Letters to the Editor
An Anomaly of Flexor Muscles of the Fifth (Little) Finger of the Hand: An Anatomical Case Report
Ali Yılmaz, Cüneyt Bozer, Enis Uluçam, Oğuz Taşkınalp
Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Balkan Campus - Edirne, Turkey., Tel: +90/284/2355935
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LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; Ao: Aorta; *: Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Michele Correale, Giovanni Deluca, Riccardo Ieva, Matteo Di Biase" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Michele" "apellidos" => "Correale" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Giovanni" "apellidos" => "Deluca" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Riccardo" "apellidos" => "Ieva" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Matteo" "apellidos" => "Di Biase" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222025315?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/0000006400000011/v1_202212060841/S1807593222025315/v1_202212060841/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letters to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "An Anomaly of Flexor Muscles of the Fifth (Little) Finger of the Hand: An Anatomical Case Report" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "1133" "paginaFinal" => "1135" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Ali Yılmaz, Cüneyt Bozer, Enis Uluçam, Oğuz Taşkınalp" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ali" "apellidos" => "Yılmaz" ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cüneyt" "apellidos" => "Bozer" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "cuneytbozer@trakya.edu.tr" ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Enis" "apellidos" => "Uluçam" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Oğuz" "apellidos" => "Taşkınalp" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Balkan Campus - Edirne, Turkey., Tel: +90/284/2355935" "identificador" => "af1-cln64_11p1133" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f1-cln64_11p1133" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 361 "Ancho" => 993 "Tamanyo" => 70370 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anterior aspect of the left forearm. FDS: flexor digitorum super-ficialis, FDP: flexor digitorum profundus. White arrow indicates the FDP tendon originating from the FDS muscle, and the black asterix indicates the intertendinous connection</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various anomalies of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscles of the little finger have been reported in the literature. These include many variations of the FDS and FDP, such as absence of the little finger FDS tendon, aplasia of the FDP to the little finger, an accessory FDS to the little finger, doubling of the tendon, attachments to other superficialis tendons or to the profundus tendon, tendon insertion anomalies, and additional muscle slips from the FDS of the ring finger to the FDS of the little finger.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>–<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a></p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variations of the FDS have been termed retrogressive or progressive according to the presence of remnants of the connections between two sheets of muscles or the occasional separation (up to the origin point) of individual muscle bellies, respectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib10">10,14</a></p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore, single-origin (either antebrachial or palmar) and dual-origin (both antebrachial and palmar) hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of the FDS, based on the variations seen, the innervations present, and ontogeny and phylogeny.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib7">7,17</a></p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A general survey of the literature failed to reveal any case reports similar to ours. Therefore, the purpose of this case study is to describe a muscular variant, which to our knowledge has not previously been identified.</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">CASE REPORT</span><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A routine dissection course on the anterior aspect of the left forearm of a 32-year-old female cadaver revealed a double FDS tendon, with one tendon acting as the FDP tendon to the little finger. In addition, there was a connection between this anomalous tendon and the FDP tendon to the ring finger. The FDP tendon originated from the FDS muscle at the forearm and had a normal distal attachment. The FDS was innervated by the median nerve. The blood supply of the tendon acting as the FDP tendon to the little finger was from a muscular branch of the ulnar artery. It was innervated by a branch from the median nerve. There were no muscular anomalies in the right arm or hand (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f1-cln64_11p1133">Figs. 1</a>–<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#f3-cln64_11p1133">3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="f1-cln64_11p1133"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="f3-cln64_11p1133"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Absence of the FDP of the little finger was recently reported by Furrer et al. Their case report showed the presence of the FDS and the absence of the FDP by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the right little finger of a nine-year-old boy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> However, unlike the present case, there was no muscle or tendon substituting for the FDP tendon to the little finger.</p><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In three specimens, Austin et al. demonstrated tendinous slips from the FDS to the FDP of the little finger. These slips were well defined and very narrow and prevented FDS function independently of FDP function to the little finger.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a> A review of FDS and FDP muscle variations by Bergman et al. mentioned that there has also been a report of a slip from the ulnar side of the FDP running to join the FDS tendon of little finger.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a> In addition, the FDP was fused with the FDS in 11% of 205 arms examined; however, the FDS and FDP muscle bellies were not fused in the present case. The FDP tendon to the little finger originated separately from the FDS muscle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a></p><p id="f2d5" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="f2-cln64_11p1133"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The review by Bergman et al. also reported that occasionally a tendon separated from the FDS joins one of the tendons of the FDP muscle (accessorius profundus digitorum).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a> However, in the present case, there was no tendon to the little finger from the FDP muscle, so the FDS tendon to the little finger could not be described as accessory. Wahba et al. reported an accessory belly of the FDP that originated from the intercompartmental septum on the medial side of the forearm just proximal to the wrist joint and inserted on the proximal phalanx of the little finger. Despite this anomaly, the FDS and FDP muscles and tendons were completely intact, with no abnormal variations. This muscle was defined as a combination of an accessory FDP muscle belly acting on the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger, and Wahba et al. have named this variant an accessory flexor digiti minimi profundus muscle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a> Kisner found a double FDS tendon to the little finger with absence of the profundus on the left hand of a 15-year-old patient during surgery; however, unlike the present case, there was a single fifth FDS tendon with normal appearance dividing into FDP and FDS tendons at the level of the distal palmar crease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a></p><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The FDS tendon of the little finger is frequently interconnected with the FDS of the ring finger. In the present case, the anomalous FDP tendon to the little finger was attached to the FDP tendon to the ring finger. The close functional link between the ring finger FDS and the little finger FDS explains how an injury to either the ring or little finger can cause malfunction of the adjacent finger. The FDS has been used as a motor for a wide variety of tendon transfer operations in the hand. Most of these transfers are on the volar side of the hand and are used to restore synergistic actions (such as opposition of the thumb) or as intrinsic replacements.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1">1,9,18</a> Recognition of these anomalies is important during surgical repair of tendon lacerations. The treating surgeon should consider both digits when dealing with an injury to either finger.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib5">5,15,19</a></p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "CASE REPORT" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f1-cln64_11p1133" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 361 "Ancho" => 993 "Tamanyo" => 70370 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anterior aspect of the left forearm. FDS: flexor digitorum super-ficialis, FDP: flexor digitorum profundus. White arrow indicates the FDP tendon originating from the FDS muscle, and the black asterix indicates the intertendinous connection</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f3-cln64_11p1133" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 722 "Ancho" => 993 "Tamanyo" => 85221 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anterior aspect of the left forearm. FDS: flexor digitorum super-ficialis, FDP: flexor digitorum profundus. Black arrow indicates the FDP tendon originating from the FDS muscle</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f2-cln64_11p1133" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 590 "Ancho" => 993 "Tamanyo" => 123364 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Close view of the connection between the anomalous tendon and the FDP tendon to the ring finger. The white arrow indicates the FDP tendon originating from the FDS muscle, and the white asterix indicates the intertendinous connection</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ RW Beasley \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Beasley’s Surgery of the Hand" "fecha" => "2003" "editorial" => "Thieme Medical Publishers Inc" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb: Forearm" 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=> """ L Johnson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ A Chiapetta \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ A Mitchell \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ E Belusko \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0894-1130(03)00040-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Hand Ther" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "245" "paginaFinal" => "248" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12943127" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18075932/0000006400000011/v1_202212060841/S1807593222025327/v1_202212060841/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18075932/0000006400000011/v1_202212060841/S1807593222025327/v1_202212060841/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222025327?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2024 October | 54 | 27 | 81 |
| 2024 September | 76 | 37 | 113 |
| 2024 August | 62 | 22 | 84 |
| 2024 July | 88 | 18 | 106 |
| 2024 June | 53 | 17 | 70 |
| 2024 May | 35 | 15 | 50 |
| 2024 April | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2024 March | 78 | 15 | 93 |
| 2024 February | 84 | 8 | 92 |
| 2024 January | 119 | 12 | 131 |
| 2023 December | 60 | 19 | 79 |
| 2023 November | 97 | 24 | 121 |
| 2023 October | 95 | 29 | 124 |
| 2023 September | 78 | 16 | 94 |
| 2023 August | 61 | 4 | 65 |
| 2023 July | 59 | 10 | 69 |
| 2023 June | 69 | 3 | 72 |
| 2023 May | 61 | 3 | 64 |
| 2023 April | 62 | 1 | 63 |
| 2023 March | 44 | 0 | 44 |
| 2023 February | 45 | 1 | 46 |
| 2023 January | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2022 December | 12 | 1 | 13 |
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