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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Contribución al diagnóstico precoz de bacteriemia: detección del crecimiento ...
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Vol. 19. Issue 4.
Pages 149-155 (April 2001)
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Vol. 19. Issue 4.
Pages 149-155 (April 2001)
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Contribución al diagnóstico precoz de bacteriemia: detección del crecimiento microbiano en medios de cultivo líquidos por ultrasonidos
Contribution to the early diagnosis of bacteremia: microbial growth detection in liquids by ultrasound
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Juan Ramón Maestre1
Servicio de Microbiología Clínica. Hospital del Aire Instituto de Acústica, CSIC. Madrid
Francisco Ramón Montero de Espinosaa
a Instituto de Acústica, CSIC. Madrid
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La infección nosocomial es un problema importante que afecta a un gran número de pacientes hospitalizados; requiriendo de los laboratorios de cada centro un esfuerzo encaminado a detectar precozmente los microorganismos responsables de bacteriemias y fungemias.

Los ultrasonidos son ampliamente utilizados con fines diagnósticos en medicina y es conocida la posibilidad de medir con ellos parámetros físicos y químicos de medios líquidos, usando las variables de la velocidad de propagación y atenuación. Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un sistema analítico automatizado, diseñado para detectar, de forma eficaz y no invasora, el crecimiento precoz de microorganismos en medios de cultivo líquidos sembrados con muestras clínicas diversas.

Para ello se procedió a la medición de la velocidad de propagación de un pulso ultrasónico a través de frascos de hemocultivo, con muestra de sangre o sin ella, en los que se habían inoculado concentraciones conocidas de microorganismos frecuentemente implicados en cuadros sépticos. El gas carbónico generado por las bacterias en crecimiento modifica la velocidad de propagación del sonido. La monitorización continua del sistema nos permite obtener una representación gráfica del crecimiento microbiano y aplicar una serie de algoritmos diagnósticos relacionados con la pendiente de la velocidad a fin de conocer con la mayor rapidez los cambios físicos que se producen, en el medio líquido, cuando los microorganismos están presentes. El tiempo de detección por nuestro sistema es reducido y se ha mostrado similar o discretamente mejor que otros comercializados. El método es sencillo, económico e innovador y abre la posibilidad de nuevas aplicaciones con fines diagnósticos en microbiología.

Palabras clave:
ultrasonidos
detección
bacteriemia
crecimiento microbiano

Nosocomial infection is an important problem because the number of patients daily affected in big hospitals. A big effort exists to develop techniques able to early detect the micro-organisms which cause the infection. The ultrasound is a mechanical raditation widely used in Medicine for diagnosis and therapy. It is also well known that this radiation can be used to control relative changes of several physico-chemical parameters in liquids. As an example, the velocity an attenuation of acoustic waves coming through a liquid can be accurately measured.

The developed technique consists of an ultrasonic chamber immersed into a thermostatized water bath with two transducers operating in through-transmission. Different culture bottles were placed in between the transducers to live the ultrasound to come across the sample. Several micro-organisms with controlled concentrations, chosen between the most common in sepsis clinical, were used to inoculate each bottle. In the case of aerobic metabolism, the carbon dioxide gas produced by bacteria introduce elastic changes into the liquid which modify both the propagation velocity and the attenuation of the ultrasound. The continuous monitoring of the time-of-flight and the amplitude of an ultrasonic pulse coming through the sample give us a clear indication of the metabolism process. The signatures observed permits the identification of algorithms to early define the positive cases. The developed technique is faster than other commercial systems. The intrinsically non-invasive characteristic of the ultrasound and the relative cheapness of the technique open new attractive possibilitites in microbiological diagnosis.

Key words:
Ultrasonic
detection
bacteremia
microbial growth
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Copyright © 2001. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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