling pathway&#44; which is involved in the control of stem cell pluripotency&#44; cell proliferation&#44; differentiation and migration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> &#946;-catenin is regulated by a multiprotein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli &#40;APC&#41;&#44; the scaffold proteins Axin and Axin2 and the phosphokinases glycogen synthase kinase-3&#946; &#40;GSK-3&#946;&#41; and casein kinase 1&#46; When WNT signaling is inactive&#44; &#946;-catenin is phosphorylated within the multiprotein complex&#59; this phosphorylation results in its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> However&#44; WNT activation inhibits GSK-3&#946;&#44; and &#946;-catenin is then able to avoid degradation and accumulate in the cytoplasm&#46; It is then translocated into the nucleus where it binds to the transcription factor T cell factor &#40;TCF&#41;&#47;lymphoid enhancer factor &#40;LEF&#41; and thereby regulates gene expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> The GSK-3&#946;-binding domain of &#946;-catenin corresponds to its degradation targeting box and is encoded by exon 3 of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1&#46;</span> Activating mutations within this region&#44; which have been described for the adamantinomatous subtype but not the papillary subtype&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib6">6&#8211;9</a> promote &#946;-catenin accumulation through the inhibition of its degradation and lead to WNT signaling activation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a></p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently&#44; the interaction between &#946;-catenin and PROP1 was described as a new mechanism for the &#946;-catenin-dependent regulation of pituitary cell lineage determination in response to WNT signaling&#46; According to this model&#44; the PROP1&#47;&#946;-catenin protein complex would act as a binary switch to simultaneously repress the transcription factor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HESX1</span> and activate the expression of the transcription factor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PIT1&#46;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a> Interestingly&#44; both factors are involved in pituitary cell proliferation and differentiation&#46;</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PROP1 is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor that is essential for pituitary development and function due to its regulation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PIT1</span> expression&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a> which is essential for the terminal differentiation and expansion of somatotropes&#44; lactotropes and thyrotropes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a> PROP1 is encoded by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1&#44;</span> a homeobox gene with 3 exons&#46; The homeodomain is characterized by three helices&#44; the third of which is essential for target gene DNA recognition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a> PROP1 can bind to DNA via the carboxy-terminus to activate target genes or via the amino-terminus and the homeodomain to repress target genes&#46; These results suggest that PROP1 can act as both a transcriptional activator and repressor&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib16">16&#44;19</a></p><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with loss-of-function mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> present with combined pituitary hormonal deficiencies that are generally associated with pituitary enlargement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib20">20&#8211;25</a> Magnetic resonance imaging of the sellar regions of these patients can demonstrate a T1 hyperintense signal that resembles craniopharyngioma-like tumors&#46;</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;GSU-Prop1</span> transgenic mice&#44; persistent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prop1</span> expression may result in increased cellular proliferation&#44; which would enhance the probability of a tumor-initiating mutation&#46; In fact&#44; these mice exhibit defects consistent with the dysregulation of pituitary cell proliferation&#44; such as adenomatous hyperplasia with the formation of Rathke&#39;s cleft cysts and tumors&#46; The phenotype of these mice suggests that dysregulation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression in humans may contribute to the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a></p><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Morbidity and mortality frequently result from the aggressive nature of craniopharyngiomas as well as their treatment&#44; which lead to significant medical and social problems&#46; Therefore&#44; it is critically important to better elucidate the pathogenesis of this tumor&#46; Thus&#44; the aim of this study was to analyze <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and correlate these findings with the presence of somatic mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB</span>1&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">Subjects</span><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#44; and informed written consent was obtained from all of the patients&#39; parents&#46; We analyzed 14 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas that were obtained during the surgical resections of children and adolescents &#40;five males and nine females&#41;&#46; The age of these patients ranged from 1&#46;58 to 21&#46;58 years &#40;mean 10 years&#41;&#46; The phenotype of these patients was very similar&#46; Most patients presented with headaches&#44; visual deficiencies&#44; hypopituitarism and large tumors&#44; and most patients required two or more surgical procedures for the relief of their neurological symptoms&#46; All samples were used for cDNA sequencing&#46; However&#44; two of the 14 tumor samples were excluded from the expression analysis due to their poor RNA quality&#46; &#946;-catenin immunohistochemistry was performed on ten samples&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle100">RNA extraction and reverse transcription</span><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total RNA was extracted from fresh-frozen tissues&#44; which had been preserved in RNA<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">later</span>&#174; &#40;Ambion&#44; Austin&#44; TX USA&#41; at -20&#176;C using the TRIzol&#174; reagent &#40;Invitrogen&#44; Carlsbad&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The elapsed time between tissue isolation and RNA extraction was approximately one to two weeks&#46; The integrity of the extracted RNA was evaluated on a 1&#37; agarose gel&#44; and the concentrations were determined using a spectrophotometer &#40;Eppendorf Biophotometer&#44; Hamburg&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; The cDNA samples were obtained from a reverse transcription reaction performed on the same day as RNA extraction and were stored at -20&#176;C&#46; The cDNA was synthesized from 1&#46;25 &#956;g of total RNA in a final volume of 50 &#956;L&#44; and a final concentration of 25 ng&#47;&#956;L was obtained using the high-capacity cDNA archive kit &#40;Applied Biosystems&#44; Foster City&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The reverse transcription reaction was performed at 25&#176;C for 10 minutes and was followed by a cycle at 37&#176;C for 120 minutes&#46; Next&#44; the remaining RNA was stored at -80&#176;C&#46; The molecular analyses were most often conducted within two weeks of cDNA synthesis&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle110">PCR</span><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exon 3 of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> &#40;ENSG00000168036&#41; was amplified using the primers sense 5&#8242;-GATTTGATGGAGTTGGACATGG-3&#8242; and antisense 5&#8242;-TGTTCTTGAGTGAAGGACTGAG-3&#8242;&#46; The PCR reaction setup was as follows&#46; cDNA &#40;25 ng&#41; from each tumor sample was added to a 25-&#956;L reaction mixture containing 5x PCR buffer &#40;50 mM KCL&#44; 1&#46;5 mM MgCl<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and 10 mM Tris-HCL pH 9&#46;0&#41;&#44; 200 &#956;mol of dNTPs&#44; 20 pmol of each primer and 1&#46;5 U of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GoTaq</span>&#174; DNA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Polymerase</span> &#40;Promega&#44; Madison&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The PCR reaction mixture was then denatured for 5 minutes at 94&#176;C&#44; cycled 35 times &#40;94&#176;C for 45 sec&#44; 65&#176;C for 45 sec and 72&#176;C for 60 sec&#41; and incubated at 72&#176;C for 10 minutes for a final extension&#46; The PCR reaction yielded a fragment of 218 bp&#46; Each of the amplified fragments was examined using 1&#46;5&#37; agarose gel electrophoresis&#44; stained by ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light&#46; The PCR products were pretreated with an enzymatic combination of exonuclease I and shrimp alkaline phosphatase &#40;United Stated Biochemical Corp&#46;&#44; Cleveland&#44; OH&#44; USA&#41; and were directly sequenced using the BigDye terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit &#40;PE Applied Biosystems&#44; Foster City&#44; CA&#41; and an ABI PRISM 3100 automatic sequencer &#40;Perkin-Elmer Corp&#46;&#44; Waltham&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec60" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle120">Quantitative real-time RT-PCR</span><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1&#44; PIT1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR from 12 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas using the ABI Prism 7000 sequence detection system &#40;Applied Biosystems&#44; Foster City&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; TaqMan&#174; gene expression assays were used to quantify gene expression &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> - Hs00196604&#95;m1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PIT1 -</span> Hs00230821&#95;m1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> - Hs00355045&#95;m1&#41;&#46; The amplification reactions were performed in triplicate using 12&#46;5 &#956;L of TaqMan&#174; universal PCR master mix &#40;Applied Biosystems&#41;&#44; 2 &#956;L of cDNA &#40;25 ng&#47;&#956;L&#41; and 1&#46;25 &#956;L of TaqMan&#174; gene expression assay solution in a final volume of 25 &#956;L&#46; The geNorm software was used to identify the most adequate internal control gene for the normalization of target gene expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib27">27</a> The three most stably expressed housekeeping genes in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PGK1</span> &#40;phosphoglyceratekinase 1 - 4326318E&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PPIA</span> &#40;cyclophilin A - 4326316E&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HPRT1</span> &#40;hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 - 4326321E&#41;&#46; The geometric mean of the expression of these three genes was used as the internal control gene value&#46; A pooled sample of normal pituitary tissue from 39 adult patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Human Pituitary Gland Poly A<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span> RNA</span>&#44; Clontech&#44; Palo Alto&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41; was used as a reference for relative quantification using the 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-&#916;&#916;CT</span> method&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib28">28</a> A no template control &#40;NTC&#41; sample was used in each amplification plate to exclude the possibility of contamination&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PIT1</span> expression was also evaluated to exclude the presence of normal pituitary gene expression in the craniopharyngioma samples&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PIT1</span> is a transcription factor that is a member of the POU domain family&#44; which is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of the somatotrope&#44; lactotrope and thyrotrope pituitary lineages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib29">29</a> Samples were considered as overexpressed when they demonstrated a two-fold or greater expression change over the normal pooled pituitary samples&#46; Undetectable expression was defined as a C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> value greater than 34 due to high variability and poor precision of the relative quantification from the tumor samples above this C<span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> value&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec70" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle130">Immunohistochemistry</span><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on 3-&#956;m paraffin sections that were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated through a series of ethanol treatments&#46; Antigen retrieval was accomplished by incubating the sections in 10 mM sodium citrate pH 6&#46;0 and heating them with a steamer&#46; To block endogenous peroxidase activity&#44; sections were immersed for 30 minutes in a 6&#37; hydrogen peroxide solution diluted in methanol &#40;v&#47;v&#41; and were then washed with phosphate buffer &#40;10 mM phosphate buffered saline &#40;PBS&#41; pH 7&#46;4&#41;&#46; Proteins were blocked using CAS-Block &#40;Zymed&#41;&#46; For the detection of &#946;-catenin&#44; monoclonal antibody &#40;clone 14&#44; BD&#41; was used at a 1&#58;800 dilution&#44; and the stained cells were incubated at 37&#176;C for 30 minutes and then at 4&#176;C overnight&#46; The final visualization was carried out by chromogenic detection using a solution of PBS containing 0&#46;1&#37; diaminobenzidine&#44; 0&#46;06&#37; H2O2 and 1&#37; dimethyl sulfoxide&#46; The sections were immersed in this solution for 5 minutes at 37&#176;C&#46; Counterstaining was performed using Harris hematoxylin&#46; A known positive control was included&#44; and sections that were incubated with PBS instead of the primary antibody served as negative controls&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec80" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle140">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 16&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41;&#46; Categorical variables were compared using Fisher&#39;s exact test&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> values &#60;0&#46;05 were considered significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec90" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle150">RESULTS</span><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heterozygous missense mutations in exon 3 of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> were found in 9 of the 14 adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas within codons 32&#44; 33&#44; 37 and 41&#44; which affect the target region of GSK-3&#946; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; All but two of these mutations have been previously described in craniopharyngiomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib6">6&#8211;9</a> One of these novel mutations was the result of an amino acid substitution of aspartic acid&#44; a hydrophilic amino acid&#44; for valine&#44; a hydrophobic amino acid&#44; at codon 32&#46; The other novel mutation was a serine to proline replacement at residue 37&#59; both of these amino acids are classified as polar and uncharged&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> overexpression was found in five of the seven samples with &#946;-catenin mutations &#40;tumor samples 3&#44; 5&#44; 9&#44; 11&#44; and 14&#41;&#44; and this expression was found to be between 2&#46;5- and 6&#46;2-fold greater in these samples than in those from the normal pituitary&#46; Of the five samples without &#946;-catenin mutations&#44; two were found to have upregulated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> expression &#40;fold change of 4&#46;6 and 3&#46;6 for samples 4 and 13&#44; respectively&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; this difference did not reach statistical significance &#40;p &#61; 0&#46;558&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> mRNA levels were undetectable in 10 of 12 samples&#46; Two of these samples showed both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PIT1</span> expression&#44; which indicated contamination from normal pituitary tissue&#46; Therefore&#44; these samples were discarded from the analysis&#46;</p><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemical staining for &#946;-catenin expression showed a nuclear staining pattern &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>&#41; in all the analyzed samples&#44; and this same result was also observed for those samples without <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle160">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Craniopharyngiomas are the most common lesions of the hypothalamo-pituitary region in the child population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a> Despite their benign histological appearance&#44; the aggressive behavior and the invasiveness of these tumors into pituitary and parasellar structures&#44; such as the optic nerve and the hypothalamus&#44; can result in significant neurological sequelae and consequently may impair the quality of life&#46;</p><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mutations in exon 3 of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB&#44;</span> which encodes the GSK-3&#946; binding domain of &#946;-catenin&#44; have been previously shown to occur in 16&#37; to 100&#37; of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib6">6&#8211;9</a> In our cohort&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutations were identified in 64&#37; of the adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46; These mutations were found at codon 32 &#40;n &#61; 3&#41;&#44; which flanks the phosphorylation site of GSK-3&#946;&#44; as well as codons 33 &#40;n &#61; 1&#41;&#44; 37 &#40;n &#61; 3&#41; and 41 &#40;n &#61; 2&#41;&#44; which affect the serine&#47;threonine residues of &#946;-catenin that are the target of GSK-3&#946;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a> Recently&#44; mutations in these codons were shown to be responsible for increased &#946;-catenin target gene activation&#44; and this increase was represented by elevated mRNA levels of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Axin2</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMP4</span> in craniopharyngioma cells with nuclear &#946;-catenin accumulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Axin2</span> is a well-recognized inhibitor and target gene of &#946;-catenin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib31">31</a>&#44; whereas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMP4</span> plays a crucial role in tooth development and enhances cell proliferation in tumors with &#946;-catenin accumulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib32">32&#44;33</a></p><p id="para200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; 71&#37; of the tumors &#40;five out of seven&#41; with &#946;-catenin somatic mutations were shown to overexpress <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span>&#44; and this result was also observed in 40&#37; of the tumor samples without &#946;-catenin mutations &#40;two out of five&#41;&#46; Each of the ten samples &#40;seven with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutations&#41; submitted for immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated nuclear &#946;-catenin staining &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#41;&#44; whereas two out of the three non-mutated samples showed both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> overexpression and nuclear &#946;-catenin staining&#46; These results suggested that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> overexpression&#44; which leads to WNT signaling activation&#44; plays a key role in the tumorigenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas regardless of the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutations&#46;</p><p id="para210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas that do not have mutations in or display the overexpression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> remains to be determined&#46; To investigate other pathways that are likely involved in this process&#44; we performed a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression analysis&#46; This gene was chosen based on the fact that &#946;-catenin&#44; which is the only protein shown thus far to be involved in this pathogenesis&#44; interacts with PROP1 to control pituitary cell lineage determination<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>&#44; as well as the fact that transgenic mice engineered to exhibit persistent expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prop1</span> demonstrate both defects in the control of cellular proliferation and an increased susceptibility to pituitary tumors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a> Moreover&#44; patients with loss-of-function <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> mutations can present with pituitary enlargement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib20">20&#8211;25</a> Thus&#44; we investigated whether <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> dysregulation could contribute to the tumorigenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46; However&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression was undetectable in all the samples&#44; which indicated that expression of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> gene most likely does not affect adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma pathogenesis&#46;</p><p id="para220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> overexpression was found in the majority of the adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas studied&#46; Our findings also suggest that WNT signaling activation via &#946;-catenin upregulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas regardless of the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutations&#46; Additionally&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> dysregulation was not likely involved in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas in this cohort of patients&#46; However&#44; this study was the first to analyze <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression in this type of tumor&#44; and further studies are necessary to confirm the lack of a role for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> in this tumorigenesis&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION"
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          "titulo" => "MATERIALS AND METHODS"
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              "titulo" => "RNA extraction and reverse transcription"
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              "titulo" => "PCR"
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              "titulo" => "Quantitative real-time RT-PCR"
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              "titulo" => "Immunohistochemistry"
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            5 => array:2 [
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              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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        3 => array:2 [
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          "titulo" => "RESULTS"
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          "titulo" => "DISCUSSION"
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          "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-06-06"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-07-07"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Sellar tumor"
            1 => "Real-time PCR"
            2 => "WNT pathway"
            3 => "Gene expression"
            4 => "Pituitary"
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    "resumen" => array:1 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">INTRODUCTION&#58;</span><p id="spara60" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Activating mutations in exon 3 of the &#946;-catenin gene are involved in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46; Recently&#44; the interaction between &#946;-catenin and PROP1 has been shown to be responsible for pituitary cell lineage determination&#46; We hypothesized that dysregulated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression could also be involved in the pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">OBJECTIVES&#58;</span><p id="spara70" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine whether dysregulated gene expression was responsible for tumor pathogenesis in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#44; the &#946;-catenin gene was screened for mutations&#44; and the expression of the &#946;-catenin gene and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> was evaluated&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">METHODS&#58;</span><p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The &#946;-catenin gene was amplified and sequenced from 14 samples of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> and &#946;-catenin gene expression was assessed by real-time RT-PCR from 12 samples&#44; and &#946;-catenin immunohistochemistry was performed on 11 samples&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">RESULTS&#58;</span><p id="spara90" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mutations in the &#946;-catenin gene were identified in 64&#37; of the adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas samples&#46; Evidence of &#946;-catenin gene overexpression was found in 71&#37; of the tumors with &#946;-catenin mutations and in 40&#37; of the tumors without mutations&#44; and &#946;-catenin immunohistochemistry revealed a nuclear staining pattern for each of the analyzed samples&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression was undetectable in all of the tumor samples&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle50">CONCLUSION&#58;</span><p id="spara100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We found evidence of &#946;-catenin gene overexpression in the majority of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#44; and we also detected a nuclear &#946;-catenin staining pattern regardless of the presence of a &#946;-catenin gene mutation&#46; These results suggest that WNT signaling activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46; Additionally&#44; this study was the first to evaluate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#44; and the absence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PROP1</span> expression indicates that this gene is not involved in the pathogenesis of this tumor&#44; at least in this cohort&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION&#58;"
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            "titulo" => "METHODS&#58;"
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            "titulo" => "RESULTS&#58;"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara10">No potential conflict of interest was reported&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara20">Cani CMG is the first author who wrote the paper and was responsible for the collection of the craniopharyngioma samples&#44; application of the methodology&#44; and analysis of the results&#46; Matushita H was the neurosurgeon responsible for collecting the adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma samples during the therapeutic surgery&#46; Carvalho LRS&#44; Brito LP&#44; and Almeida MQ developed the methodology&#46; Soares IC performed the immunohistochemistry&#46; Mendon&#231;a BB supervised the study and instructed the group&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> gene expression in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas with or without somatic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutations&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#946;-catenin immunohistochemical staining showing the nuclear staining pattern&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Coding DNA sequence change&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Amino acid change&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;122C&#62;T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Thr41Ile&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;110C&#62;T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Ser37Phe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">10&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;109T&#62;C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Ser37Pro<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tfn1">1</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;94G&#62;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Asp32Phe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">M&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;122C&#62;T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Thr41Ile&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">13&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;98C&#62;T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Ser33Phe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">17&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;94G&#62;A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Asp32Phe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">14&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">c&#46;98C&#62;G&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">p&#46;Ser33Cys&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">11&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not found&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">F&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">c&#46;95A&#62;T&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&#46;Asp32Val<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tfn1">1</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tfn1"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara30">Mutations not previously described in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Somatic mutations in exon 3 of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> in patients with adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl2"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuclear staining was classified as follows&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#43;</span>&#44; staining in a maximum of 10&#37; of the cells&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#43;&#43;</span>&#44; staining in 10&#37; to 50&#37; of the cells&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#43;&#43;&#43;</span>&#44; staining in more than 50&#37; of the cells&#46; Expression is represented by the fold change compared to the normal pituitary pool&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Nuclear staining&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> mutation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> expression &#40;fold number&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">0&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">4&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">3&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">3&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">&#43;&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Immunohistochemical staining for &#946;-catenin expression&#44; the mutational analysis and the expression of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CTNNB1</span> in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas&#46;</p>"
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      ]
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cebibsec10"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:33 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The descriptive epidemiology of craniopharyngioma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              GR Bunin \n
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                              """
                            1 => """
                              TS Surawicz \n
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                              """
                            2 => """
                              PA Witman \n
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                              """
                            3 => """
                              S Preston-Martin \n
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                              """
                            4 => """
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                              """
                            5 => """
                              JM Bruner \n
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                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.3171/jns.1998.89.4.0547"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurosurg"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "89"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9761047"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Craniopharyngiomas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
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                  "host" => array:2 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1210/er.2006-0002"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Endocr Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "371"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543382"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1210/er.2006-0002"
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "10&#46;1210&#47;er&#46;2006-0002"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Squamous cell nests of the pituitary gland as related to the origin of craniopharyngiomas&#46; A study of their presence in the newborn and infants up to age four"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => """
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                              """
                            1 => """
                              DE Eshbaugh \n
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                              """
                          ]
                        ]
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                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Pathol"
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
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            3 => array:3 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                            2 => """
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                              """
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/BF00666218"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6299000"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/BF00666218"
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "10&#46;1007&#47;BF00666218"
                      ]
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                ]
              ]
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            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => """
                              TE Adamson \n
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                              """
                            1 => """
                              OD Wiestler \n
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                              """
                            2 => """
                              P Kleihues \n
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                              """
                            3 => """
                              MG Yasargil \n
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                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3171/jns.1990.73.1.0012"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurosurg"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2352012"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Craniopharyngiomas of adamantinomatous type harbor beta-catenin gene mutations"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              S Sekine \n
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                            1 => """
                              T Shibata \n
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                              A Kokubu \n
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                              """
                            3 => """
                              Y Morishita \n
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                              """
                            4 => """
                              M Noguchi \n
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                              """
                            5 => """
                              Y Nakanishi \n
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                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64477-x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                        ]
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                  ]
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            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Possible linkage between specific histological structures and aberrant reactivation of the Wnt pathway in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              K Kato \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              Y Nakatani \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              H Kanno \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              Y Inayama \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              R Ijiri \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              N Nagahara \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/path.1562"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pathol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "203"
                        "paginaInicial" => "814"
                        "paginaFinal" => "821"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221941"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Common mutations of beta-catenin in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas but not in other tumours originating from the sellar region"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              R Buslei \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              M Nolde \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              B Hofmann \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              S Meissner \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              IY Eyupoglu \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              F Siebzehnrubl \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00401-005-1004-x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Neuropathol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "109"
                        "paginaInicial" => "589"
                        "paginaFinal" => "597"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15891929"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00401-005-1004-x"
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "10&#46;1007&#47;s00401-005-1004-x"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Beta-catenin mutations in craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              E Oikonomou \n
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                              """
                            1 => """
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                              """
                            2 => """
                              B Soares \n
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                              """
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                              """
                            4 => """
                              M Buchfelder \n
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                              """
                            5 => """
                              EF Adams \n
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                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:2 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11060-004-5232-z"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurooncol"
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                        "volumen" => "73"
                        "paginaInicial" => "205"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980970"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                    1 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11060-004-5232-z"
                      "WWW" => array:1 [
                        "link" => "10&#46;1007&#47;s11060-004-5232-z"
                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
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