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Letter to the Editor
Additional Tendinous Origin and Entrapment of the Plantaris Muscle
Soubhagya R Nayak
Corresponding author
ranjanbhatana@gmail.com

Tel.: +91 824 2211746
, Ashwin Krishnamurthy, Latha V Prabhu, Sampath Madhyastha
Department of Anatomy, Centre for Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College - Bejai, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Popliteal surface and flexor compartment of the right lower leg&#46; Lg&#44; lateral head of gastrocnemius&#59; Mg&#44; medial head of gastrocnemius&#59; Fcp&#44; fascia covering popliteus muscle&#59; P&#44; plantaris muscle&#59; S&#44; soleus muscle&#59; T&#44; tibial nerve&#59; 1&#44; tendon of plantaris&#59; 2&#44; additional tendon of plantaris originating from fascia covering popliteus muscle&#59; 3&#44; common tendon of plantaris&#46; Note the black and white arrows&#44; which indicate the nerve to the soleus that crosses the plantaris muscle belly superficially</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The human plantaris muscle &#40;PM&#41; is a small&#44; spindle-shaped muscle that originates from the femur just above the lateral condyle and the adjacent posterior ligament of the articular capsule&#44; in close association with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius&#46; Its proximal region varies from a thin fibrous structure to a muscle belly&#44; equal in size to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius&#46; Ordinarily it terminates in a flat&#44; slender tendon that inclines medially while descending between the gastrocnemius and the soleus on its way to the inner border of the calcaneal tendon&#46; Extending along the medial edge of this tendon&#44; it usually terminates on the dorsal surface of the calcaneum and in the neighboring fibrous tissues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a></p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Le Double &#40;1897&#41;&#44; Henle &#40;1871&#41;&#44; and Daseler and Anson &#40;1943&#41; described that the PM may originate in the following areas&#58; &#40;i&#41; the lower part of the linea aspera&#59; &#40;ii&#41; the posterior ligament of the knee at the intercondylar space&#59; &#40;iii&#41; the fascial covering of the popliteus&#59; &#40;iv&#41; the fibula&#44; between the flexor hallucis longus and the peroneus longus&#59; &#40;v&#41; the oblique line of the tibia&#44; under cover of the soleus&#59; or &#40;vi&#41; the lateral condyle of the femur above the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius&#46; The insertion of the plantaris tendon &#40;PT&#41; is likewise subject to considerable variations&#44; with its attachment to neighboring structures taking place at almost any point along the tendon&#8217;s course&#46; PT insertion has been reported in the following areas&#58; &#40;i&#41; the soft tissues between the muscle bellies of the gastrocnemius and the soleus&#44; &#40;ii&#41; the inner border of the calcaneal tendon&#44; &#40;iii&#41; the dorsomedial surface of the calcaneal tendon at the latter&#8217;s insertion&#44; &#40;iv&#41; the bursa between the calcaneal tendon and the calcaneum&#44; &#40;v&#41; the fibrous and fatty tissues situated immediately in front of the calcaneal tendon&#44; and &#40;vi&#41; the plantar aponeurosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>&#8211;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a> According to Moore and Dalley &#40;2006&#41;&#44; the PM is often found to be absent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a> Daseler and Anson &#40;1943&#41; found that the muscle was absent in 6&#46;67&#37; of 750 lower extremities that they examined&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a> The presence of a double PM has also been reported in the medical literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a></p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">CASE DESCRIPTION</span><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During routine dissection of the right lower limb of a 51-year-old male cadaver&#44; we observed an additional tendon &#40;length 10&#46;2 cm&#59; width 0&#46;4 cm&#41; of the PM arising from the fascia covering the popliteus muscle and joining the tendon of the PM&#46; Both tendons then merged to form a single tendon that attached to the tendocalcaneus&#46; The PM originated from the capsule of the knee joint and the lateral head of the gastronemius&#46; In the same limb&#44; the PM was entrapped between the tibial nerve and its branch to the soleus muscle &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">Discussion</span><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PM is sometimes double and is absent in 10&#37; of cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a> The origin of an additional tendon of the PM from the fascia covering popliteus&#44; as found in the present case&#44; is a rare occurrence&#46; Knowledge of such an origin of the PM is important for surgeons performing tendon transfer operations and clinicians diagnosing muscle tears&#46;</p><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present variation&#44; the PM was also entrapped between the tibial nerve and its branch to the soleus muscle&#46; Das and Vasudeva &#40;2006&#41; reported a similar case in which they mentioned that any tear of the plantaris muscle in such a situation may involve the nerve to the soleus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a> They also mentioned that a close relationship between the plantaris tendon and the two nerves&#44; as seen in our case&#44; may also confuse surgeons&#46; Prior knowledge of such rare variations may be helpful during surgical operations involving the popliteal fossa and the posterior compartment of the leg&#46; The additional tendinous origin of plantaris&#44; as found in our case&#44; may confuse surgeons and create hindrances in surgical procedures involving the popliteal fossa&#46;</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The role of the PM in the pathogenesis of tennis leg is quite controversial&#46; Initially&#44; tennis leg was believed to arise from a rupture of the plantaris tendon in the medial aspect of the calf&#46; An ultrasonograpic investigation by Delgado et al&#46; &#40;2002&#41; showed that tennis leg occurred due to the rupture of the plantaris tendon at the middle of the leg in only 1&#46;4&#37; of cases&#46; They found that 66&#46;7&#37; of cases of tennis leg occurred due to the rupture of the medial head of the gastrocnemius&#44; without rupturing the PM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a> The presence of an additional plantaris tendon&#44; as observed in the present case&#44; may confuse clinicians when diagnosing a posterior knee injury and&#47;or tennis leg&#46; The observation made here will supplement our knowledge of variations in the posterior aspect of the knee joint&#44; which may be useful for surgeons and orthopaedicians during tendon transfer and diagnosis of tennis leg&#46;</p></span></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English
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