Clinical Science
Drug hypersensitivity in students from São Paulo, Brazil
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class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle60">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Drug hypersensitivity reactions are initiated by an exposure to a drug at a dose tolerated by a normal person, and they clinically resemble allergy. Drug allergy is a term that should be used when the drug hypersensitivity reaction is initiated by a specific immunological mechanism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a></p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few studies on the prevalence of drug hypersensitivity reactions in the general population, but it may be estimated that about three to four percent of children and more than seven percent of the adult population experience a drug hypersensitivity reaction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib2">2-4</a></p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-reported drug hypersensitivity and its characteristics in a university population from São Paulo, Brazil.</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">MATERIALS AND METHODS</span><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a cross-sectional survey of 1015 students from a university in São Paulo, Brazil. During October and November of 2007, participants were approached in the classroom on different days and times and were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a> The sample consisted of 43% of all registered students, which included students in Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Biomedicine, Pharmacy, Odontology, Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Nursing.</p><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to the study, all subjects received information about the study, and a written informed consent was obtained from each individual. The protocol was approved by the respective institutional review boards.</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Detailed information about the type of reaction and the time of its appearance, the drug involved with the allergic manifestation, the route of administration and the need of medical treatment were obtained to characterize the studied population. We also included the frequency of atopic diseases among the group (asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis).</p><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term “allergy” was used in the questionnaire, as it is the most recognized term among the general population, even though “drug hypersensitivity” is probably be more accurate.</p><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collected were transcribed to a database (Epi-info 6.04), and the frequency of affirmative answers to each question was analyzed. For analysis of the results, we applied the following tests: x<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test (Siegel) to study the possible associations between the studied variables and Cochran G test (Siegel) to study the concomitance among the presented symptoms. The level of rejection of the null hypothesis was fixed at 0.05 or 5%.</p></span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">RESULTS</span><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We evaluated 1015 students ranging from 17 to 56 years of age (mean 23.05 ± 5.97 years), most of whom were female (74.8%). The prevalence of self-reported drug allergy was 12.11% (123/1015). The doctor diagnosed drug allergy in 77 (62.60%) out of the participants. However, only 47 (38.52%) required any kind of treatment. The majority of the students (64.22%) reported to have an atopic disease.</p><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 123 subjects with self-reported drug allergy were between 18 to 56 years of age (mean 23.14), and 79.7% were women. Among this population, 56 (45.90%) considered themselves allergic to NSAIDs, 35 (28.68%) to β–lactams and sulfonamide antibiotics and 31 (25.40%) to other drugs, such as other antibiotics and corticosteroids. We excluded one participant from the previous analysis due the recall of being allergic to both β–lactams and NSAIDs. We did not observe a significant gender difference between the types of drugs.</p><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recalled clinical manifestations were separated into cutaneous, digestive, respiratory and other reactions. Dermatological manifestations were frequently described (99 subjects) in cases of allergy to NSAID, β-lactams, sulfonamide antibiotics and other drugs, followed by respiratory (40 subjects), digestive (23 subjects) and other symptoms (19 subjects). However, we did not observe any significant statistical difference between the class of drugs and the types of reaction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t1-cln_65p1009">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t1-cln_65p1009"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of 122 subjects, the age at which reactions occurred was most common in 10 to 20 incomplete years (45.90%) followed by 0 to 10 years (35.24%) and 20 years or more (18.85%), which was lower than the previous two records (p < 0.001). We noticed that among 0 to 10 years, β–lactams, sulfonamide antibiotics and NSAIDs were more responsible for drug hypersensitivity than other drugs (p < 0.02) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t2-cln_65p1009">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t2-cln_65p1009"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the time of reaction after administration, 45 out of 118 (38.13%) reported to react in less than an hour, 50 (42.37%) reacted in more than an hour or in less than a day and 23 (19.49%) reacted in more than a day. We observed that late reactions (occurring after a day) were less prevalent in comparison to the other two (p < 0.01) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_65p1009">Table 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="t3-cln_65p1009"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the 116 subjects that answered the question on the route of drug administration, 89 (76.72%) reported oral, 20 (17.24%) parenteral and 7 (6.03%) other routes, which included topical (p < 0.001). We did not include seven subjects, who notified both “oral” and “parenteral” as routes of administration (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#t3-cln_65p1009">Table 3</a>).</p><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the time of reaction, 107 out of 116 participants (92.24%) reported that the duration of drug usage was less than a week. In five subjects (4.31%), the reaction started for more than a week but less than a month after the drug started. The reaction initiated after one month of use in 4 (3.44%) individuals (p < 0.001).</p></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-reported drug hypersensitivity is a common problem in daily clinical practice and has a considerable impact on prescription choices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>. Although there are few reports on the epidemiology of drug hypersensitivity, there are some data suggesting that the prevalence of these reactions are similar in a university students group and the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib5">5,6</a> That's the reason why in our survey we decided to focus on this specific group. We found a high prevalence of drug allergy (12.11%) among university students in São Paulo. Despite high level of prevalence, medical diagnosis of drug allergy was reported in less than 65% of individuals. This observation suggests that the remaining students may be self-diagnosed. Assuming that all doctors made accurate diagnoses and that the reactions not seen by doctors were not hypersensitivity reactions, the prevalence of drug hypersensitivity in our study was 7.8%, which is very close to that reported by Falcão et al. in university students from Porto, Portugal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a> Moreover, less than half of them required treatment, which is uncommon among hypersensitivity reactions, indicating that some people may be misdiagnosed.</p><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In agreement with other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib5">5,7-11</a> drugs that were suspected to be responsible for most of the self-reported drug hypersensitivity were NSAIDs and β-lactams, but sulfonamide antibiotics were also responsible. Antibiotics are largely used during childhood and teenage years for treating common infections, specially these two classes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> More than two thirds of the reactions were reported to happen during the first 20 years of life, and in most cases, the drug was taken orally. Most of the drugs are easily obtained over the counter in Brazil. Moreover, the prevalence of self-medication in children and young adults is high in our country,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> and NSAIDs are the most consumed pharmacological group.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a></p><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding manifestations, skin reactions were the vast majority as stated by others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib15">15-18</a> The fact that most reactions occurred during the first day of treatment suggests that IgE-dependent reactions are more frequent than T cell-dependent reactions. However, we should take into consideration that most of the NSAID reactions are not IgE-dependent, but rather directly related to the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and clinically similar to an immediate type I reaction with urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></p><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows the high prevalence of hypersensitivity reactions in university students in São Paulo, Brazil. However, there are limitations to this study. Self-reported data are subject to recall bias as well as potential problems with the validity of the responses. Highly educated individuals may improve the quality and accuracy of self-reported information. On the other hand, most of these students are from medical or allied health schools, and part of them may be self-diagnosed. Because only non-identified data were collected, we did not have the means to further verify individual reactions. Despite such limitations, it is a unique form of investigation among the drug hypersensitivity literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib2">2-4,6</a> Although many of these recalls might not reflect true hypersensitivity, these individuals will probably be labeled as allergic to drugs and be given second-line treatments, which are usually more expensive and less effective.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1581284" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "MATERIALS AND METHODS" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "RESULTS" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec40" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 5 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2010-06-17" "fechaAceptado" => "2010-07-22" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1581284" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Drug eruption" 1 => "Drug hypersensitivity" 2 => "Epidemiology" 3 => "questionnaire" 4 => "Students" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">BACKGROUND:</span><p id="spara60" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Drug hypersensitivity is responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, and increased health costs. However, epidemiological data on drug hypersensitivity in general or specific populations are scarce.</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">METHODS:</span><p id="spara70" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We performed a cross-sectional survey of 1015 university students, using a self-reported questionnaire.</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS:</span><p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of self-reported drug hypersensitivity was 12,11% (123/1015). The most frequently implicated drugs were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (45,9%) and beta-lactam and sulfonamide antibiotics (25,40%). The majority of the patients reported dermatological manifestations (99), followed by respiratory (40), digestive (23) and other (19). Forty-five patients had an immediate type reaction, and 76,72% (89) had the drug by oral route.</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">CONCLUSION:</span><p id="spara90" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results showed that drug hypersensitivity is highly prevalent in university students, and that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and antibiotics (beta-lactams and sulfonamide) are the most frequently concerned drugs.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs10" "titulo" => "BACKGROUND:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs20" "titulo" => "METHODS:" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs30" "titulo" => "RESULTS:" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs40" "titulo" => "CONCLUSION:" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "t1-cln_65p1009" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Drug \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cutaneous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Respiratory \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Digestive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">NSAID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">β-lactams and sulfonamide antibiotics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Others \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Type of drug and clinical manifestations.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "t2-cln_65p1009" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age of reaction (years)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type of drug \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0 to 9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 to 19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">> 20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">NSAID \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">β-lactams and sulfonamide antibiotics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Type of drug and age of reaction.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "t3-cln_65p1009" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Interval time of manifestation</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Route of administration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">< 1 h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 h to 1 day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">> 1 day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Oral \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Parenteral \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronology of the reactions according to the route of administration.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ SG Johansson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ T Bieber \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ R Dahl \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ PS Friedmann \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ BQ Lanier \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ RF Lockey \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "113" "paginaInicial" => "832" "paginaFinal" => "836" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131563" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591" "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.591" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Questionnaire-based survey of lifetime-prevalence and character of allergic drug reactions in German children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => """ L Lange \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ SV Koningsbruggen \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ E Rietschel \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00702.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Allergy Immunol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "634" "paginaFinal" => "638" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18221471" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Parental-reported drug allergy in 6- to 9-years-old urban schoolchildren" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ F Orhan \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ T Karakas \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ M Cakir \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ N Akkol \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ E Bahat \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ FM Sonmez \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Allergy Immunol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "82" "paginaFinal" => "85" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology of hypersensitivity drug reactions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ ER Gomes \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ P Demoly \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "309" "paginaFinal" => "316" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "10.1097/01.all.0000173785.81024.33" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Self-reported drug allergy in a general adult Portuguese population" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ E Gomes \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ MF Cardoso \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ F Praça \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ L Gomes \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ E Mariño \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ P Demoly \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Exp Allergy" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "1597" "paginaFinal" => "1601" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02070.x" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Drug allergy in university students from Porto, Portugal" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => """ H Falcão \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ N Lunet \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ E Gomes \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ L Cunha \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ H Barros \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Allergy" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "58" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00291.x" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib7" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Incidence of adverse drug reactions in 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2024 October | 19 | 25 | 44 |
| 2024 September | 19 | 14 | 33 |
| 2024 August | 23 | 15 | 38 |
| 2024 July | 33 | 13 | 46 |
| 2024 June | 38 | 16 | 54 |
| 2024 May | 46 | 11 | 57 |
| 2024 April | 36 | 12 | 48 |
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| 2024 February | 41 | 12 | 53 |
| 2024 January | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2023 December | 17 | 18 | 35 |
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| 2023 October | 18 | 19 | 37 |
| 2023 September | 26 | 22 | 48 |
| 2023 August | 14 | 9 | 23 |
| 2023 July | 10 | 16 | 26 |
| 2023 June | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2023 May | 33 | 3 | 36 |
| 2023 April | 36 | 1 | 37 |
| 2023 March | 55 | 2 | 57 |
| 2023 February | 12 | 2 | 14 |
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