Effects of N-Acetylcysteine combined with Ambroxol Hydrochloride on clinical symptoms, CRP, and PCT in children with pneumonia

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(A, B) Univariate and multivariate cox analyses of the OS-related signature and clinical variables. (C‒E) Comparison of AUC values between OS-related signature and all significant factors. (F‒G) Univariate and multivariate cox analyses of the OS-related signature and clinical variables. (H‒J) Comparison of AUC values between PFS-related signature and all significant factors." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Xiao Chen, Herui Zhang" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xiao" "apellidos" => "Chen" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Herui" "apellidos" => "Zhang" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001">•Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (PAAD) exhibits a universally poor prognosis.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002">•Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) affected the development of tumor.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003">•Immune Checkpoint-Related Genes (ICRGs) were associated with TIME formation.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0004">•ICRGs were associated with the prognosis of PAAD.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0005">•ICRGs may serve as novel clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets.</li></ul>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593224001583?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/000000790000000C/v123_202411010523/S1807593224001583/v123_202411010523/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original articles" "titulo" => "Effects of N-Acetylcysteine combined with Ambroxol Hydrochloride on clinical symptoms, CRP, and PCT in children with pneumonia" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "AiLi Xue, Hua Zhang, ShanShan Song, Xia Yu" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "AiLi" "apellidos" => "Xue" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hua" "apellidos" => "Zhang" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "ShanShan" "apellidos" => "Song" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Xia" "apellidos" => "Yu" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "yuuuxiaaaa1354@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0001" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Infants, Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Operating Theatre, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Paediatrics, Binzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Binzhou City, Shandong Province, China" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2336 "Ancho" => 2250 "Tamanyo" => 380285 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0005" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Immunoglobulin level. Note: Compared with the group before treatment, # p < 0.05; Compared with observation group after treatment, * p < 0.05." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionPneumonia is a common pediatric disease clinically manifested as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and medium-fine moist lung rale. It is often caused by bacterial infection and is mainly treated by antibiotics. However, antibiotics have toxic effects on the nervous system, blood system, liver, and kidney organs, and long-term use will lead to liver and kidney function impairment. Symptomatic treatments for pediatric pneumonia currently include Ambroxol Hydrochloride (AH) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) atomized liquid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">1</a> Data have demonstrated that both AH and NAC atomized liquid can promote mucus elimination, and NAC can also act as an oxidizing agent to interfere with the generation of free radicals, and the combination of the two can achieve the expected therapeutic effect on bronchopneumonia in children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">2</a> In the treatment of pediatric pneumonia, NAC atomized solution can be used in combination with AH to resolve phlegm and improve lung symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">3</a> Based on this, this study aims to explore the effects of NAC combined with AH in the treatment of pediatric pneumonia regarding the regulation of clinical symptoms, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and Procalcitonin (PCT) levels.Data and methodsClinical dataA total of 98 children with pneumonia from January 2021 to January 2023 were assigned to the control group and observation group by random number table method. Inclusion criteria: 1) Patients meeting complied with the diagnostic criteria for pneumonia;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">4</a> 2) Patients between the ages of 2 and 6 years, Asian; 3) Under the approval of the Ethics Committee of Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University (QFELL-YJ-2024-70), patients gave informed consent; 4) Patients with fever, cough, and wheezing; 5) Patients with well drug tolerance. Exclusion criteria: 1) Patients combined with pleural effusion or empyema; 2) Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases (Combined bronchial asthma, Congenital lung cysts, Pulmonary hypoplasia, etc.); 3) Patients with abnormal growth or severe malnutrition; 4) Patients combined with severe liver and kidney disease, systemic infection, immune deficiency, and congenital heart disease; 5) Patients with drug allergy or drug incompatibility; 6) Patients combined with viral encephalopathy; 7) Patients combined with hemolytic uremic syndrome. This clinical observational study follows the STROBE statement.MethodsFluid therapy and symptomatic treatment were given to the children in both groups to alleviate coughing, dissipate phlegm, and subside fevers. The control group was treated with AH (Shandong Luoxin Pharmaceutical Group STOCK Co., Ltd., H20051402, specifications: 300 mg/tablet). One tablet of AH was dissolved in 3 mL 0.9 % sodium chloride solution, added to the mask atomizer, and connected to the oxygen device with an adjusted oxygen flow rate of 6‒8 L/min. Atomized inhalation was performed twice a day for 1 week.The observation group was given combined treatment with NAC (ZAMBONS.R.L, H20110405, specification: 3 mL:300 mg). NAC (3 mL) was dissolved in 3 mL 0.9 % sodium chloride solution, and other procedures in atomized inhalation of NAC were performed as same as AH inhalation.Observation indicators<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0002"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0006">(1) Clinical effect:<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">5</a> 1) Cure: clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, and lung rales completely disappeared, and laboratory indicators such as lung X-Ray film and blood routine returned to normal; 2) Effective: clinical symptoms disappeared, and laboratory indicators did not return to normal; 3) Ineffective: no improvement in clinical symptoms after 3 days of medication. Total effective rate = cure rate + effective rate.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0007">(2) Disappearance time of clinical symptoms: antipyretic time, cough disappearance time, and lung rales disappearance time were compared.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0008">(3) Inflammatory factors: CRP and PCT were determined by ELISA.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0009">(4) Lung function indicators: Force Vital Capacity (FVC) and Force Expiratory Volume one Second (FEV1) were monitored by the Jaeger MasterScreen Pneumo.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0010">(5) Blood gas analysis: Elbow arterial blood samples (6 mL) was collected from each patient in both groups after morning fasting and placed in heparin anticoagulation tubes, and arterial Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO2), Arterial Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure (PaCO2), and blood Oxygen Saturation (SaO2) were detected by Siemens Rapidpoint348 blood gas analyzer. Analysis was performed by the same physician.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0011">(6) Immunoglobulin level: Peripheral venous blood (20 mL) was extracted from each patient using a fully automatic biochemical analyzer of BoKO BKG1200, and IgM, IgA, IgG, and C3 levels were detected by immunoturbidimetry using a fully automatic biochemical analyzer (BKG1200, BIOBASE, Shandong, China).</li></ul>Statistical analysisSPSS 22.0 software was utilized to process the data, the enumeration data were expressed as percentages and evaluated by χ2 test, and the measurement data were expressed as (x ± s) after the normality test and compared by t-test. The difference was statistically significant at p < 0.05.ResultsClinical dataClinical data between the two groups showed no statistical significance (p > 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia>Clinical effectThe observation group had a higher total effective rate than the control group (p < 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia>Disappearance time of clinical symptomsThe antipyretic time, cough disappearance time, and lung rale disappearance time in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group (p < 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia>Inflammatory factorsPre-treatment inflammatory factors were not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). As compared with the control group, the observation group had lower CRP and PCT levels after treatment (p < 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig. 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia>Lung functionBefore treatment, there was no significant difference in pulmonary function parameters between the two groups (p > 0.05). There were higher values of FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC in the observation group than in the control group after treatment (p < 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig. 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0003"></elsevierMultimedia>Blood gas analysisBefore treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups in blood gas analysis parameters (p > 0.05). After treatment, PaCO2 was lower, while PaO2 and SaO2 were higher in the observation group than in the control group (p < 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0004">Fig. 4</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0004"></elsevierMultimedia>Immunoglobulin levelsBefore treatment, no significant difference was observed in immunoglobulin levels between the two groups (p > 0.05). The observation group had higher levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, and C3 after treatment than the control group (p < 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 5</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Adverse reactionsAdverse reactions were not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionChildren are susceptible to infection and pneumonia because their lung tissue and immune function are not fully mature and their ability to resist pathogens is poor. The severity of pneumonia in children varies greatly, and the progression of the disease involves multiple organs or systems, induces hypercapnia and hypoxemia, etc., which seriously affect the growth and development of children and even endanger their life safety.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">6</a> Therefore, it is particularly important to actively explore the treatment methods to alleviate the disease quickly. AH can alleviate the clinical symptoms of pediatric pneumonia. However, according to relevant reports, the clinical efficacy of single-drug therapy is poor, so multi-drug combination therapy is needed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">7</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">8</a> NAC, as a new mucous solvent, can gradually reduce the adhesion ability of phlegm, improve sputum discharge, and reduce the inflammatory stimulation of the respiratory tract. Moreover, NAC has a certain inhibitory effect on polyglycoprotein and effectively reduces the damage effect of bacteria on cell membranes based on the inhibition of bacterial adhesion ability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">9</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a> In this study, the treatment effective rate was higher, the disappearance time of clinical symptoms was shorter, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PaO2, and SaO2 were higher, and PaCO2 was lower in the observation group than those of the control group. It shows that NAC combined with AH is effective in treating pneumonia in children, which can effectively reduce clinical symptoms and improve lung function. This is mainly because NAC atomized solution is a powerful phlegm-dissolving agent, which can not only dissolve mucus sputum but also treat porous sputum caused by bacterial infection. A combination of NAC atomized solution and AH can effectively alleviate bronchopneumonia symptoms in children by dissolving phlegm and improving lung function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">11</a>Clinical data show that NAC also regulates the balance of the immune system, promotes the synthesis and secretion of immune proteins and complement, inhibits the production of inflammatory factors, greatly alleviates inflammatory response, and thus improves clinical symptoms and shortens disease course.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012">12</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013">13</a> In this study, combined treatment reduced the inflammatory response of the body by suppressing CRP and PCT. The reason is that NAC is a precursor of intracellular GSH, which can effectively reduce the active substance in the bronchial alveolar cavity and plasma of patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">14</a> According to relevant reports, NAC is also an antioxidant, which/effectively removes reactive oxygen species. By inhibiting toxins in the body, it can effectively block the NB-kB pathway, reduce IL-8 and IL-6 expression, and achieve the purpose of inhibiting inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">16</a>Mucus from infections often blocks the trachea in children due to tracheal stenosis, poor lung elastic tissue development, and a small number of alveoli. At the same time, the immune system of children has not been fully established and improved, and cannot effectively resist the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, so children are prone to pneumonia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">17</a> However, pneumonia pathogens not only cause local inflammatory damage to respiratory mucosa but also activate the immune response of the body and induce immune damage. It has been proposed that cellular and humoral immunity disorders still exist in most children after treatment with AH.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">18</a> In this study, NAC combined therapy improved the immune function of pediatric pneumonia patients by elevating IgA, IgG, IgM, and C3. The reason is that the effective components of NAC interfere with the regulation of T lymphocyte subgroup function by inflammatory cytokines and improve immune function indicators.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">19</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a> Moreover, NAC with AH would not increase adverse reactions, that is, the combination treatment was relatively safe.In summary, NAC combined with AH is highly effective in the treatment of pediatric pneumonia, which can effectively reduce clinical symptoms, reduce the level of inflammatory factors in the body, and improve the lung function and immune function of patients.Ethics approval and consent to participateThis study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University (QFELL-YJ-2024-70), and all subjects gave informed consent.Authors’ contributionsConceptualization, AiLi Xue; Methodology, AiLi Xue and Hua Zhang; Formal analysis, Hua Zhang and ShanShan Song; Investigation, Hua Zhang and ShanShan Song; Data curation, Xia Yu; Writing-original draft preparation, AiLi Xue; Writing-review and editing, Xia Yu; Project administration, Xia Yu. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.FundingNot applicable." 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MethodsA total of 98 children with pneumonia were assigned to the control group and observation group by random number table method. NAC was administered to the observation group and AH was given to the control group. The therapeutic effect was observed, the disappearance time of clinical symptoms and levels of inflammatory factors, lung function parameters, blood gas analysis parameters, and immunoglobulin were measured. The incidence of adverse reactions was statistically analyzed. ResultsA higher effective rate was observed in the observation group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Antipyretic time, cough disappearance time, and lung rale disappearance time in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group (p < 0.05). After treatment, CRP and PCT were lower (p < 0.05), FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC were higher, PaCO2 was lower, PaO2 and SaO2 were higher, and IgA, IgG, IgM, and C3 were higher in the observation group than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups was not significantly different (p > 0.05). ConclusionNAC combined with AH is effective in the treatment of pediatric pneumonia by effectively alleviating clinical symptoms, reducing inflammatory factors, and improving lung function and immune function." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0002" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0003" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0004" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0005" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 791 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 220191 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Disappearance time of clinical symptoms." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0002" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1162 "Ancho" => 2250 "Tamanyo" => 165288 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0002" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Inflammatory factors." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0003" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 971 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 217145 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0003" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Lung function parameters." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0004" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 991 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 228645 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0004" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Blood gas analysis parameters." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2336 "Ancho" => 2250 "Tamanyo" => 380285 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0005" "detalle" => "Fig " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Immunoglobulin level. Note: Compared with the group before treatment, # p < 0.05; Compared with observation group after treatment, * p < 0.05." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0001" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0006" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Observation group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col">Control group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0004"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">χ2/t \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0005"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0007"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(n=49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0008"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(n=49) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0011"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Gender \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0012"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.169 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.681 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.28 ± 1.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.34 ± 1.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.276 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.783 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Course pf disease (days) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.16 ± 0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.29 ± 0.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.062 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.291 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Body weight (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8.95 ± 1.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9.03 ± 1.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.255 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.799 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">WBC (*109/L) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">15.01 ± 2.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">15.21 ± 2.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.474 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.636 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3711876.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of clinical data between the two groups." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0002" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0007" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0046"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0047"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0048"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0049"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effective \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0050"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ineffective \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0051"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total effective rate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Observation group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">95.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Control group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">83.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">χ2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.045 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3711875.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of therapeutic effect between two groups (case, %)." ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0003" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0008" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0076"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0077"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0078"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nausea and vomiting \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0079"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pruritus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0080"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Celialgia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0081"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total incidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Observation group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">6.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Control group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">χ2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.211 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.646 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3711877.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups (cases, %)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec1" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0001" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Underlying causes and outcomes of recurrent pneumonia in hospitalized children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M Mei" 1 => "D Dai" 2 => "Z Guo" 3 => "C Zhang" 4 => "J Liu" 5 => "Y Qi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/ppul.26374" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Pulmonol" 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AiLi Xuea, Hua Zhangb, ShanShan Songc, Xia Yua,

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yuuuxiaaaa1354@hotmail.com

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a Department of Infants, Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China

b Department of Operating Theatre, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China

c Department of Paediatrics, Binzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Binzhou City, Shandong Province, China

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    "titulo" => "Effects of N-Acetylcysteine combined with Ambroxol Hydrochloride on clinical symptoms&#44; CRP&#44; and PCT in children with pneumonia"
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        "autoresLista" => "AiLi Xue, Hua Zhang, ShanShan Song, Xia Yu"
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            "entidad" => "Department of Infants&#44; Women and Children&#39;s Hospital&#44; Qingdao University&#44; Qingdao City&#44; Shandong Province&#44; China"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Immunoglobulin level&#46; Note&#58; Compared with the group before treatment&#44; &#35; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#59; Compared with observation group after treatment&#44; &#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0008">Introduction</span><p id="para0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pneumonia is a common pediatric disease clinically manifested as fever&#44; cough&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and medium-fine moist lung rale&#46; It is often caused by bacterial infection and is mainly treated by antibiotics&#46; However&#44; antibiotics have toxic effects on the nervous system&#44; blood system&#44; liver&#44; and kidney organs&#44; and long-term use will lead to liver and kidney function impairment&#46; Symptomatic treatments for pediatric pneumonia currently include Ambroxol Hydrochloride &#40;AH&#41; and N-Acetylcysteine &#40;NAC&#41; atomized liquid&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Data have demonstrated that both AH and NAC atomized liquid can promote mucus elimination&#44; and NAC can also act as an oxidizing agent to interfere with the generation of free radicals&#44; and the combination of the two can achieve the expected therapeutic effect on bronchopneumonia in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the treatment of pediatric pneumonia&#44; NAC atomized solution can be used in combination with AH to resolve phlegm and improve lung symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Based on this&#44; this study aims to explore the effects of NAC combined with AH in the treatment of pediatric pneumonia regarding the regulation of clinical symptoms&#44; C-Reactive Protein &#40;CRP&#41;&#44; and Procalcitonin &#40;PCT&#41; levels&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0009">Data and methods</span><span id="sec0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical data</span></span><p id="para0011" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 98 children with pneumonia from January 2021 to January 2023 were assigned to the control group and observation group by random number table method&#46; Inclusion criteria&#58; 1&#41; Patients meeting complied with the diagnostic criteria for pneumonia&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> 2&#41; Patients between the ages of 2 and 6 years&#44; Asian&#59; 3&#41; Under the approval of the Ethics Committee of Women and Children&#39;s Hospital&#44; Qingdao University &#40;QFELL-YJ-2024-70&#41;&#44; patients gave informed consent&#59; 4&#41; Patients with fever&#44; cough&#44; and wheezing&#59; 5&#41; Patients with well drug tolerance&#46; Exclusion criteria&#58; 1&#41; Patients combined with pleural effusion or empyema&#59; 2&#41; Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases &#40;Combined bronchial asthma&#44; Congenital lung cysts&#44; Pulmonary hypoplasia&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#59; 3&#41; Patients with abnormal growth or severe malnutrition&#59; 4&#41; Patients combined with severe liver and kidney disease&#44; systemic infection&#44; immune deficiency&#44; and congenital heart disease&#59; 5&#41; Patients with drug allergy or drug incompatibility&#59; 6&#41; Patients combined with viral encephalopathy&#59; 7&#41; Patients combined with hemolytic uremic syndrome&#46; This clinical observational study follows the STROBE statement&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0011">Methods</span><p id="para0012" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fluid therapy and symptomatic treatment were given to the children in both groups to alleviate coughing&#44; dissipate phlegm&#44; and subside fevers&#46; The control group was treated with AH &#40;Shandong Luoxin Pharmaceutical Group STOCK Co&#46;&#44; Ltd&#46;&#44; H20051402&#44; specifications&#58; 300 mg&#47;tablet&#41;&#46; One tablet of AH was dissolved in 3 mL 0&#46;9 &#37; sodium chloride solution&#44; added to the mask atomizer&#44; and connected to the oxygen device with an adjusted oxygen flow rate of 6&#8210;8 L&#47;min&#46; Atomized inhalation was performed twice a day for 1 week&#46;</p><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The observation group was given combined treatment with NAC &#40;ZAMBONS&#46;R&#46;L&#44; H20110405&#44; specification&#58; 3 mL&#58;300 mg&#41;&#46; NAC &#40;3 mL&#41; was dissolved in 3 mL 0&#46;9 &#37; sodium chloride solution&#44; and other procedures in atomized inhalation of NAC were performed as same as AH inhalation&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Observation indicators</span><p id="para9001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0002"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0006"><p id="para0014" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;1&#41; Clinical effect&#58;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> 1&#41; Cure&#58; clinical symptoms such as fever&#44; cough&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and lung rales completely disappeared&#44; and laboratory indicators such as lung X-Ray film and blood routine returned to normal&#59; 2&#41; Effective&#58; clinical symptoms disappeared&#44; and laboratory indicators did not return to normal&#59; 3&#41; Ineffective&#58; no improvement in clinical symptoms after 3 days of medication&#46; Total effective rate &#61; cure rate &#43; effective rate&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0007"><p id="para0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;2&#41; Disappearance time of clinical symptoms&#58; antipyretic time&#44; cough disappearance time&#44; and lung rales disappearance time were compared&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0008"><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;3&#41; Inflammatory factors&#58; CRP and PCT were determined by ELISA&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0009"><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;4&#41; Lung function indicators&#58; Force Vital Capacity &#40;FVC&#41; and Force Expiratory Volume one Second &#40;FEV1&#41; were monitored by the Jaeger MasterScreen Pneumo&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0010"><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;5&#41; Blood gas analysis&#58; Elbow arterial blood samples &#40;6 mL&#41; was collected from each patient in both groups after morning fasting and placed in heparin anticoagulation tubes&#44; and arterial Partial Pressure of Oxygen &#40;PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; Arterial Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure &#40;PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;&#44; and blood Oxygen Saturation &#40;SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; were detected by Siemens Rapidpoint348 blood gas analyzer&#46; Analysis was performed by the same physician&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0011"><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#40;6&#41; Immunoglobulin level&#58; Peripheral venous blood &#40;20 mL&#41; was extracted from each patient using a fully automatic biochemical analyzer of BoKO BKG1200&#44; and IgM&#44; IgA&#44; IgG&#44; and C3 levels were detected by immunoturbidimetry using a fully automatic biochemical analyzer &#40;BKG1200&#44; BIOBASE&#44; Shandong&#44; China&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0013"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Statistical analysis</span></span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SPSS 22&#46;0 software was utilized to process the data&#44; the enumeration data were expressed as percentages and evaluated by &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test&#44; and the measurement data were expressed as &#40;x &#177; s&#41; after the normality test and compared by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#46; The difference was statistically significant at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Results</span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical data</span></span><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data between the two groups showed no statistical significance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0009" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical effect</span></span><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The observation group had a higher total effective rate than the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0017"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disappearance time of clinical symptoms</span></span><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The antipyretic time&#44; cough disappearance time&#44; and lung rale disappearance time in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0018"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Inflammatory factors</span></span><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pre-treatment inflammatory factors were not significantly different between the two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; As compared with the control group&#44; the observation group had lower CRP and PCT levels after treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0002">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0002"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0012" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0019"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lung function</span></span><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before treatment&#44; there was no significant difference in pulmonary function parameters between the two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; There were higher values of FVC&#44; FEV1&#44; and FEV1&#47;FVC in the observation group than in the control group after treatment &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0003">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0003"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0013" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0020"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blood gas analysis</span></span><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before treatment&#44; there were no significant differences between the two groups in blood gas analysis parameters &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; After treatment&#44; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was lower&#44; while PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> were higher in the observation group than in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0004">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0004"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0014" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0021"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Immunoglobulin levels</span></span><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before treatment&#44; no significant difference was observed in immunoglobulin levels between the two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The observation group had higher levels of IgA&#44; IgG&#44; IgM&#44; and C3 after treatment than the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0022"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Adverse reactions</span></span><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adverse reactions were not significantly different between the two groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0003">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0003"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0016" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0023">Discussion</span><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children are susceptible to infection and pneumonia because their lung tissue and immune function are not fully mature and their ability to resist pathogens is poor&#46; The severity of pneumonia in children varies greatly&#44; and the progression of the disease involves multiple organs or systems&#44; induces hypercapnia and hypoxemia&#44; etc&#46;&#44; which seriously affect the growth and development of children and even endanger their life safety&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Therefore&#44; it is particularly important to actively explore the treatment methods to alleviate the disease quickly&#46; AH can alleviate the clinical symptoms of pediatric pneumonia&#46; However&#44; according to relevant reports&#44; the clinical efficacy of single-drug therapy is poor&#44; so multi-drug combination therapy is needed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> NAC&#44; as a new mucous solvent&#44; can gradually reduce the adhesion ability of phlegm&#44; improve sputum discharge&#44; and reduce the inflammatory stimulation of the respiratory tract&#46; Moreover&#44; NAC has a certain inhibitory effect on polyglycoprotein and effectively reduces the damage effect of bacteria on cell membranes based on the inhibition of bacterial adhesion ability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In this study&#44; the treatment effective rate was higher&#44; the disappearance time of clinical symptoms was shorter&#44; FVC&#44; FEV1&#44; FEV1&#47;FVC&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2&#44;</span> and SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> were higher&#44; and PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was lower in the observation group than those of the control group&#46; It shows that NAC combined with AH is effective in treating pneumonia in children&#44; which can effectively reduce clinical symptoms and improve lung function&#46; This is mainly because NAC atomized solution is a powerful phlegm-dissolving agent&#44; which can not only dissolve mucus sputum but also treat porous sputum caused by bacterial infection&#46; A combination of NAC atomized solution and AH can effectively alleviate bronchopneumonia symptoms in children by dissolving phlegm and improving lung function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical data show that NAC also regulates the balance of the immune system&#44; promotes the synthesis and secretion of immune proteins and complement&#44; inhibits the production of inflammatory factors&#44; greatly alleviates inflammatory response&#44; and thus improves clinical symptoms and shortens disease course&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0012"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0013"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In this study&#44; combined treatment reduced the inflammatory response of the body by suppressing CRP and PCT&#46; The reason is that NAC is a precursor of intracellular GSH&#44; which can effectively reduce the active substance in the bronchial alveolar cavity and plasma of patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> According to relevant reports&#44; NAC is also an antioxidant&#44; which&#47;effectively removes reactive oxygen species&#46; By inhibiting toxins in the body&#44; it can effectively block the NB-kB pathway&#44; reduce IL-8 and IL-6 expression&#44; and achieve the purpose of inhibiting inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mucus from infections often blocks the trachea in children due to tracheal stenosis&#44; poor lung elastic tissue development&#44; and a small number of alveoli&#46; At the same time&#44; the immune system of children has not been fully established and improved&#44; and cannot effectively resist the invasion of pathogenic bacteria&#44; so children are prone to pneumonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> However&#44; pneumonia pathogens not only cause local inflammatory damage to respiratory mucosa but also activate the immune response of the body and induce immune damage&#46; It has been proposed that cellular and humoral immunity disorders still exist in most children after treatment with AH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In this study&#44; NAC combined therapy improved the immune function of pediatric pneumonia patients by elevating IgA&#44; IgG&#44; IgM&#44; and C3&#46; The reason is that the effective components of NAC interfere with the regulation of T lymphocyte subgroup function by inflammatory cytokines and improve immune function indicators&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Moreover&#44; NAC with AH would not increase adverse reactions&#44; that is&#44; the combination treatment was relatively safe&#46;</p><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; NAC combined with AH is highly effective in the treatment of pediatric pneumonia&#44; which can effectively reduce clinical symptoms&#44; reduce the level of inflammatory factors in the body&#44; and improve the lung function and immune function of patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0017" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0024">Ethics approval and consent to participate</span><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Women and Children&#39;s Hospital&#44; Qingdao University &#40;QFELL-YJ-2024-70&#41;&#44; and all subjects gave informed consent&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0018" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0025">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conceptualization&#44; AiLi Xue&#59; Methodology&#44; AiLi Xue and Hua Zhang&#59; Formal analysis&#44; Hua Zhang and ShanShan Song&#59; Investigation&#44; Hua Zhang and ShanShan Song&#59; Data curation&#44; Xia Yu&#59; Writing-original draft preparation&#44; AiLi Xue&#59; Writing-review and editing&#44; Xia Yu&#59; Project administration&#44; Xia Yu&#46; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0019" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0026">Funding</span><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Data and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Blood gas analysis"
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              "identificador" => "sec0014"
              "titulo" => "Immunoglobulin levels"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "identificador" => "sec0017"
          "titulo" => "Ethics approval and consent to participate"
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          "titulo" => "Authors&#8217; contributions"
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          "identificador" => "sec0019"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
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        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack786323"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2023-11-21"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2024-07-21"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1903423"
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            0 => "Pediatric pneumonia"
            1 => "N-acetylcysteine"
            2 => "Ambroxol hydrochloride"
            3 => "Combination therapy"
            4 => "Clinical symptoms"
            5 => "C-reactive protein"
            6 => "Procalcitonin"
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    "highlights" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Highlights"
      "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spara009" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="celist0001"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0001"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0001" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAC combined with AH is effective in treating pneumonia&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0002"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0002" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAC combined with AH alleviates clinical symptoms of pneumonia&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0003"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0003" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAC combined with AH reduces inflammatory response in pneumonia&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0004"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0004" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAC combined with AH improves blood gas and immune function in pneumonia&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="celistitem0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="para0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">NAC combined with AH improves lung function in pneumonia&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Objective</span><p id="spara010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study investigated the effects of N-Acetylcysteine &#40;NAC&#41; combined with Ambroxol Hydrochloride &#40;AH&#41; on clinical symptoms&#44; C-Reactive Protein &#40;CRP&#41;&#44; and Procalcitonin &#40;PCT&#41; levels in children with pneumonia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Methods</span><p id="spara011" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 98 children with pneumonia were assigned to the control group and observation group by random number table method&#46; NAC was administered to the observation group and AH was given to the control group&#46; The therapeutic effect was observed&#44; the disappearance time of clinical symptoms and levels of inflammatory factors&#44; lung function parameters&#44; blood gas analysis parameters&#44; and immunoglobulin were measured&#46; The incidence of adverse reactions was statistically analyzed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Results</span><p id="spara012" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A higher effective rate was observed in the observation group than in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Antipyretic time&#44; cough disappearance time&#44; and lung rale disappearance time in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; After treatment&#44; CRP and PCT were lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#44; FVC&#44; FEV1&#44; and FEV1&#47;FVC were higher&#44; PaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was lower&#44; PaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and SaO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> were higher&#44; and IgA&#44; IgG&#44; IgM&#44; and C3 were higher in the observation group than those in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#60; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups was not significantly different &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#62; 0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Conclusion</span><p id="spara013" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NAC combined with AH is effective in the treatment of pediatric pneumonia by effectively alleviating clinical symptoms&#44; reducing inflammatory factors&#44; and improving lung function and immune function&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&#46;95 &#177; 1&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&#46;03 &#177; 1&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">15&#46;01 &#177; 2&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">15&#46;21 &#177; 2&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;474&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;636&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">83&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Underlying causes and outcomes of recurrent pneumonia in hospitalized children"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M Mei"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Pulmonol"
                        "fecha" => "2023"
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                      "titulo" => "ChxCapsNet&#58; deep capsule network with transfer learning for evaluating pneumonia in paediatric chest radiographs"
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                          "autores" => array:2 [
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                            0 => "S Ramgopal"
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Article information

ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100476

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