Technical Note
Three-Dimensional Rotational Angiography in Murine Models: A Technical Note
Rogelio Iván Ortiz-VelázquezI,II,III,
, José Guilherme Mendes Pereira CaldasII, Bruno Carmello Rocha LoboI, Jorge Arturo Santos-FrancoIII, Rodrigo Mercado-PimentelIII, Rogelio RevueltaIII
Corresponding author
I Instituto de Neurocirurgia da Amazônia Ocidental (INAO) - Porto Velho/RO, Brazil
II Interventional Neuroradiology, Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
III Instituto Nacional de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia - México.
Read
541
Timeswas read the article
223
Total PDF
318
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:23 [ "pii" => "S1807593222025169" "issn" => "18075932" "doi" => "10.1590/S1807-59322009001200017" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-12-01" "aid" => "20222516" "copyright" => "CLINICS" "copyrightAnyo" => "2009" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Clinics. 2009;64:1234-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1807593222025157" "issn" => "18075932" "doi" => "10.1590/S1807-59322009001200016" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-12-01" "aid" => "20222515" "copyright" => "CLINICS" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" "subdocumento" => "cor" "cita" => "Clinics. 2009;64:1231-3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "Multiple Perforations along the Transverse Colon as a Rare Presentation of Intestinal Behcet’s Disease: A Case Report" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1231" "paginaFinal" => "1233" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f1-cln64_12p1231" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 724 "Ancho" => 994 "Tamanyo" => 102802 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thick arrows indicate ulcers and thin arrows indicate macroscopic mucosal erosions</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Kemal Karakaya, Mustafa Comert, Gamze Numanoglu" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Kemal" "apellidos" => "Karakaya" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mustafa" "apellidos" => "Comert" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gamze" "apellidos" => "Numanoglu" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222025157?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/0000006400000012/v1_202212060833/S1807593222025157/v1_202212060833/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Technical Note</span>" "titulo" => "Three-Dimensional Rotational Angiography in Murine Models: A Technical Note" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1234" "paginaFinal" => "1236" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Rogelio Iván Ortiz-Velázquez, José Guilherme Mendes Pereira Caldas, Bruno Carmello Rocha Lobo, Jorge Arturo Santos-Franco, Rodrigo Mercado-Pimentel, Rogelio Revuelta" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Rogelio Iván" "apellidos" => "Ortiz-Velázquez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rivanov72@usp.br" ] "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>" "identificador" => "af1-cln64_12p1234" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">II</span>" "identificador" => "af2-cln64_12p1234" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">III</span>" "identificador" => "af3-cln64_12p1234" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "c1-cln64_12p1234" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "José Guilherme Mendes Pereira" "apellidos" => "Caldas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">II</span>" "identificador" => "af2-cln64_12p1234" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Bruno Carmello Rocha" "apellidos" => "Lobo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>" "identificador" => "af1-cln64_12p1234" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jorge Arturo" "apellidos" => "Santos-Franco" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">III</span>" "identificador" => "af3-cln64_12p1234" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rodrigo" "apellidos" => "Mercado-Pimentel" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">III</span>" "identificador" => "af3-cln64_12p1234" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rogelio" "apellidos" => "Revuelta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">III</span>" "identificador" => "af3-cln64_12p1234" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Neurocirurgia da Amazônia Ocidental (INAO) - Porto Velho/RO, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "af1-cln64_12p1234" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Interventional Neuroradiology, Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "af2-cln64_12p1234" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Nacional de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia - México." "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "af3-cln64_12p1234" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "c1-cln64_12p1234" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Tel: 55 11 3069.7065" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f1-cln64_12p1234" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 555 "Ancho" => 740 "Tamanyo" => 53396 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristic systemic pressure waveform in the aortic arch</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atherosclerotic plaques and aneurysms are injuries associated with areas of low and oscillatory wall shear stress at vascular bifurcations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>. Experimental animal models have been used extensively in the development of new therapeutic approaches to this pathophysiological process.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a> In such models, flow at the artery is complicated by several features<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>–<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>; however, these effects are minor compared to anatomical variations of bifurcation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a> Therefore, identifying the geometric features of arterial bifurcation is a priority.</p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Angiography of small animal models has been extensively used as a technique to resolve geometric features of the vascular tree.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a> Angiography offers unsurpassed spatial resolution of vasculature, and, furthermore, offers a rapid practical method for the evaluation of large experimental groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a> Unfortunately, in angiography, the viewing angles are predetermined and limited in number, such that the method has an associated problem of blood vessel superimposition and overlapping; therefore, simple angiography cannot be used to accurately depict the spatial relationship between vessels and between the vasculature and surrounding tissues.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a> These limitations have prompted us to consider rotational angiography and rendering reconstruction to evaluate 3D volumes and to resolve the arterial geometry necessary for the generation of a finite elements mesh that is indispensable to computational fluid dynamics studies (CFD).</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The institutional principles for research involving animals were followed and the experimental study was reviewed and approved by the local committee for ethics (Approval no. 382/06). Five Male Wistar rats, each weighing 500 g, were anesthetized by intraperitoneal application of xylazine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg body weight; Pfizer Pharma) and ketamine (100 mg/kg body weight; Pfizer Pharma) and were placed on a thermoregulated surgical table. Rat body temperature was maintained at 37°C. Supplemental doses of anesthetic were given as needed to maintain a uniform level of anesthesia that allowed spontaneous breathing. The animals breathed room air and were monitored with pulse oximetry. After positioning the animal supine, a cervical midline incision was made and the right common carotid artery was exposed, cannulated using PE-10 tubing (Becton-Dickinson), and ligated with 4-0 silk. Systemic arterial pressure was measured using a Viggo-Spectramed transducer (Viggo Spectramed) attached to a polygraph (Grass Instruments). The tubing was gently introduced into the heart until characteristics of ventricular waves were obtained and was then pushed away until systemic arterial pressure waves indicated that the tip was located in the aortic arch. All surgical procedures were performed under sterile conditions. Angiography was performed under automatic injection with an Angiomat 6000 infusion pump (Tyco/Covidien) in our clinical angiography unit (Integris Allura; Philips Medical Systems), using volumes ranging from 8 to 16 ml at 1 to 2 ml stream/sec and 150 to 650 PSI of contrast agent (Optiray; Tyco Healthcare). Angiography was repeated up to 4 times to obtain high quality images free of respiration artifacts. After identification of the best injection parameters, digital rotational angiography was performed (14 ml to 2 ml stream/sec and 650 PSI with 1 sec of delay). Three-dimensional images were reconstructed from data collected using a 180° rotational arc. A total of 120 images were obtained in this arc. Three-dimensional reconstructions were performed and made available for analysis and manipulation on a dedicated 3D RA Workstation. Animals were sacrificed after angiography by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (200 mg/kg body weight; Sanofi-Aventis).</p></span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS</span><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tracing in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f1-cln64_12p1234">Figure 1</a> depicts a systemic pressure waveform in the aortic arch. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#f2-cln64_12p1234">Figures 2 and 3</a> depict the angiography and the 3D reconstruction of the aortic bifurcation.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f1-cln64_12p1234"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="f2-cln64_12p1234"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="f3-cln64_12p1234"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the complexity of angiographic evaluation of arterial vessels in small animal models, the present study validates the use of 3D volume rendering reconstruction of the vascular tree. The results indicate that the resolution achieved by this technique in a single study is sufficient to solve the tridimensional geometry of all arterial segments in regions frequently involved in the development of aneurysms and atheromatous disease, and that it makes possible the generation of finite elements meshes for CFD studies by segmentation or image processing. The protocol is suitable for use in the investigation of systemic effects in different models of etiology and is compatible to the survival of specimens, consequently opening the possibility of sequential imaging and the facilitation of evaluating structural changes of the vascular tree over time.</p></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle50">CONCLUSIONS</span><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 3D RA technique can be used to resolve the geometries of arterial bifurcations in spontaneously breathing rats. These models should be particularly useful in providing outlet boundary conditions for CFD.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "MATERIALS AND METHODS" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "RESULTS" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec40" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec50" "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack640444" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f1-cln64_12p1234" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 555 "Ancho" => 740 "Tamanyo" => 53396 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristic systemic pressure waveform in the aortic arch</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f2-cln64_12p1234" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 866 "Ancho" => 681 "Tamanyo" => 28516 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2D</span> Angiographic image of aortic bifurcation. Superimposition and overlapping determine loss of three-dimensional information; for example, it is impossible to resolve the angle of bifurcation of the arteries</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f3-cln64_12p1234" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 978 "Ancho" => 863 "Tamanyo" => 50450 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The reconstruction of images by volume rendering enables determination of the three-dimensional characteristics of the arterial tree, including diameter, angle of bifurcation, and other characteristics</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Blood Flow in Arteries" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ DN Ku \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Annu Rev Fluid Mech" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "399" "paginaFinal" => "434" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Experimental and computational methods in cardiovascular fluid mechanics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ C Taylor \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ MT Draney \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Annu Rev Fluid Mech" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "197" "paginaFinal" => "231" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Internal carotid artery angle of origin a novel risk factor for early carotid atherosclerosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ M Sitzer \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ D Puac \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ A Buehler \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ DA Steckel \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ S von Kegler \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ H Markus \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1161/01.STR.0000060895.38298.C4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Stroke" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "950" "paginaFinal" => "955" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637694" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The calibre of cerebral arteries of the rat studied by carotid angiography: A model system for studying the aetiology of human cerebral arterial constriction after aneurysmal rupture" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ DJ Boullin \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ V Aitken \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ GH du Boulay \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ P Tagari \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/BF02100154" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neuroradiology" "fecha" => "1981" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "245" "paginaFinal" => "252" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7266859" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dose-related efficacy of a continuous intracisternal nimodipine treatment on cerebral vasospasm in the rat double subarachnoid hemorrhage model" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => """ S Eicker \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ K Beseoglu \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ M Rapp \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ J Perrin \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ J Nawatny \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurosurg" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "64" "paginaInicial" => "1155" "paginaFinal" => "1161" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Arteriogenesis: Noninvasive Quantification with Multi–Detector Row CT Angiography and Three-dimensional Volume Rendering in Rodents" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ ZW Zhuang \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ L Gao \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ M Murakami \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ JD Pearlman \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ TJ Sackett \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ M Simons \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1148/radiol.2403050976" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Radiology" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "240" "paginaInicial" => "698" "paginaFinal" => "707" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16926325" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack640444" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by a grant from the FAPESP (06/03977-1).</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18075932/0000006400000012/v1_202212060833/S1807593222025169/v1_202212060833/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18075932/0000006400000012/v1_202212060833/S1807593222025169/v1_202212060833/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222025169?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2024 October | 13 | 24 | 37 |
| 2024 September | 16 | 14 | 30 |
| 2024 August | 16 | 15 | 31 |
| 2024 July | 8 | 18 | 26 |
| 2024 June | 17 | 13 | 30 |
| 2024 May | 16 | 12 | 28 |
| 2024 April | 16 | 10 | 26 |
| 2024 March | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2024 February | 8 | 13 | 21 |
| 2024 January | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2023 December | 8 | 15 | 23 |
| 2023 November | 8 | 15 | 23 |
| 2023 October | 8 | 13 | 21 |
| 2023 September | 12 | 18 | 30 |
| 2023 August | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2023 July | 13 | 8 | 21 |
| 2023 June | 21 | 10 | 31 |
| 2023 May | 30 | 1 | 31 |
| 2023 April | 32 | 1 | 33 |
| 2023 March | 20 | 0 | 20 |
| 2023 February | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2023 January | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2022 December | 11 | 1 | 12 |
Show all