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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Epidemiología de las infecciones en el paciente neutropénico
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Vol. 23. Issue S5.
Infecciones en pacientes neutropénicos
Pages 7-13 (December 2005)
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Vol. 23. Issue S5.
Infecciones en pacientes neutropénicos
Pages 7-13 (December 2005)
Infecciones en pacientes neutropénicos
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Epidemiología de las infecciones en el paciente neutropénico
Epidemiology of infections in neutropenic patients
Visits
9214
Joaquín Díaz-Mediavillaa,
, Manuel Lizasoainb
a Servicio de Hematología. Hospital Clínico de San Carlos. Madrid. España
b Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital 12 de Octubre. Madrid. España
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Los datos epidemiológicos son útiles para conocer los cambios de formas de expresión clínica y de agentes microbianos causales de las infecciones. Ello permite diseñar tratamientos empíricos o anticipados y orientar pruebas diagnósticas, así como clasificarlos por grupos de riesgo para decidir la necesidad o no de hospitalización.

La incidencia de neutropenia está aumentando como consecuencia de la mayor agresividad de los tratamientos antineoplásicos empleados y por la ampliación del rango de edad de los pacientes que los reciben. Se ha calculado que en Estados Unidos se producen unas 60.000 hospitalizaciones anuales a causa de la neutropenia, y que la tercera parte de ellas corresponde a pacientes hematológicos.

Los focos de infección más frecuentes son: neumonía (38%), bacteriemia (35%) y afecciones urinarias (11%). De las bacterias causantes de infección, dos tercios son grampositivas y el resto, bacilos gramnegativos. En los últimos años parece que vuelve a observarse un incremento de gramnegativos.

Los aislamientos fúngicos representan el 2-10% de los casos, según el tipo de pacientes neutropénicos que se considere, y se producen preferentemente en los que presentan una neutropenia prolongada u otros déficit inmunológicos asociados, como en los pacientes con trasplantes alogénicos de médula ósea o en quienes han recibido análogos de las purinas.

Los virus herpéticos son muy frecuentes. Los virus respiratorios parece que se perfilan como patógenos emergentes para este grupo de pacientes.

Palabras clave:
Neutropenia
Infección
Profilaxis
Leucemia
Linfoma
Mieloma

Epidemiological data are useful to determine changes in forms of clinical expression and in the microbial agents causing infections. This allows empirical or preemptive treatments to be designed and can guide diagnostic tests. Empirical data also allow patients to be classified by risk group in order to decide on the need for hospitalization. The incidence of neutropenia is increasing as a result of the more aggressive antineoplastic treatments used and the broader age range of patients who receive them. It has been calculated that in the USA neutropenia causes approximately 60,000 hospitalizations per year and that a third of these occur in hematological patients.

The most frequent foci of infection are: pneumonia (38%), bacteremia (35%) and urinary (11%).

Of the bacteria causing infection, two thirds are Grampositive and the remaining bacilli are Gram-negative. In the last few years, an increase of Gram-negative bacteria seems to have reemerged.

The incidence of fungal isolates represents 2-10%, depending on the type of neutropenic patient analyzed. Fungal isolates are found preferentially in patients with prolonged neutropenia and/or other associated immunodeficiencies, as occurs in allogenic bone marrow transplantation or in patients who have received purine analogs.

Viruses are very frequent. Respiratory viruses seem to be emerging pathogens in this group of patients.

Key words:
Neutropenia
Infection
Prophylaxis
Leukemie
Lymphoma
Myeloma
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Copyright © 2005. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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