Letters to the Editor
A forgotten but important risk factor for severe hyponatremia: myxedema coma
Ayse KargiliI, Faruk Hilmi TurgutII, Feridun KarakurtI, Benan KasapogluIII, Mehmet KanbayII, Ali AkcayII
I Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical School, Fatih University - Ankara, Turkey
II Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical School, Fatih University - Ankara, Turkey
III Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical School, Fatih University - Ankara, Turkey., Tel.: + 90-0312-4829166 or 2126262,
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"https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222024607?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/0000006500000004/v1_202212011714/S1807593222024607/v1_202212011714/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letters to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "A forgotten but important risk factor for severe hyponatremia: myxedema coma" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "447" "paginaFinal" => "448" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Ayse Kargili, Faruk Hilmi Turgut, Feridun Karakurt, Benan Kasapoglu, Mehmet Kanbay, Ali Akcay" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ayse" "apellidos" => "Kargili" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>" "identificador" => "afI-cln_65p447" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Faruk Hilmi" "apellidos" => "Turgut" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">II</span>" "identificador" => "afII-cln_65p447" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Feridun" "apellidos" => "Karakurt" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>" "identificador" => "afI-cln_65p447" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Benan" "apellidos" => "Kasapoglu" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "benankasapoglu@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">III</span>" "identificador" => "afIII-cln_65p447" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mehmet" "apellidos" => "Kanbay" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">II</span>" "identificador" => "afII-cln_65p447" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ali" "apellidos" => "Akcay" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">II</span>" "identificador" => "afII-cln_65p447" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical School, Fatih University - Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "afI-cln_65p447" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medical School, Fatih University - Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "afII-cln_65p447" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical School, Fatih University - Ankara, Turkey., Tel.: + 90-0312-4829166 or 2126262," "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "afIII-cln_65p447" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalent endocrine diseases. It can lead to a variety of clinical situations, including congestive heart failure, ileus, hypothermia, electrolyte disturbances and coma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a> Hyponatremia, on the other hand, is the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered in clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a> Herein, we report a case of myxedema coma with severe hyponatremia.</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">CASE HISTORY</span><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 78-year-old male was admitted to the emergency department for confusion. He had had a cerebrovascular event five years ago and had been using anti-hypertensive medication since then. His medications included acetylsalicylic acid 300 mg/day and lacidipine 4 mg/day. On physical examination, the patient was comatose and had a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg, heart rate of 52 beats/min, respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min and temperature of 35.5 °C. Systemic examination revealed coarse skin, hypoactive bowel sounds, decreased breath sounds and nonpitting pretibial edema. His laboratory findings were as follows: hemoglobin 11.6 g/dL, WBC 7400/mL, glucose 94 mg/dL, urea 30 mg/dL, creatinine 0.5 mg/dL, calcium 8.4 mg/dL, sodium 106 mmol/L, potassium 4.27 mmol/L, CRP 13.6 mg/L, TSH 61.24 uIU/mL, and T4 <0.3 pmol/L. After the patient was diagnosed with severe hyponatremia, his medications were reevaluated; however, no anti-depressants, diuretics or other medications that can cause hyponatremia were reported. The patient’s urine osmolarity was 280 mOsm/kg, and the urine sodium level was 96.02 mmol/L. A random cortisol level was detected as 17.6 ug/dL (reference range: 5–25 ug/dL). Arterial blood gas testing revealed a hypercarbia with pCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> of 66.2 mmHg and pH of 7.33. No signs of an acute cerebrovascular event or cerebral edema were detected in brain computed tomography. Myxedema coma was diagnosed, and L-thyroxine sodium 500 μg was administered once orally and continued at a dose of 100 μg/day by nasogastric tube. Isotonic saline was started at a rate of 100 mL/h. Hyponatremia recovered gradually with isotonic saline infusion and L-thyroxine therapy. On the fifth day of her hospitalization, the control serum sodium level was 134 mmol/L; the patient’s mental state was markedly improved, and the patient was discharged.</p></span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Myxedema coma is an uncommon but potentially lethal condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a> It usually occurs in older patients with long-standing hypothyroidism. Classic manifestations of hypothyroidism include extreme bradycardia, hypotension and delayed relaxation of deep tendon reflexes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a> Myxedema coma was diagnosed in this case based on clinical and laboratory signs including altered mental status, decreased body temperature, very high TSH and low free T4.</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hyponatremia is frequently observed in hospitalized patients. It needs to be treated effectively, and the rate of correction should be adapted to the clinical situation. In our case, the serum sodium level increased gradually with L-thyroxine therapy and isotonic saline infusion. We believe that the coma was associated with both hyponatremia and hypothyroidism in this patient. Although hypothyroidism is known to be a cause of hyponatremia, Kilpatrick et al. failed to identify a definite association between hypothyroidism and hyponatremia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib4">4,5</a> Moreover, a case of life-threatening hyponatremia due to cessation of L-thyroxine treatment has been reported elsewhere.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a> Because there was no etiological factor for hyponatremia apart from hypothyroidism in this case, we consider that the hypothyroidism caused this manifestation of hyponatremia.</p><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correct management of hyponatremia is extremely critical, not only in preventing complications but also in avoiding harm to the patient. A 4- to 6-mmol/L increase in serum sodium concentration corrects many neurological symptoms in the most seriously ill patients. Nevertheless, overcorrection of hyponatremia increases the risks of iatrogenic brain damage. In a recent review, the suggested therapeutic goals for correction rates are 6–8 mmol/L in 24 hours, 12–14 mmol/L in 48 hours, and 14–16 mmol/L in 72 hours.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a></p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, severe hyponatremia can be a life-threatening problem in clinical contexts and should be carefully managed. In light of this case, physicians should include hypothyroidism in the differential diagnosis of every patient with hyponatremia.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "CASE HISTORY" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hypothyroidism" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ CG Roberts \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ PW Ladenson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15696-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "363" "paginaInicial" => "793" "paginaFinal" => "803" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016491" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hyponatremia: a prospective analysis of its epidemiology and the pathogenetic role of vasopressin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ RJ Anderson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ H-M Chung \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ R Kluge \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ RW Schrier \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.7326/0003-4819-102-2-164" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med" "fecha" => "1985" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "164" "paginaFinal" => "168" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3966753" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Myxedema coma: diagnosis and treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ CR Wall \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am Fam Physician" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "62" "paginaInicial" => "2485" "paginaFinal" => "2490" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11130234" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hyponatraemia for the clinical endocrinologist" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ RM Reynolds \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ JR Seckl \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02318.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "63" "paginaInicial" => "366" "paginaFinal" => "374" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181228" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Disorders of sodium balance: hypothyroidism and hyponatraemia: an old wives’ tale?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ ES Kilpatrick \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.332.7545.854" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMJ" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "332" "paginaInicial" => "854" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601062" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Life-threatening hyponatremia due to cessation of Lthyroxine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ R Sari \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ A Sevinc \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Natl Med Assoc" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "95" "paginaInicial" => "991" "paginaFinal" => "994" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14620714" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib7" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The treatment of hyponatremia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => """ RH Sterns \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ SU Nigwekar \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ JK Hix \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.002" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Semin Nephrol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "282" "paginaFinal" => "299" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19523575" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18075932/0000006500000004/v1_202212011714/S1807593222024619/v1_202212011714/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18075932/0000006500000004/v1_202212011714/S1807593222024619/v1_202212011714/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222024619?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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