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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Infección precoz en el paciente con trasplante hepático: incidencia, gravedad,...
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Vol. 20. Issue 9.
Pages 422-430 (November 2002)
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Vol. 20. Issue 9.
Pages 422-430 (November 2002)
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Infección precoz en el paciente con trasplante hepático: incidencia, gravedad, factores de riesgo y sensibilidad antibiótica de los aislados bacterianos
Early infection in liver transplant recipients: incidence, severity, risk factors and antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolate
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Isabel Losadaa,1
Corresponding author
isabelllosada@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: Dra. I. Losada Castillo. Servicio de Microbiología. Complexo Hospitalario Juan Canalejo. Ctra. de As Xubias, 64. 15006 A Coruña. España.
, Valentín Cuervas-Monsb, Isabel Millánc, Diego Dámasod
a Servicio de Microbiología. Complexo Hospitalario Juan Canalejo de A Coruña
b Unidades de Trasplante Hepático
c Bioestadística
d Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro. Madrid. España
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Objetivos

Estudio descriptivo y análisis de factores de riesgo de infección precoz. Estudio de resistencias de los aislados bacterianos.

Pacientes y métodos

Se estudiaron 149 trasplantados hepáticos. Se definió infección precoz en 0-90 días postrasplante. Se analizaron variables preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y postoperatorias. Se estudiaron los microorganismos aislados. Se utilizó descontaminación intestinal selectiva (DIS) con quinolonas y profilaxis perioperatoria y antifúngica en todos los pacientes.

Resultados

La incidencia de infección fue del 73,1%: bacterianas (49,7%), virales (35,5%), fúngicas (10,1%) y mixtas (4,5%). Las más frecuentes en el primer mes fueron bacterianas y en el segundo y tercero, virales (p = 0,001). Factores de riesgo en el análisis multivariante: días de nutrición parenteral, cirugía más de 5 h, rechazo y estado seronegativo para citomegalovirus. En 1.278 cultivos se aislaron microorganismos: 77,9% cocos grampositivos y 19% bacilos gramnegativos aerobios. La sensibilidad a vancomicina (VAN) de Staphylococcus fue del 99,6-100% y a teicoplanina (TEI) del 97,9-100%. El 1,2% de Enterococcus faecalis y el 4,5% de Enterococcus faecium fueron resistentes a VAN. El 68,7% de los S. aureus fueron SAMR. La tasa de resistencias de bacilos gramnegativos a quinolonas fue del 38,8%.

Conclusiones

La mayor incidencia de infección fue observada en los primeros 30 días postrasplante, siendo la bacteriana la más frecuente. La duración de la cirugía de más de 5 h fue el factor de riesgo más importante de infección bacteriana. Los grampositivos fueron las bacterias más frecuentes. El tratamiento empírico de la infección bacteriana precoz debe incluir VAN o TEI. La DIS condicionó escasa incidencia de infecciones por bacilos gramnegativos, de los cuales el 38,8% presentaban resistencia a quinolonas.

Palabras clave:
Trasplante hepático
Infección
Factores de riesgo
Sensibilidad antibiótica
Objectives

To conduct a descriptive study with an analysis of risk factors for early infection in liver transplant patients, and to determine the resistance of the bacteria involved.

Patients and methods

The study included 149 liver transplant recipients. All cases of infection occurring 0-90 days after transplantation were considered early infection. Pre-, intraand postoperative variables were analyzed, and isolated microorganisms were studied. Selective bowel decontamination with quinolones, and perioperative and antifungal prophylaxis were carried out in all patients.

Results

The incidence of infection was 73.1%: bacterial (49.7%), viral (35.5%), fungal (10.1%) and mixed (4.5%). In the first postoperative month the most frequent infections were bacterial and in the second and third months, viral (p ??0.001). Multivariate analysis of risk factors identified the following: days of parenteral nutrition, duration of surgery ??5 hours, rejection and CMV seronegative status. Among 1278 cultures, the following microorganisms were isolated: 77.9% gram-positive cocci (GP) and 19% aerobic gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Sensitivity of Staphylococcus to vancomycin was 99.6-100% and to teicoplanin 97.9-100%. VAN resistance was observed in 1.2% of E. faecalis and 4.5% of E. faecium. Among S. aureus strains, 68.7% were MRSA. The resistance rate of GNB to quinolones was 38.8%.

Conclusions

Incidence of infection was higher the first 30 days after transplantation, with bacterial infection predominating. Duration of surgery ??5 hours was the most important risk factor for acquiring bacterial infection. GP were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Empirical treatment of early bacterial infection should include vancomycin or teicoplanin. Selective bowel decontamination resulted in a low incidence of GNB infections, among which there was 38.8% resistance to quinolones.

Key words:
Liver transplant
Infection
Risk factors
Antibiotic sensitivity
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Copyright © 2002. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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