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Puerarin inhibits HDAC1-induced oxidative stress disorder by activating JNK pathway and alleviates acrolein-induced atherosclerosis
YeTing Li
,1
, XiaoNing Li1, Man Zheng, FanLi Bu, ChunYan Xiang, FengLei Zhang
Department of Cardiology, Dongying People's Hospital (Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group), Dongying City, Shandong Province, China
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Introduction</span><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular disease is mainly caused by atherosclerosis&#44; a chronic&#44; low-grade inflammatory disease that affects the large and medium arteries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Many factors accelerate the atherogenic process&#44; such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and the production of Reactive Oxygen Secies &#40;ROS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Innate and adaptive immune responses can promote or inhibit AS&#44; and some signaling pathways associated with the inflammatory response are associated with AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Oxidative stress caused by the excessive production of ROS has become a key and ultimate common mechanism of AS&#46; Antioxidants act as checkpoints against ROS&#44; leading to oxidative stress when there is an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Therefore&#44; targeting inflammation and oxidative stress has been considered a treatment direction for AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Puerarin &#40;Pue&#41;&#44; a natural isoflavone mainly derived from Pueraria lobata &#40;Willd&#46;&#41; Ohwi&#44; has been developed as injection&#44; eye drops&#44; and microemulsion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Pue can effectively improve cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases&#44; it has the effects of lowering blood lipids and blood sugar&#44; and it has a positive effect on AS and coronary heart disease&#44; etc&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Pue has a wide range of pharmacological effects and significant protective effects and takes advantage of protecting against organ ischemia-reperfusion injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Moreover&#44; Pue has inhibitory effects on the progression of AS such as reducing endothelial damage&#44; anti-inflammation&#44; interfering lipid metabolism&#44; protecting ischemia-reperfusion injury&#44; and anti-myocardial remodeling&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Pue has suggested cardioprotective effects on AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> It has been noted that Inflammatory factors and oxidative stress injuries may be inhibited by Pue as it can increase mitochondrial antioxidant potential and reduce excessive ROS production&#46; In recent years&#44; it has been reported that the isoflavones in Pue have the effects of dilating blood vessels and coronary arteries&#44; improving microcirculation&#44; anti-arrhythmia&#44; and lowering blood pressure and blood lipids&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Their potential for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases has gradually been discovered and developed&#44; and they are expected to become a new force in the prevention and treatment of AS&#44; but the specific mechanism is still unclear&#46;</p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research figured out the mechanism of Pue in AS by JNK signaling to mediate HDAC1-induced oxidative stress disorder&#44; targeting to provide a drug reference for clinical practice in AS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Animals and reagents</span><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty-two 7-week-old male ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mice and eight 20&#8210;22 g wild-type C57BL&#47;6J mice were purchased from SPF&#40;Beijing&#41;BIOTECHNOLOGY Co&#46;&#44; Ltd&#46; A specific pathogen-free environment was maintained with temperatures of 20&#176;C and 5 &#37; relative humidity&#44; alternating lighting &#40;12h of illumination and 12h of darkness&#41;&#44; and sufficient food and water supply&#46; This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Dongying People&#39;s Hospital &#40;Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group&#41; &#40;n&#186; 2023DYYZ027&#41;&#46; All procedures were carried out complying with the Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals&#46; All animal experiments complied with the ARRIVE guidelines&#46; Pue injection &#40;n&#186; 2023DYYZ027&#44; Tiantai Mountain Pharmaceutical&#44; Chengdu&#44; China&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Animal model</span><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After 1 week of adapting to the normal diet&#44; the C57BL&#47;6J mice in the control group were fed a normal food diet&#44; while the ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mice were randomly divided &#40;n &#61; 8&#47;group&#41;&#46; In the sham operation group&#44; model group&#44; and Pue low-&#44; medium-&#44; and high-dose groups&#44; all ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mice were fed acrolein &#40;2&#46;5 mg&#47;kg&#47;day&#41; by daily gavage for 16 weeks&#46; Pue low-&#44; medium- and high-dose groups were given 300&#44; 600&#44; 1200 mg&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#47;d<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> by gavage until 4 weeks&#44; respectively&#44; and the model group was given an equal dose of normal saline&#46; Eight male C57BL&#47;6J mice of the same age were also given ordinary feed as the control group&#46; After 20 weeks of administration&#44; mice were fasted overnight and anesthetized with isoflurane&#44; and liver weights were recorded&#46; The liver index is equal to the liver wet weight&#47;the body weight of the mouse multiplied by 100 &#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Assessment of lipids</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood was collected from the posterior orbital sinus of the eyeball&#44; and the serum was separated by centrifugation at 4&#176;C at 3500&#215;&#47;g &#40;Sorvall ST-16R&#44; Thermo&#41; for 10 min&#46; Serum TC&#44; TG&#44; LDL-C&#44; and HDL-C levels were measured by enzyme colorimetry&#46; AS Index &#40;AI&#41; &#61; &#40;TC - HDL-C&#41;&#47;HDL-C&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Oil red O staining</span><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the proximal root of the aorta to the branch of the iliac artery&#44; cardiac tissue containing the aortic arch was harvested&#44; and the liver tissue was dissected after external fat deposits were removed&#46; The atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root and lipid accumulation in the liver were analyzed histologically by embedding the heart and liver tissues with OCT compound into 6 &#956;m and 10 &#956;m thick slices&#44; respectively&#46; After staining with oil red O&#44; slice images were collected using a microscope &#40;BA210Digital&#41; and quantified by Image-ProPlus 6&#46;0 software &#40;Media Cybernetics&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">HE-staining</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The whole aorta was separated from the root of the aorta to the end of the abdominal aorta&#46; After fixation with 4 &#37; paraformaldehyde&#44; the aorta was kept at 4&#176;C overnight&#44; paraffin-embedded&#44; and continuously sliced into 5 &#956;m to make paraffin sections&#46; Then&#44; HE-staining was conducted&#44; followed by microscopic detection of the aortic AS plaque area&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Immunohistochemistry</span><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Middle aortic valves were separated&#44; and 5 &#956;m-thick frozen sections were made for immunohistochemical assay&#44; which included the quantification of IL-6 &#40;ab233706&#44; 1&#58;&#8201;200&#59; Abcam&#41; and TNF-&#945; &#40;ab1793&#44; 1&#58;&#8201;200&#59; Abcam&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Results were analyzed using Image Pro Plus 6&#46;0 software&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">ELISA</span><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum TNF-&#945;&#44; IL-6&#44; and oxidative stress-related factors &#40;SOD&#44; GSH&#44; and MDA&#41; were detected by ELISA kits&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0017">JC-1 staining</span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mouse aorta was added to JC-1 staining solution &#40;10 mg&#47;mL&#41; and incubated at 37&#176;C for 20 min&#46; Then&#44; the aorta was washed twice with JC-1 dyeing buffer&#44; and fluorescence changes were observed under an inverted microscope&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0018">RT-qPCR</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Total RNA kit extracted total RNA from Mouse aortic tissue&#46; Total RNA &#40;1 &#956;g&#41; was reverse-transcribed into cDNA&#46; As previously mentioned&#44; gene expression analysis was performed using Fast SYBR Green premix and CFX 96TM real-time System &#40;Bio-Rad&#41;&#46; Using the 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#9651;&#9651;Ct</span> method&#44; relative gene expression was calculated by normalizing target genes with &#946;-actin&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0019">Western blotting</span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A RIPA buffer containing 1 mM PMSF &#40;Solarbio&#44; Beijing&#44; China&#41; was prepared&#44; and protein from Mouse aortic tissue was harvested by centrifugal detection with the lysis buffer at 12&#44;000 rpm and 4&#176;C for 10 min&#46; The upper layer was obtained to undergo repeated centrifugation and quantified with a BCA protein assay kit &#40;Solarbio&#41;&#46; The protein mixed with 5&#215; loading buffer was boiled at 100&#176;C for 10 min&#44; separated on a 10 &#37; SDS-PAGE gel&#44; and transferred to the PVDF membrane at 270 mA for 90 min&#44; and blocked with 5 &#37; skim milk solution at 37&#176;C for 2h&#46; Primary antibodies &#40;1&#58;1000&#41; specific to JNK&#44; p-JNK&#44; OPA-1&#44; and HDAC1 were added to the membrane at 4&#176;C&#46; After TBST rinsing 4 times &#40;10 min each time&#41;&#44; the membrane was incubated with a secondary antibody &#40;goat anti-rabbit&#41; at 37&#176;C for 1h and washed with TBST 4 times for 10 min each time&#46; Image-ProPlus 6&#46;0 software was applied for quantitative analysis&#46; Immunoblotting was performed with an ultra-sensitive ECL chemiluminescence kit &#40;Beyotime&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0020">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All data were expressed as mean &#177; Standard Deviation &#40;SD&#41; and processed by the SPSS software program&#46; One-way ANOVA or Bonferroni-adjusted Kruskal-Wallis test was used to present statistical differences&#59; p &#60; 0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0014" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0021">Results</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0022">Pue inhibits weight gain in atherosclerotic mice</span><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An acrolein-induced ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mouse model of AS was established &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1A</a>&#41;&#46; The weight gain trend of acrolein-treated mice was similar to that of the control mice&#44; while the weight gain was inhibited after Pue treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1B</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0016" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0023">Pue inhibits serum lipid levels in atherosclerotic mice</span><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum TG&#44; TC and LDL-C in atherosclerotic mice were elevated&#44; and HDL-C was reduced &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46; 2</a>A-D&#41;&#46; Serum TG&#44; TC and LDL-C in each Pue administration group were lowered&#44; and HDL-C was increased &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46; 2</a>A-D&#41;&#44; with the most significant difference in the high-dose Pue group&#46; The serum lipid level in the high-dose group was lowered mostly by high-dose Pue&#44; and the TG level was particularly decreased&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0017" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0024">Pue inhibits inflammation in atherosclerotic mice</span><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum IL-6 and TNF-&#945; of atherosclerotic mice were enhanced&#44; which were suppressed by Pue administration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46; 3</a>A and B&#41;&#46; IHC results indicated that the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-&#945; in plaques in atherosclerotic mice were significantly increased&#44; while reduced after Pue administration &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46; 3</a>C and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0003"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0018" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0025">Pue inhibits the formation of AS lesions</span><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to oil red O staining&#44; acrolein induced the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta of ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mice&#44; while there was a varying degree of inhibition of AS lesions in the aortic root following Pue treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0004">Fig&#46; 4</a>A&#41;&#46; Oil-red O-positive areas in the aortic root was quantified&#46; The aortic plaque in atherosclerotic mice was formed&#44; and the proportion of lipid deposition was 61&#46;26 &#177; 3&#46;02 &#37;&#46; The aortic root plaque area after Pue treatment was reduced&#44; and the percentage of lipid deposition area was 38&#46;60 &#177; 6&#46;35 &#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0004">Fig&#46; 4</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0004"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0019" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0026">Pue inhibits lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic liver</span><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acrolein-fed ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mice developed a uniform pale-yellow liver&#44; indicating lipid accumulation in the liver &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 5</a>A&#41;&#46; The liver index value of atherosclerotic mice was significantly high&#46; The liver index value induced by acrolein was reversed after Pue treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 5</a>D&#41;&#46; Lipid droplet area was quantitatively analyzed by oil red O staining&#46; Lipid droplets were accumulated in the liver of ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mice fed with acrolein &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 5</a>B&#41;&#46; The area ratio of hepatocyte lipids in the control group and model group was 2&#46;89 &#177; 1&#46;25 &#37; and 22&#46;01 &#177; 7&#46;22 &#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Liver lipid accumulation was significantly or extremely significantly decreased after treatment &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 5</a>E&#41;&#46; After Pue treatment&#44; the ratio of lipid droplet was 13&#46;04 &#177; 3&#46;62 &#37;&#46; HE-staining showed that the steatosis of atherosclerotic mice was obvious&#44; the size of lipid droplets was different&#44; hepatocytes were obviously enlarged&#44; and some hepatic sinuses were narrow or even atresia&#46; After treatment&#44; acrolein-induced hepatic steatosis was improved to varying degrees &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 5</a>C&#41;&#46; Small and medium steatosis were seen in Pue-treated mice&#44; plus small round vacuoles within the cytoplasm&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0027">Pue inhibits oxidative stress in aortic tissue of mice</span><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SOD and GSH levels in atherosclerotic mice were significantly decreased&#44; while MDA levels were increased &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0006">Fig&#46; 6</a>A&#8210;C&#41;&#46; SOD and GSH levels in all treatment groups were significantly increased and MDA levels were significantly decreased&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0006"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0021" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0028">Pue inhibits atherosclerotic mitochondrial membrane potential &#40;MMP&#41;</span><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A change in MMP can be observed by JC-1 staining&#46; The green fluorescence in the aorta of the mice induced by acrolein was enhanced&#44; and the green fluorescence gradually changed to red fluorescence after Pue intervention &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0007">Fig&#46; 7A</a>&#41;&#46; Mouse aorta mitochondria were damaged by acrolein&#44; resulting in decreased MMP and JC-1 dye uptake&#46; The effect of Pue on mitochondrial function in mouse aortas induced by acrolein was dose-dependent&#46; Mitochondrial oxidative stress-related proteins were detected by Western blotting&#46; With the increase of Pue concentration&#44; OPA-1 expression significantly increased&#44; indicating that Pue has an activation effect on mitochondrial oxidative stress &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0007">Fig&#46; 7B</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0007"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0022" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0029">Pue activates JNK signaling pathway to inhibit HDAC1 expression</span><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To investigate whether acrolein-induced oxidative stress is associated with HDAC1&#44; HDAC1 expression was measured by RT-qPCR and Western blotting&#46; HDAC1 levels were reduced after acrolein treatment&#44; but this trend was reversed with the increase of the intervention concentration of Pue &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0008">Fig&#46; 8</a>A and B&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; Western blotting results showed that phosphorylated HDAC1 expression was downregulated after acrolein treatment&#44; and Pue intervention at different concentrations could significantly reverse its expression&#44; which was related to concentration&#46; This suggests that Pue inhibits mitochondrial oxidative stress by reducing HDAC1 expression&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0008"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To further explore whether inhibition of the JNK pathway can improve AS induced by acrolein&#44; related proteins were studied&#46; The results showed that JNK and p-JNK protein and mRNA expression was reduced in acrolein-induced AS&#44; while the expression was significantly reversed after intervention with a high concentration of Pue&#44; suggesting that Pue could activate JNK pathway &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0008">Fig&#46; 8</a>C-D&#41;&#46; Western blotting results showed that OPA-1 expression was significantly inhibited after activation of this pathway &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0008">Fig&#46; 8</a>E&#41;&#46; These results further verified that Pue&#39;s effect on the oxidative stress activation of atherosclerotic mitochondria induced by acrolein was realized by inhibiting JNK signaling pathway&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0023" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0030">Discussion</span><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Part of the pathology of AS is characterized by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress&#46; Targeting oxidative stress by developing innovative antioxidants or enhancing antioxidant systems is also a proven strategy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Acrolein is a highly active toxic aldehyde that is a common dietary and environmental contaminant and can also be produced endogenously&#46; Acrolein exposure was positively associated with certain pathological conditions&#44; such as AS&#46; At the cellular level&#44; acrolein induces various harmful effects&#44; especially protein cohesion and oxidative damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In the AS mouse model induced by acrolein&#44; the effect of Pue was explored&#46;</p><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Body weight gain is common in atherosclerotic models&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> In this research&#44; acrolein increased the body weight of mice&#44; and body weight gain was suppressed after Pue gavage&#44; suggesting the protective effect of Pue on AS&#46; Maintaining optimal lipid levels has been considered significant to achieve optimal cardiovascular health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; dyslipidemia was observed in mice after exposure to acrolein&#44; and Pue treatment reduced TC&#44; TG&#44; and LDL-C&#44; while elevating HDL-C in a dose-dependently way&#44; which was consistent with a previous report on AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In addition to that&#44; in the field of Type II diabetes mellitus&#44; Pue shows lipid-lowering activity by reducing TC&#44; TG&#44; and LDL-C and improving HDL-C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> At present&#44; it is generally believed that Pue suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation to alleviate disease initiation and progression&#44; including but not limited to AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> A disruption of MMP directly affects the electron transport chain&#44; resulting in oxidative stress&#44; and its alteration triggers apoptosis and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome&#44; aggravating AS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Particularly&#44; Zhao L and his colleagues have elucidated the anti-inflammation property of Pue in coronary heart disease partially by reducing the production of TNF-&#945; and IL-6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Meanwhile&#44; in rats with chronic heart failure&#44; Pue shows the ability to decrease TNF-&#945; and IL-6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Notably&#44; it has been determined that a crystal form of Pue&#44; Pue-V can suppress inflammatory milieu in the myocardium of myocardial infarction mice&#44; thereby limiting the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Pue alleviates hypoxia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress&#44; reduces MDA content&#44; enhances the antioxidant defense system&#44; and increases SOD activity&#44; and GSH levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Pue preconditioning inhibits excessive oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine release and maintains mitochondrial function to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Interestingly&#44; Pue preconditioning can reduce doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting excessive oxidative stress and maintaining mitochondrial function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="para0036" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis from a histopathological point of view found that mice exposed to acrolein developed atherosclerotic plaques in their aortas&#44; accumulated lipids and developed steatosis in the livers&#44; while Pue alleviated these symptoms&#46; Consistently&#44; Pue treatment combined with Tanshinone IIA can prevent atherosclerotic inflammation and delay AS pathology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Similarly&#44; Pue improves liver lipid accumulation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rats<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> and ameliorates hepatic steatosis by reducing lipid accumulation in hepatocytes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="para0037" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of mechanism&#44; this report determined the inhibition of Pue on the JNK signaling pathway to upregulate HDAC1 expression&#44; thereby improving mitochondrial function&#46; JNK pathway is activated in AS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> and the inactivation of the JNK pathway confers an anti-atherosclerotic effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> It is believed that JNK partially regulates HDAC1&#47;2-mediated inflammatory gene expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> However&#44; this research did not further determine the action of JNK-mediated HDAC1 in AS&#44; which needs further investigation&#46;</p><p id="para0038" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; the current research has delineated the protective mechanism of Pue in AS by inactivating the JNK signaling pathway to alleviate HDAC1-induced oxidative stress disorder&#46; These study findings have provided a novel reference basis for drug treatment in AS&#46; Given that this study was based on animal studies&#44; further validation of personalized clinical applications is needed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0024" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0031">Availability of data and materials</span><p id="para0039" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The datasets used and&#47;or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0032">Ethics approval</span><p id="para0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was approved by the Animal experiments were approved by Dongying People&#39;s Hospital &#40;Dongying Hospital of Shandong Provincial Hospital Group&#41; and all procedures complied with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Use of Laboratory Animals &#40;n&#186; 2023DYYZ027&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0026" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0033">Authors&#39; contributions</span><p id="para0041" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">YeTing Li and XiaoNing Li conceived and designed the evaluation and drafted the manuscript&#46; Man Zheng and ChunYan Xiang participated in designing the evaluation&#44; performed parts of the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript&#46; FanLi Bu and FengLei Zhang re-evaluated the clinical data&#44; revised the manuscript and performed the statistical analysis and revised the manuscript&#46; YeTing Li and XiaoNing Li collected the clinical data&#44; interpreted them and revised the manuscript&#46; YeTing Li and XiaoNing Li re-analyzed the clinical and statistical data and revised the manuscript&#46; All authors read and approved the final manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0027" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0034">Funding</span><p id="para0042" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p></span></span>"
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      "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara009" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pue inhibits weight gain in atherosclerotic mice&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pue inhibits serum lipid levels in atherosclerotic mice&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pue inhibits inflammation in atherosclerotic mice&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0004"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pue inhibits the formation of AS lesions&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Objective</span><p id="spara010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Atherosclerosis &#40;AS&#41; is a common pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases&#46; Puerarin &#40;Pue&#41; is a Chinese herbal remedy used to prevent and treat AS&#46; Here&#44; this research investigated the effect of Pue on AS progression&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Methods</span><p id="spara011" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ApoE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#47;&#8722;</span> mice were induced with acrolein&#46; Body weight&#44; blood lipid index&#44; inflammatory factors&#44; mitochondrial oxidative stress&#44; and lipid deposition were detected&#46; IL-6 and TNF-&#945; were detected by ELISA&#46; Oil red staining and H&#38;E staining were used to observe the aortic sinus plaque lesions&#46; Serum expressions of inflammatory factors IL-6&#44; TNF-a&#44; SOD&#44; GSH and MDA were detected by ELISA&#44; the mRNA expression levels of HDAC1 in the aorta were detected by RT-qPCR&#44; and IL-6 and TNF-&#945; in the aorta were detected by immunohistochemistry&#46; JNK&#44; p-JNK&#44; OPA-1&#44; and HDAC1 were detected by Western blotting&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Results</span><p id="spara012" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pue administration can effectively reduce lipid accumulation in AS mice induced by acrolein&#46; Pue promoted the activity of SOD&#44; GSH and MDA&#44; and inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and the process of aortic histological changes&#46; Pue reduced IL-6 and TNF-&#945;&#46; HDAC1 expression was down-regulated and p-JNK-1 and JNK protein expression was up-regulated&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Conclusion</span><p id="spara013" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pue reduces inflammation and alleviates AS induced by acrolein by mediating the JNK pathway to inhibit HDAC1-mediated oxidative stress disorder&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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        "etiqueta" => "1"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="notep0001">Equal contributions to this study&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pue inhibits weight gain in atherosclerotic mice&#46;</span> &#40;A&#41; Schematic diagram of the experimental process&#46; &#40;B&#41; Weight gain measurement&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pue inhibits serum lipid levels in atherosclerotic mice&#46;</span> &#40;A&#8210;D&#41; ELISA analysis of serum TG&#44; TC&#44; LDL-C&#44; and HDL-C levels&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara003" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pue inhibits inflammation in atherosclerotic mice&#46;</span> &#40;A&#8210;B&#41; ELISA analysis of serum IL-6 and TNF-&#945; levels&#46; &#40;C&#8210;D&#41; IHC staining of aortic sinus to measure IL-6 and TNF-&#945;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pue inhibits the formation of atherosclerotic lesions&#46;</span> &#40;A&#41; Mouse aortic root oil red O staining&#46; &#40;B&#41; Quantification of the percentage of oil red O positive area&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pue inhibits lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic liver&#46;</span> &#40;A&#41; Representative images of livers&#46; &#40;B&#41; Oil Red O-stained Mouse aortic tissue&#46; &#40;C&#41; HE-stained liver sections&#46; &#40;D&#41; Mouse aortic tissue&#46; &#40;E&#41; Percentage quantitative of Oil red O positive area&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Liver associated reactive oxidative stress factor levels&#46;</span> &#40;A&#8210;C&#41; ELISA analysis of SOD&#44; GSH&#44; and MDA in liver&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pue inhibits atherosclerotic MMP&#46;</span> &#40;A&#41; JC-1 staining&#46; &#40;B&#41; Western blot measurements of OPA-1&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cebibsec1"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:34 [
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                      "titulo" => "CLOCK stabilizes vulnerable plaques by regulating vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching via RhoA&#47;ROCK signaling in atherosclerosis"
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                            0 => "X-H Yang"
                            1 => "C Wang"
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                      "titulo" => "Targeting early atherosclerosis&#58; a focus on oxidative stress and inflammation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "P Marchio"
                            1 => "S Guerra-Ojeda"
                            2 => "JM Vila"
                            3 => "M Aldasoro"
                            4 => "VM Victor"
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                        ]
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                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
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                      "titulo" => "Atherosclerosis and inflammation&#46; new therapeutic approaches"
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                          "etal" => false
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                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "155"
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            ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0007"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of puerarin in pathological cardiac remodeling&#58; a review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J Lv"
                            1 => "S Shi"
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                            3 => "X Xu"
                            4 => "H Zheng"
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                          ]
                        ]
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                  ]
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                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "178"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effective constituent puerarin&#44; from Pueraria lobata&#44; inhibits the proliferation and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle in atherosclerosis through the miR-29b-3p&#47;IGF1 pathway"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J Li"
                            1 => "Y Li"
                            2 => "X Yuan"
                            3 => "D Yao"
                            4 => "Z Gao"
                            5 => "Z Niu"
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                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/13880209.2022.2099430"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pharm Biol"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
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                          0 => array:2 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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                  ]
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              ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0009"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Puerarin&#58; A protective drug against ischemia-reperfusion injury"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M Gao"
                            1 => "Z Zhang"
                            2 => "K Lai"
                            3 => "Y Deng"
                            4 => "C Zhao"
                            5 => "Z Lu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Front Pharmacol"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Roles and mechanisms of puerarin on cardiovascular disease&#58; a review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Z Jiang"
                            1 => "X Cui"
                            2 => "P Qu"
                            3 => "C Shang"
                            4 => "M Xiang"
                            5 => "J&#46; Wang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Biomed Pharmacother"
                        "fecha" => "2022"
                        "volumen" => "147"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Puerarin inhibits the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis via modulation of the NF-kappaB pathway in a rabbit model"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "L Ji"
                            1 => "Q Du"
                            2 => "YT Li"
                            3 => "W&#46; Hu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.pharep.2016.06.007"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Pharmacol Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1054"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27505855"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0012"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Digital gene expression analysis of the pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanisms of ligustrazine and puerarin in rat atherosclerosis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English
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