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Food consumption, physical activity and aerobic capacity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with high cardiovascular risk
Fabiana Infante Smairaa,1, Bruna Caruso Mazzolania,1, Sofia Mendes Sieczkowskaa,1, Marina Romeroc, Thainá Toledo Ribeiroa, Milla Cordeiro Amarantea, Sandra Pasotob, Ana Lúcia de Sá Pintoa,b, Fernanda Rodrigues Limaa,b, Fabiana Braga Benattia,c, Hamilton Roschela, Bruno Gualanoa,b,
Corresponding author
gualano@usp.br

Corresponding author.
a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group – Center of Lifestyle Medicine; Laboratory of Assessment and Conditioning in Rheumatology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
b Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
c Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Introduction</span><p id="para0006" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; is a chronic&#44; autoimmune&#44; and multisystemic rheumatic disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies that target the body&#39;s own tissues and organs&#44; leading to inflammation and damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> SLE is more prevalent in women&#44; and its symptoms can vary widely&#44; ranging from mild joint pain and rashes to severe organ damage&#44; among other complications&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="para0007" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individuals with SLE are at an increased risk of developing Cardiovascular Diseases &#40;CVD&#41;&#44; the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Several factors contribute to the increased CVD risk in SLE&#44; including chronic inflammation&#44; endothelial dysfunction&#44; accelerated atherosclerosis&#44; and traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension&#44; diabetes&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Importantly&#44; other lifestyle factors such as poor diet&#44; sedentary behavior and physical inactivity may also contribute to the increased CVD risk in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="para0008" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food consumption is a well-known modifiable cardiovascular risk factor&#46; A diet rich in unprocessed foods is associated with better cardiovascular health parameters &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; body mass index&#44; blood pressure&#44; lipid&#44; and glucose profile&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; an unhealthy diet&#44; characterized by high consumption of ultra-processed foods &#8211; those generally rich in calories&#44; sugar&#44; fat&#44; and salt and poor in fibers&#44; protein&#44; vitamins&#44; and minerals &#8211; has been associated with hyperglycemia&#44; hyperinsulinemia&#44; dyslipidemia&#44; hypertension&#44; and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Moreover&#44; in SLE&#44; specific dietary components&#44; such as omega-3 fatty acids&#44; antioxidants&#44; and fiber&#44; have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; studies characterizing food consumption in SLE patients remain scarce&#44; so it is difficult to conclude the actual impact of food intake in the patient&#39;s cardiovascular health&#46;</p><p id="para0009" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even on remission&#44; patients with SLE often show physical activity levels below the recommended guidelines<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> as well as greater time spent in sedentary behavior when compared with the general population&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> These behaviors&#44; combined and independently&#44; are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and mortality and decreased functional and aerobic capacity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Regular exercise&#44; ranging from moderate to vigorous intensity&#44; is widely acknowledged as a crucial element in the prevention and management of chronic illnesses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In SLE&#44; exercise has been found to reduce inflammatory markers&#44; mitigate cardiometabolic risk factors&#44; and improve functional and aerobic capacity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the high prevalence and impact of CVD in SLE&#44; identifying modifiable risk factors in this population is of utmost importance&#46; Therefore&#44; the aim of the study was to describe food consumption&#44; sedentary behavior&#44; physical activity level&#44; and aerobic and functional capacity in a sample of SLE patients with high cardiovascular risk&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Methods</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Study design and participants</span><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinical Hospital&#44; School of Medicine&#44; University of S&#227;o Paulo using data from participants who were screened for participation in a clinical trial of a lifestyle intervention vs&#46; control &#40;clinicaltrials&#46;gov&#44; NCT04431167&#41;&#44; carried out between August 2020 and March 2023 in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#46;</p><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study sample comprised patients diagnosed with SLE from our outpatient clinic at the university hospital&#46; Inclusion criteria were as follows&#58;&#40;1&#41; Female&#59; &#40;2&#41; Age between 18 and 65 years&#59; &#40;3&#41; SLEDAI score &#8804; 4 &#40;disease in remission&#41;&#59; &#40;4&#41; Having high cardiovascular risk &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; Body Mass Index &#91;BMI&#93; between 25 and 40 kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and&#47;or dyslipidemia&#44; hypertension&#44; or diabetes&#41;&#46; Patients who were illiterate or had cognitive impairments that could compromise data collection were excluded&#46; The study was approved by the local Ethical Committee &#40;Commission for Analysis of Research Projects&#44; CAPPesq&#59; approval&#58; 19554719&#46;5&#46;0000&#46;0068&#41;&#44; and all patients provided informed consent before participating&#46; The procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2008&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were assessed for&#58; &#40;i&#41; Demographic &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; age&#44; income&#44; educational and marital status&#41;&#44; anthropometric &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; height and weight&#41;&#44; and disease-related &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; disease duration&#44; disease activity and pharmacological treatment&#41; parameters&#59; &#40;ii&#41; Food consumption&#59; &#40;iii&#41; Physical activity level and sedentary behavior&#59; &#40;iv&#41; Functional capacity and &#40;v&#41; Aerobic capacity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0007">Demographic&#44; anthropometric and disease-related parameters</span><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and disease-related parameters were obtained through patients&#39; medical records and interviews&#46; Global health status and pain were evaluated by means of the Visual Analogue Scale &#40;VAS&#41;&#44; a 10-point grading scale&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Height was measured with a stadiometer&#44; weight with a calibrated scale&#44; and waist circumference with plastic tape at the midpoint between the last floating vertebra and the iliac crest&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Food consumption</span><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food consumption data was collected using 24-hour food recalls on three nonconsecutive days&#44; including one weekend day&#44; and analyzed using the Dietbox software online version&#46; Standardized recipes were used to quantify foods and ingredients for preparations such as soups&#44; purees&#44; pies&#44; and sandwiches&#46; To characterize participants&#39; dietary intake&#44; the authors calculated total energy intake in kilocalories and macronutrients in grams and as a percentage of Total Energy Intake &#40;&#37;TEI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> as well as energy contribution &#40;&#37;TEI&#41; per food processing level according to previous criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Nova system categorizes foods and food products based on their processing level and purpose&#46; It includes four main groups&#58; &#40;1&#41; Unprocessed or Minimally Processed &#40;UNMP&#41; foods&#44; which are natural foods altered through processes that preserve them&#44; making them suitable for storage&#44; safe&#44; and pleasant to consume &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; dried fruits&#44; seeds&#44; milk&#41;&#59; &#40;2&#41; Processed Culinary Ingredients &#40;PCI&#41;&#44; derived from nature or Group 1 foods through processes like pressing&#44; refining&#44; and drying &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; salt&#44; sugar&#44; oils&#41;&#59; &#40;3&#41; Processed foods &#40;PR&#41;&#44; essentially made by adding salt&#44; oil&#44; sugar&#44; or other substances from Groups 1 and 2 &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; homemade bread&#44; cheese&#44; dried meat&#41;&#59; &#40;4&#41; Ultra-processed foods &#40;UPR&#41;&#44; mainly made from food-derived substances and additives&#44; with little or no intact food from Group 1 &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; snacks&#44; sausages&#44; candies&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Physical activity level and sedentary behavior</span><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Physical activity level and sedentary behavior were objectively measured using a triaxial ActivPAL&#174; accelerometer &#40;PAL Technology&#41;&#44; which allowed the evaluation of the time spent in sedentary behavior&#44; light&#44; and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activities&#46; All patients were instructed to wear the accelerometer for 7 days&#44; removing it only during submerged water activities &#40;swimming pool&#41;&#46; The accelerometer was positioned on the medial portion of the right thigh using a waterproof bandage&#46; Patients had to accumulate at least 10 hours of valid activity per day for at least 4 days&#46; Additionally&#44; patients had to fill in a device use diary&#44; which included the day and time of wear and removal of the device&#46; The collected data was downloaded to the computer through the ActivPAL&#174; software&#46; The following data were reported&#58; &#40;1&#41; Sitting time &#40;hours&#47;day&#41;&#59; &#40;2&#41; Light-intensity physical activity &#40;minutes&#47;day&#41;&#44; &#40;3&#41; Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity &#40;minutes&#47;day and minutes&#47;week&#41;&#59; &#40;4&#41; Number of steps&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010">Functional capacity</span><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Timed-Stands Test consisted of counting the number of times the patient could stand up and sit down from a chair using only the lower limbs for 30 seconds&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> The Timed Up-and-Go test assessed the time required for the patient to stand up from a chair&#44; walk 3 meters&#44; turn 180 degrees&#44; return and sit on the chair&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Patients had 2 attempts in each test and the average between attempts was considered for analysis&#46; All patients underwent a familiarization session&#44; held at least 48 hours before the actual test&#44; to ensure data reliability&#46;</p><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Handgrip strength was evaluated using a hand dynamometer&#46; The test was performed with participants using their dominant hand and remaining in an upright position with the arm extended along the body&#46; Participants perform maximum handgrip strength on the device for 5 seconds&#46; The average value of 3 attempts&#44; separated by a 1-minute interval&#44; was considered for analysis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Aerobic capacity</span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the cardiopulmonary exercise test&#44; cardiovascular behavior was continuously evaluated using an electrocardiograph with 12 simultaneous leads&#46; Heart rate was recorded throughout the test and blood pressure was recorded at rest and at the end of the effort&#46; Maximal aerobic capacity was assessed through the direct measurement of oxygen consumption at peak exercise &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>peak&#41; using a breath-by-breath sensor system &#40;Metalyzer model III b&#47;breath-by-breath&#41;&#46; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>peak was considered as the average value in the last 30 seconds of effort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The test was considered maximal when two of the following four criteria were met&#58; &#40;1&#41; Incidence of a plateau in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#59; &#40;2&#41; Respiratory exchange ratio above 1&#46;10&#59; &#40;3&#41; Heart rate greater than 90&#37; of the maximum predicted for age&#59; &#40;4&#41; Perceived exertion &#8805; 17&#46; Metabolic thresholds were determined by a single experienced evaluator based on the responses of the ventilatory equivalents of O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;VE&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; and CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;VE&#47;VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#46; The ventilatory anaerobic threshold was considered as the point where there was an abrupt increase in VE&#47;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> without a concomitant increase in VE&#47;VCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; The respiratory compensation point was considered as the moment in which ventilatory equivalents showed a similar increase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> All tests were conducted under the supervision of a physician&#46; Before the exercise test&#44; participants were instructed not to drink caffeinated beverages and not to engage in vigorous physical activity in the 24 hours prior to the exam&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive analyses were performed using R &#40;version 4&#46;2&#46;2&#44; R Core Team&#44; Vienna&#44; Austria&#41;&#46; All data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency&#46; The Raincloud Plots were generated using the following packages&#58; &#8220;ggplot2&#8221; for data visualization and &#8220;ggdist&#8221; for probability distribution plots&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013">Results</span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 99 women &#40;age&#58; 41 &#177; 9 years&#41; diagnosed with SLE were included in the study&#46; Most patients reported being employed &#40;64&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; in a stable relationship &#40;55&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; with a complete high school or incomplete academic degree &#40;55&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; from socioeconomic class D&#47;E &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; until US&#36; 565&#46;3&#41; &#40;59&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; and classified as overweight&#47;obese &#40;87&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; Average waist and hip circumferences were 95&#46;6 &#177; 10&#46;7 cm and 109&#46;0 &#177; 10&#46;0 cm&#44; respectively&#46; Additionally&#44; they reported moderate global health &#40;5&#46;0 &#177; 2&#46;9&#41; and pain &#40;4&#46;6 &#177; 3&#46;0&#41;&#44; and the main pharmaceutical treatments included Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs &#40;DMARDs&#41;&#44; immunosuppressants&#44; and antihypertensives &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Average intakes were 47&#46;1 &#177; 7&#46;7&#37;TEI&#44; 17&#46;0 &#177; 4&#46;4&#37;TEI&#44; and 36&#46;0 &#177; 5&#46;7&#37;TEI for carbohydrates&#44; protein&#44; and fat respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Average fiber and calcium intake were below RDA&#58; 16&#46;1 &#177; 8&#46;5g&#44; 391&#46;2 &#177; 217&#46;8 mg&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Sodium intake was&#44; on average&#44; above recommendations&#58; 2&#44;919&#46;0 &#177; 1&#44;292&#46;4 mg&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>The most prevalent food group consumed was UNMP &#40;43&#46;8 &#177; 14&#46;0&#37; TEI&#41;&#44; followed by PR &#40;21&#46;4 &#177; 13&#46;1&#37; TEI&#41;&#44; UPR foods &#40;20&#46;0 &#177; 13&#46;9&#37; TEI&#41;&#44; and PCI &#40;15&#46;4 &#177; 7&#46;0&#37; TEI&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the patients met recommendations for moderate to vigorous physical activity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> and 58&#46;6&#37; of the patients spent more than 8 hours&#47;day in sedentary behavior&#46; Patients&#8217; time spent in sedentary behavior was 8&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;2 hours&#47;day and the average light physical activity&#44; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity&#44; and number of steps were 83&#46;2 &#177; 32&#46;1 min&#47;day&#44; 13&#46;0 &#177; 11&#46;4 min&#47;day &#40;91&#46;2 &#177; 79&#46;9 min&#47;week&#41;&#44; 6782 &#177; 2720 &#40;number&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The average results for Timed stands&#44; Timed-Up-and-Go&#44; and handgrip were 11&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;7 repetitions&#44; 8&#46;1 &#177; 2&#46;3 seconds&#44; and 26&#46;4 &#177; 6&#46;2 kg&#47;F&#44; respectively&#46; Average resting and peak heart rate were 70&#46;5 &#177; 11&#46;3 and 160&#46;0 &#177; 19&#46;4 beats per minute&#44; respectively&#46; Patients exhibited an average relative anaerobic threshold of 11&#46;8 &#177; 3&#46;46 &#40;mL&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&#44; relative respiratory compensation point of 19&#46;1 &#177; 4&#46;30 &#40;mL&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&#44; and VO2 peak of 21&#46;2 &#177; 4&#46;55 &#40;mL&#47;kg&#47;min&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Discussion</span><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study aimed to characterize food consumption&#44; physical activity level&#44; sedentary behavior&#44; and functional and aerobic capacity in a sample of SLE patients with high cardiovascular risk&#46; Our findings show that&#58; &#40;i&#41; several participants did not meet macronutrient and some of the micronutrients &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; fiber&#44; calcium&#44; and sodium&#41; recommendations&#59; &#40;ii&#41; the most prevalent food group &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; processing level&#41; in our cohort&#39;s diet was UNMP&#44; followed by PR&#44; UPR and PCI&#59; &#40;iii&#41; 58&#46;6&#37; of the patients exhibited high sedentary behavior &#40;above 8h&#47;day&#41; and eighteen of them meet with minimum recommendation for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity&#59; and &#40;iv&#41; functional and aerobic capacity &#40;97&#46;5&#37;&#41; on average were below that of the general population&#46;</p><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased CVD risk is a common feature in SLE&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In fact&#44; CVD is the main cause of morbimortality in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Besides disease-related risk factors&#44; poor lifestyle may prone patients with SLE to an even greater CVD risk&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Namely&#44; food consumption and physical activity are modifiable risk factors that may yield cardio-protective effects&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>which may be especially important in patients with high CVD risk&#46; In our sample&#44; we found that although only a small part &#40;4&#46;3&#37;&#41; of the sample showed inadequate carbohydrate intake&#44; a substantial part &#40;35&#37;&#41; was below the protein recommendation&#44; whereas 25&#37; of the sample ingested more fat than the recommendation&#46; Moreover&#44; similar to previous observations in other populations with SLE&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>we found insufficient fiber and calcium intakes in virtually every individual in our sample&#46; In fact&#44; while 81 patients did not meet fiber&#44; none met adequate dietary recommendations for calcium intake&#46; Additionally&#44; only 24 participants did not exceed recommendations for sodium dietary intake&#46; Adequate intake of fiber is responsible for better digestive health&#44; glycemic control&#44; and cholesterol regulation&#59; calcium&#44; in turn&#44; is essential for bone health&#44; blood coagulation and muscle and nerve functions&#46; Sodium is an essential mineral in water balance&#44; muscle and nerve functions and blood pressure control&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>rendering proper monitoring of dietary intake in these patients essential to avoid worsening disease-associated comorbidities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies have already demonstrated that higher consumption of UPR foods is associated with chronic non-communicable diseases&#44; such as overweight and obesity&#44; as well as diabetes&#44; hypertension&#44; and some types of cancer&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The prevailing theoretical mechanism is associated with the fact that UPR foods contain high amounts of calories&#44; sugar&#44; fat&#44; and salt&#44; and low amounts of fibers&#44; protein&#44; vitamins&#44; and minerals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>On the other hand&#44; UNMP is rich in vitamins&#44; minerals&#44; and fibers&#44; which may lead to anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects&#46; Considering that SLE patients are at a greater risk of developing CVD &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; diabetes&#44; hypertension&#44; etc&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> promoting a diet lower in UPR foods and&#44; at the same time&#44; higher in UNMP foods could improve cardiovascular risk profile in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study&#44; the authors found a predominant consumption of UNMP foods&#44; which is in line with previous observations in other rheumatic diseases&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> including a SLE cohort that reported a high consumption of UNMP and a low consumption of UPR foods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Indeed&#44; the Brazilian population has a higher consumption of UNMP and lower consumption of UPR foods when compared to other countries &#40;mainly developed ones&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>The latest household budget survey &#40;POF&#41; carried out in Brazil between 2017&#8210;2018 showed that UNMP foods are predominant while UPR is the least present food group&#46; Nonetheless&#44; our sample reported a slightly higher consumption of UPR than that of the general population &#40;20&#46;0&#37; vs&#46; 18&#46;4&#37; of TEI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to food consumption&#44; the physical activity level&#44; sedentary behavior&#44; and functional and aerobic capacity were assessed in this study&#46; The Brazilian guideline and the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; recommend at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity per week for all adults and limit the amount of time in sedentary behavior&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> However&#44; only eighteen of our patients reached the minimum recommended amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity&#46; Indeed&#44; our results are in agreement with previous data demonstrating that patients with rheumatic diseases spend a significant amount of time in sedentary behavior and have very low levels of physical activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The low levels of physical activity observed in this population could be explained by socioeconomic&#44; cultural and individual&#44; and disease-related factors&#44; such as time constraints&#44; lack of motivation&#44; financial costs&#44; restricted access to specialized facilities&#44; pain&#44; fatigue&#44; and concerns about worsening illness symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0033"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Our sample also exhibited poorer aerobic and functional capacities compared to the general population&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0034"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> which is in line with previous literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> Reduced aerobic and functional capacity have been linked with difficulties in performing physical activities and simple daily tasks&#44; such as climbing stairs&#44; lifting heavy objects&#44; or walking long distances&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0036"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0037"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>In addition&#44; considering the ACSM recommendations&#44; most patients &#40;97&#46;5&#37;&#41; also had a lower than expected functional and aerobic capacity for women at the same age&#46;</p><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Strengths of this study are the homogeneous sample of patients with SLE who share a relatively unexplored characteristic&#44; namely a high cardiovascular risk&#59; and the use of objective measures to assess sedentary behavior&#44; physical activity level&#44; and functional and aerobic capacity&#46; However&#44; this study is not without limitations&#46; Its cross-sectional design does not allow to establish causal relationships between variables&#44; and the findings may not be widely generalized due to the specific inclusion criteria that were used in selecting our patients from a clinical trial&#46; Additionally&#44; there is an inherent bias associated with 24-hour food recalls &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; memory bias&#44; underreporting of food consumption&#44; lack of accuracy in recalling meals&#44; and difficulties in estimating portion sizes&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; participants were instructed to fulfill the 24-hour food recalls with maximum details regarding foods and drinks consumed&#44; including portion sizes and recipes&#44; and they also received the orientation to ask for help if necessary&#46; Furthermore&#44; researchers reviewed all 24-hour food recalls and when identified insufficient data&#44; they tried to contact the participant to obtain the information&#46; Finally&#44; it is crucial to consider that our data was gathered during or after the most severe stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil&#44; which may have affected physical activity and food consumption patterns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0038"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38-40</span></a></p><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this study brings novel data on habitual food consumption and sedentary behavior&#44; physical activity level&#44; and functional and aerobic capacity in a sample of SLE patients with high cardiovascular risk&#46; We found that while some aspects of dietary intake may be considered adequate &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; a high consumption of UNMP&#41;&#44; others require attention in order to mitigate disease-related CVD risk &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; inadequate intake of macro and micronutrients&#41;&#46; Overall&#44; patients are physically inactive and spent a significant amount of time in sedentary behavior&#44; which may partially contribute to their worsened aerobic and functional capacity&#44; ultimately increasing their already risk for CVD&#46; Data from this study may aid in the design of dedicated clinical trials aiming to investigate the effects of novel lifestyle interventions able to offset the risks of CVD in SLE&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Data availability statement</span><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author&#44; B&#46;G&#46;&#44; upon reasonable request&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">F&#46;I&#46;S&#46;&#44; B&#46;C&#46;M&#46;&#44; S&#46;M&#46;S&#46;&#44; H&#46;R&#46; and B&#46;G&#46; participated in the conception and design of the study&#46; F&#46;I&#46;S&#46;&#44; B&#46;C&#46;M&#46;&#44; S&#46;M&#46;S&#46;&#44; MR&#44; T&#46;T&#46;R&#46; and M&#46;C&#46;A&#46; are involved in patients&#8217; recruitment and data collection&#46; S&#46;P&#46;&#44; A&#46;L&#46;S&#46;P&#46; and F&#46;R&#46;L&#46; are involved in patients&#8217; screening and clinical assessments&#46; F&#46;I&#46;S&#46;&#44; B&#46;C&#46;M&#46;&#44; S&#46;M&#46;S&#46;&#44; M&#46;R&#46;&#44; F&#46;B&#46;B&#46;&#44; H&#46;R&#46;&#44; and B&#46;G&#46; will be in charge of the statistical analyses&#44; data interpretation&#44; and manuscript writing&#46; F&#46;I&#46;S&#46;&#44; B&#46;C&#46;M&#46;&#44; S&#46;M&#46;S&#46;&#44; H&#46;R&#46; and B&#46;G&#46; drafted the manuscript with critical revision from S&#46;P&#46;&#44; A&#46;L&#46;S&#46;P&#46;&#44; F&#46;R&#46;L&#46; and F&#46;B&#46;B&#46; All authors have seen and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Demographic&#44; anthropometric and disease-related parameters"
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              "titulo" => "Food consumption"
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              "titulo" => "Physical activity level and sedentary behavior"
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              "titulo" => "Functional capacity"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2023-11-17"
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    "highlights" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Highlights"
      "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have decreased functional and aerobic capacity and increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An unhealthy diet&#44; characterized by a high consumption of ultraprocessed foods&#44; as well as physical inactivity increase the cardiovascular risk factor&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">58&#46;6&#37; of the patients exhibited high sedentary behavior &#40;above 8h&#47;day&#41; and none of them meet with minimum physical activity recommendation&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0004"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our sample reported a slightly higher consumption of ultraprocessed foods than that of the general population &#40;20&#46;0&#37; vs&#46; 18&#46;4&#37; of total energy value&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; is a chronic&#44; autoimmune and multisystemic rheumatic disease&#46; Patients with SLE have decreased functional and aerobic capacity&#44; as well as increased prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases &#40;CVD&#41;&#44; which are the primary causes of morbimortality in this condition&#46; Dietary intake and physical activity are well-known modifiable cardiovascular risk factors&#46; The aim of this study is to describe food consumption&#44; sedentary behavior&#44; physical activity level&#44; and functional and aerobic capacity in a sample of SLE patients with high cardiovascular risk&#46; This was a cross-sectional study in which patients were assessed for &#40;i&#41; Demographic&#44; anthropometric&#44; and disease-related parameters&#59; &#40;ii&#41; Food consumption&#59; &#40;iii&#41; Physical activity level and sedentary behavior&#59; &#40;iv&#41; Functional and aerobic capacity&#46; Patients averaged 41&#46;7 &#177; 9 years&#44; and most were classified as overweight&#47;obese &#40;87&#37;&#41;&#46; Average macronutrient intake was within recommendations&#59; however&#44; fiber &#40;16 &#177; 9g&#41; and calcium &#40;391 &#177; 217 mg&#41; intakes were below&#44; and sodium intake &#40;2&#46;9 &#177; 1&#46;3 mg&#41; was above recommendations&#46; Besides&#44; food consumption assessed by the Nova system showed a predominance of unprocessed foods &#40;43&#46;8 &#177; 14&#46;0&#37;TEI&#41;&#44; although ultraprocessed food intake &#40;20&#46;0 &#177; 13&#46;9&#37;TEI&#41; was slightly higher than that seen in the Brazilian population&#46; Patients also exhibited high sedentary behavior &#40;8&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;2h&#41; and only eighteen participants reached the minimum recommended amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity&#46; Overall&#44; patients had a low functional and aerobic capacity compared to the general population&#46; Data from this study may help design dedicated clinical trials aiming to investigate the effects of lifestyle intervention to mitigate CVD in SLE&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Food consumption&#46; Relative energy intake &#40;&#37; kcal&#41; by A&#41; macronutrients and B&#41; food processing level&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Physical activity level&#46; Time spent in sedentary behavior&#44; number of steps per day&#44; level of light physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara004" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BMI&#44; Body mass index&#59; SLEDAI&#44; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index&#59; SLICC&#44; Systemic lupus international collaborating clinics&#44; VAS&#44; Visual analogue scale&#59; DMARDs&#44; disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs&#59; M&#44; mean&#59; NSAIDs&#44; nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs&#59; SD&#44; Standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M &#177; SD or n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0003"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age &#40;years&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0004"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">41 &#177; 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0005"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m&#178;&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0006"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">29&#46;5 &#177; 4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI Classification</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0008"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0009"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Eutrophic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0010"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">13 &#40;13&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Overweight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">44 &#40;44&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">With obesity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">42 &#40;42&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Waist circumference &#40;cm&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">95&#46;6 &#177; 10&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Hip circumference &#40;cm&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">109&#46;0 &#177; 10&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Income &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3 &#40;3&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">36 &#40;37&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">57 &#40;59&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">64 &#40;64&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Smoking &#40;Yes&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">11 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Practice physical exercise &#40;Yes&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Stable relationship &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">55 &#40;55&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Educational level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Incomplete elementary school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6 &#40;6&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Elementary school&#47; Incomplete high school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16 &#40;16&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">High school&#47; Incomplete academic degree&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">55 &#40;55&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Complete academic degree&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">22 &#40;22&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Disease parameters &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Duration &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">14 &#177; 12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">SLEDAI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;0 &#177; 1&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">SLICC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#177; 1&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">VAS global health &#40;0-10&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;0 &#177; 2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Pharmacological treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Biological drugs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19 &#40;19&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">DMARDs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">77 &#40;77&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">NSAIDs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Glucocorticoids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">46 &#40;46&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Immunosuppressants&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">55 &#40;55&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Muscle Relaxant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16 &#40;16&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Painkillers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">22 &#40;22&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Antihypertensives&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">57 &#40;57&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Statins&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">20 &#40;20&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Anticoagulants&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16 &#40;16&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Antidiabetics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6 &#40;6&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Antidepressants&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">26 &#40;26&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Calcium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16 &#40;6&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Vitamin D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">59 &#40;59&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara006" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">TEI&#44; Total Energy Intake&#59; UNMP&#44; Unprocessed or Minimally Processed Foods&#59; PCI&#44; Processed Culinary Ingredients&#59; PR&#44; Processed Food&#59; UPR&#44; Ultraprocessed Food&#59; Kg&#44; Kilograms&#59; F&#44; Force&#59; M&#44; Mean&#59; SD&#44; Standard Deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0087"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0088"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M &#177; SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Energy &#40;Kcal&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 92&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">1613&#46;5 &#177; 649&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Macronutrients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 92&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Carbohydrate &#40;TEI&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">47&#46;1 &#177; 7&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Fat &#40;TEI&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">36&#46;0 &#177; 5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Protein &#40;TEI&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">17&#46;0 &#177; 4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Protein &#40;g&#47;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;9 &#177; 0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Micronutrients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 92&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Fiber &#40;mg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">16&#46;1 &#177; 8&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sodium &#40;mg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">2919&#46;0 &#177; 1292&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Calcium &#40;mg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">391&#46;4 &#177; 217&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Food consumption by processing level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 92&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">UNMP &#40;TEI&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">43&#46;8 &#177; 14&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PCI &#40;TEI&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">15&#46;4 &#177; 7&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">PR &#40;TEI&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">21&#46;4 &#177; 13&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">UPR &#40;TEI&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">20&#46;0 &#177; 13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sedentary Behavior &#40;hours&#47;day&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Physical activity level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 99&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Light physical activity &#40;minutes&#47;day&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">83&#46;2 &#177; 32&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity &#40;minutes&#47;day&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;0 &#177; 11&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity &#40;minutes&#47;week&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">91&#46;2 &#177; 79&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Number of steps &#40;per day&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">6782 &#177; 2720&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0131"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Aerobic capacity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#61; 81&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Resting heart rate &#40;beats&#47; minute&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0134"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">70&#46;5 &#177; 11&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0135"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Peak heart rate &#40;beats&#47; minute&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0136"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">160&#46;0 &#177; 19&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0137"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">VO2 anaerobic threshold &#40;mL&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;8 &#177; 3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">VO2 respiratory compensation &#40;mL&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;1 &#177; 4&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">VO2peak &#40;mL&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">21&#46;2 &#177; 4&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Timed stands &#40;number of repetions&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0146"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0147"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Timed up and go &#40;seconds&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0148"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;1 &#177; 2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0149"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Test Handgrip &#40;kg&#47;F&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0150"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">26&#46;4 &#177; 6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Food consumption&#44; physical activity level&#44; aerobic and functional capacity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with high cardiovascular risk profile&#46;</p>"
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        "texto" => "<p id="para0036" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">F&#46;I&#46;S&#46;&#44; B&#46;C&#46;M&#46;&#44; S&#46;M&#46;S&#46;&#44; MCA and B&#46;G&#46; were supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0001">S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation &#8211; FAPESP</span> &#40;grants <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0001">&#35;2019&#47;14819-8</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0001">&#35;2019&#47;14820-6</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0001">&#35;2019&#47;15231-4</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0001">&#35;2020&#47;07135-2</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0001">&#35;2017&#47;13552-2</span>&#41;&#46; SP was supported by a research grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0002">Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#40;CNPq&#41; to SGP</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0002">&#35;303116&#47;2022-6</span>&#41; and MR was supported by Support fund to education&#44; research&#44; and extension at the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs0003">State University of Campinas &#8211; FAEPEX</span> accord <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs0003">519&#46;292 &#40;98082-22&#41;</span>&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English
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