metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Estudio de las infecciones respiratorias en el adulto ingresado en servicios de ...
Journal Information
Vol. 21. Issue 4.
Pages 180-187 (April 2003)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 21. Issue 4.
Pages 180-187 (April 2003)
Full text access
Estudio de las infecciones respiratorias en el adulto ingresado en servicios de medicina interna y neumología. Estudio DIRA
Respiratory infections in adults hospitalized in internal medicine and pneumology departments. DIRA study
Visits
9079
Juan J Picazoa,1
Corresponding author
jpicazo@microb.net

Correspondencia: Dr. J.J. Picazo. Servicio de Microbiología Clínica. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Pl. Cristo Rey, s/n. 28040 Madrid. España. Manuscrito recibido el 29-01-2002; aceptado el 25-09-2002.
, Elisa Pérez-Ceciliaaa, Amadeo Herrerasb
a Servicio de Microbiología Clínica. Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid.
b Departamento Médico Aventis, S.A. Madrid. España.
Grupo Dira En Medicina Interna, Neumología
This item has received
Article information
IntroducciÓn

Las infecciones del tracto respiratorio son procesos muy frecuentes que originan ingresos hospitalarios o complican a pacientes ya ingresados en servicios de medicina interna o neumolog? La Fundaci??ara el Estudio de la Infecci??mpuls?? Proyecto DIRA (D?de la Infecci??espiratoria en el Adulto), con objeto de conocer y valorar el impacto de este problema en general, y en particular en los servicios antes mencionados.

MÉtodos

Se ha realizado un estudio prospectivo de prevalencia con recogida de datos un día determinado, con una periodicidad trimestral (total 4 cortes), con la participación de 158 médicos pertenecientes a 100 servicios de medicina interna y neumología, recogiéndose información sobre el número de pacientes atendidos, pacientes con infección, con infección respiratoria y características epidemiológicas, clínicas, microbiológicas y de tratamiento de estos últimos.

Resultados

El número total de pacientes ingresados en los 4 cortes fue de 3.596. El 39,1% presentaban sintomatología compatible con una infección y en el 34,3% la infección era infección respiratoria (IR). En los pacientes con IR, la edad media fue de 65,6 años, el 68,8% eran varones, en el 84,1% existía enfermedad de base (la más frecuente, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica [EPOC]) y en el 25,1% algún factor predisponente. La neumonía fue el diagnóstico más frecuente (41,3% de las IR). La IR fue documentada microbiológicamente en el 15,8% de los casos. El 99,7% de los pacientes con diagnóstico de bronquitis aguda y el 81,8% de los diagnosticados de infección de vías respiratorias altas recibieron tratamiento con antibióticos. Las penicilinas fueron los antibióticos más utilizados. Se presentan datos desglosados por diagnósticos.

Conclusiones

La IR es una enfermedad muy frecuente en los pacientes ingresados en los servicios de medicina interna y neumología de los hospitales, siendo la neumonía la que ocupa el primer lugar. La documentación microbiológica es muy escasa. La mayoría de los pacientes con infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior recibieron tratamiento antibiótico probablemente de forma injustificada. En aproximadamente la mitad de los casos, la medicación antimicrobiana suele ser combinando dos o más fármacos.

Palabras clave:
Infección respiratoria
Neumonía
Reagudización de EPOC
Bronquitis aguda
Introduction

Respiratory tract infections (RIs) are frequent processes that can require hospitalization or affect already hospitalized patients. The Foundation for the Study of Infection has promoted the DIRA (Adult Respiratory Infection Day) Project, with the aim of investigating and assessing the impact of this problem, particularly in Internal Medicine and Pneumology Departments.

Methods

Prospective prevalence study involving 158 physicians in 100 Internal Medicine and Pneumology Departments. Data were collected on predetermined days, once every three months (total of four data sets) and included information on number of patients attended, number of patients with infection, and epidemiologic, clinical, microbiologic and treatment characteristics of patients with RI.

Results

A total of 3,596 patients were hospitalized at the four time points. Among these, 39.1% presented clinical symptoms consistent with infection and 34.3% of these were RIs. The mean age of RI patients was 65.6 years, 68.8% were males, 84.1% had an underlying disease (most frequently chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and 25.1% had one or more predisposing factors. Pneumonia was the most frequent diagnosis (41.3% of RIs). RI was documented microbiologically in 15.8% of cases. Antibiotic treatment was applied in 99.7% of patients with acute bronchitis and 81.8% of those with upper respiratory tract infection; penicillins were the most frequent treatment. Data are presented by diagnosis.

Conclusions

A substantial rate of respiratory infections was found in patients admitted to hospital Internal Medicine and Pneumology Departments, with pneumonia being the most frequent. There was a paucity of microbiologic documentation. It is likely that antibiotic treatment was not justified in the majority of patients with upper respiratory tract infections. A combination of two or more antimicrobial agents was used in about half of cases.

Key words:
Respiratory infection
Pneumonia
Recurrent COPD
Acute Bronchitis
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J.J. Picazo, E. Pérez-Cecilia.
Epidemiología de la infección respiratoria en España.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 17(Suppl 1) (1999), pp. 3-7
[2.]
Vivas J. Romero, Alonso M. Rubio, O. Corral, S. Pacheco, E. Agudo, J.J. Picazo.
Estudio de las infecciones respiratorias extrahospitalarias.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 15 (1997), pp. 289-298
[3.]
Grupo de trabajo EPINE. Evolución de la prevalencia de las infecciones nosocomiales en los hospitales españoles. En: Vaqué J, Roselló J, editors. EPINE 1990-1999 Sociedad Española de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Higiene; 2001
[4.]
R.H. Dinkel, U.A. Lebok.
Survey of nosocomial infections and their influence on hospital mortality rates.
J Hosp Infect, 28 (1994), pp. 297-304
[5.]
C. Peña, M. Pujol, R. Pallarés, X. Corbella, T. Vidal, N. Tortras, et al.
Estimación del coste atribuible a la infección nosocomial: prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria y cálculo de costes alternativos.
Med Clin (Barc), 106 (1996), pp. 4-441
[6.]
A. Torres, J. Serra-Batlles, A. Ferrer, P. Jiménez, R. Celis, E. Cobo, et al.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Epidemiology and prognostic factors.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 144 (1991), pp. 312-318
[7.]
C. Feldman, S. Ross, A.G. Mahomed, J. Omar, C. Smith.
The aetiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia and its impact on initial, empiric, antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Respir Med, 89 (1995), pp. 187-192
[8.]
J. Vaqué, J. Rosselló, JL. Arribas.
Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Spain: EPINE study 1990-1997. EPINE Working Group.
J Hosp Infect, 43 (Suppl) (1999), pp. S105-S111
[9.]
S.M. Saviteer, G.P. Samsa, W.A. Rutala.
Nosocomial infections in the elderly. Increased risk per hospital day.
Am J Med, 84 (1988), pp. 661-666
[10.]
J. Rello, V. Ausina, M. Ricart, C. Puzo, A. Net, G. Prats.
Nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill comatose patients: Need for a differential therapeutic approach.
Eur Respir J, 5 (1992), pp. 1249-1253
[11.]
C. González, M. Rubio, J. Romero-Vivas, M. González, J.J. Picazo.
Bacteremic pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus: A comparison of disease caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible organisms.
Clin Infect Dis, 29 (1999), pp. 1171-1177
[12.]
M.J. Fine, D.N. Smith, D.E. Singer.
Hospitalization decision in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A prospective cohort study.
Am J Med, 89 (1990), pp. 713-721
[13.]
M.J. Fine, D.E. Singer, B.H. Hanusa, J.R. Lave, W.N. Kapoor.
Validation of a pneumonia prognostic index using the MedisGroups Comparative Hospital Database.
Am J Med, 94 (1993), pp. 153-159
[14.]
G.J. Marcucci, P. Sánchez, F.P. Magnelli, J. Carena.
Neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad. Criterios de hospitalización e indicadores de curso complicado.
Medicina (Buenos Aires, 55 (1995), pp. 641-646
[15.]
M.J. Fine, T.E. Auble, D.M. Yealy, B.H. Hanusa, L.A. Weissfeld, D.E. Singer, et al.
A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
N Engl J Med, 336 (1997), pp. 243-250
[16.]
R. Zalacaín, N. Talayero, V. Achotegui, J. Corral, I. Barrena, V. Sobradillo.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Fiabilidad de los criterios para decidir tratamiento ambulatorio.
Arch Bronconeumol, 33 (1997), pp. 74-79
[17.]
J.H. Gravil, O.A. Al-Rawas, M.M. Cotton, U. Flanigan, A. Irwin, R.D. Stevenson.
Home treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by an acute respiratory assessment service.
Lancet, 351 (1998), pp. 1853-1855
[18.]
J.P. Metlay, R. Schulz, Y.H. Li, D.E. Singer, T.J. Marrie, C.M. Coley, et al.
Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Arch Intern Med, 157 (1997), pp. 1453-1459
[19.]
B. Carr, J.B. Walsh, D. Coakley, E. Mulvihill, C. Keane.
Prospective hospital study of community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in the elderly.
Respir Med, 85 (1991), pp. 185-187
[20.]
J. Rello, R. Rodríguez, P. Jubert, B. Álvarez.
Severe community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: Epidemiology and prognosis. Study Group for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 723-728
[21.]
F.L. Brancati, J.W. Chow, M.M. Wagener, S.J. Vacarello, V.L. Yu.
Is pneumonia really the old man’s friend? Two-year prognosis after community-acquired pneumonia.
Lancet, 342 (1993), pp. 30-33
[22.]
Soriano A. Segado, González-Cobos C. López, Germán I. Montés, Llorente B. Pinilla, Castaño J. García, Miguez A. Muiño.
Factores pronósticos de mortalidad en la neumonía comunitaria que requiere hospitalización.
Rev Clin Esp, 194 (1994), pp. 276-281
[23.]
O. Leroy, C. Santré, C. Beuscart, H. Georges, B. Guery, J.M. Jacquier, et al.
A five-year study of severe community-acquired pneumonia with emphasis on prognosis in patients admitted to an intensive care unit.
Intensive Care Med, 21 (1995), pp. 24-31
[24.]
D.A.F.N.E. Grupo.
Estudio farmacoeconómico del tratamiento antibiótico de las agudizaciones de la bronquitis crónica en atención primaria. Grupo DAFNE.
Aten Primaria, 25 (2000), pp. 153-159
[25.]
M. Miravitlles, T. Guerrero, C. Mayordomo, L. Sánchez-Agudo, F. Nicolau, J.L. Segu.
Factors associated with increased risk of exacerbation and hospital admission in a cohort of ambulatory COPD patients: A multiple logistic regression analysis.
The EOLO Study Group. Respiration, 67 (2000), pp. 495-501
[26.]
E.R. Black, A.I. Mushlin, P.F. Griner, A.L. Suchman, R.L.Jr. James, D.R. Schoch.
Predicting the need for hospitalization of ambulatory patients with pneumonia.
J Gen Intern Med, 6 (1991), pp. 394-400
[27.]
P. Lange, J. Vestbo, J. Nyboe.
Risk factors for death and hospitalization from pneumonia. A prospective study of a general population.
Eur Respir J, 8 (1995), pp. 1694-1698
[28.]
A.M. Neill, I.R. Martin, R. Weir, R. Anderson, A. Chereshsky, M.J. Epton, et al.
Community acquired pneumonia: Aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission.
Thorax, 51 (1996), pp. 1010-1016
[29.]
S.J. Atlas, T.I. Benzer, L.H. Borowsky, Y. Chang, D.C. Burnham, J.P. Metlay, et al.
Safely increasing the proportion of patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated as outpatients: An interventional trial.
Arch Intern Med, 158 (1998), pp. 1350-1356
[30.]
A. Ruiz, M. Vallverdú, M. Falguera, J. Pérez, X. Cabré, M. Almirall, et al.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad: impacto de la utilización de una estrategia terapéutica basada en la mortalidad a corto plazo.
Med Clin (Barc, 113 (1999), pp. 85-88
[31.]
M. Hasnain, E.J. Clark.
Management strategies for community acquired pneumonia.
J Med Syst, 24 (2000), pp. 279-288
[32.]
W.G. Boersma.
Assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia.
Semin Respir Infect, 14 (1999), pp. 103-114
[33.]
G.A. Halls.
The management of infections and antibiotic therapy: A European survey.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 31 (1993), pp. 985-1000
[34.]
A. Porath, F. Schlaeffer, D. Lieberman.
The epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized adults.
J Infect, 34 (1997), pp. 41-48
[35.]
R. Daifuku, H. Movahhed, N. Fotheringham, M.B. Bear, S. Nelson.
Time to resolution of morbidity: An endpoint for assessing the clinical cure of community-acquired pneumonia.
Respir Med, 90 (1996), pp. 587-592
[36.]
J.U. Hedlund, A.B. Ortqvist, M.E. Kalin, F. Granath.
Factors of importance for the long term prognosis after hospital treated pneumonia.
Thorax, 48 (1993), pp. 785-789
[37.]
J. Hedlund.
Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation. Factors of importance for the short-and long term prognosis.
Scand J Infect Dis, 97(Suppl (1995), pp. 1-60
[38.]
S.R. Weingarten, M.S. Riedinger, G. Varis, M.S. Noah, M.J. Belman, R.D. Meyer, et al.
Identification of low-risk hospitalized patients with pneumonia.
Implications for early conversion to oral antimicrobial therapy. Chest, 105 (1994), pp. 1109-1115
[39.]
R. Chan, L. Hemeryck, M. O’Regan, L. Clancy, J. Feely.
Oral versus intravenous antibiotics for community acquired lower respiratory tract infection in a general hospital: Open, randomised controlled trial.
Bmj, 310 (1995), pp. 1360-1362
[40.]
C.M. Coley, Y.H. Li, A.R. Medsger, T.J. Marrie, M.J. Fine, W.N. Kapoor, et al.
Preferences for home vs hospital care among low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Arch Intern Med, 156 (1996), pp. 1565-1571
[41.]
J.F. Guest, A. Morris.
Community-acquired pneumonia: The annual cost to the National Health Service in the UK.
Eur Respir J, 10 (1997), pp. 1530-1534
[42.]
J.A. Ramírez.
Switch therapy in community-acquired pneumonia.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 22 (1995), pp. 219-223
[43.]
S.R. Weingarten, M.S. Riedinger, P. Hobson, M.S. Noah, B. Johnson, G. Giugliano, et al.
Evaluation of a pneumonia practice guideline in an interventional trial.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153 (1996), pp. 1110-1115
[44.]
Manzano J. Ruiz, Martínez P. Fernández, J. Morera, M.S. Prats, A. Rosell, F. Andreo.
Infección y uso de antibióticos en la EPOC en atención primaria.
Arch Bronconeumol, 36 (2000), pp. 326-333
[45.]
D.S. Postma.
When can an exacerbation of COPD be treated at home?.
Lancet, 351 (1998), pp. 1827-1828
[46.]
R. Gonzales, J.G. Bartlett, R.E. Besser, R.J. Cooper, J.M. Hickner, J.R. Hoffman, et al.
Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: background, specific aims, and methods.
Ann Emerg Med, 37 (2001), pp. 690-697
[47.]
C. Ochoa, J.M. Eiros, L. Inglada, A. Vallano, L. Guerra.
Assessment of antibiotic prescription in acute respiratory infections in adults. The Spanish Study Group on Antibiotic Treatments.
J Infect, 41 (2000), pp. 73-83
[48.]
G.J. Huchon, G. Gialdroni-Grassi, P. Leophonte, F. Manresa, T. Schaberg, M. Woodhead.
Initial antibiotic therapy for lower respiratory tract infection in the community: A European survey.
Eur Respir J, 9 (1996), pp. 1590-1595
Copyright © 2003. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos