Article information
En los últimos años se ha desarrollado un interés creciente en el papel de los virus del herpes humano tipos 6 (VHH-6) y 7 (VHH-7) en los receptores de trasplantes, considerados en la actualidad patógenos emergentes en este contexto. Pertenecen a la familia de los betaherpesvirus y están estrechamente relacionados con el citomegalovirus (CMV), miembro de la misma familia. Tras la primoinfección se mantienen latentes en el huésped y pueden reactivarse tras el trasplante. Se han descrito varios síndromes clínicos asociados, como fiebre, neumonitis, encefalitis, hepatitis y mielosupresión. No obstante, parece cada vez más evidente que el mayor impacto de estos virus en el trasplante se relaciona con sus efectos indirectos: asociación con la enfermedad por CMV, aumento de las infecciones oportunistas, y disfunción y rechazo del injerto. Se investigan en la actualidad su patogénesis durante el período postrasplante, los métodos diagnósticos, la eficacia de los fármacos antivirales y las estrategias de prevención y tratamiento
Palabras clave:
Betaherpesvirus
Virus del herpes humano tipo 6 (VHH-6)
Virus del herpes humano tipo 7 (VHH-7)
Trasplante
Trasplante de órgano sólido
Trasplante de médula ósea (trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos)
TPH
Human herpesvirus type 6 and type 7 in transplant recipients. Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the role of human herpesvirus (HHV) type 6 and type 7 as emerging pathogens or copathogens in transplant recipients. Both HHV-6 and HHV-7 belong to the beta-herpesvirus family and are closely related to another member of the family, cytomegalovirus. After the primary infection, these viruses remain latent in the human host and can reactivate after transplantation. Various clinical processes such as fever, rash, pneumonitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, and myelosuppression have been described in association with herpesvirus. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the major impact of HHV-6 and HHV-7 reactivation in transplantation is related to indirect effects, such as their association with cytomegalovirus disease, increased opportunistic infections, and graft dysfunction and rejection. The pathogenesis of HHV-6 and HHV-7 during the post-transplantation period, the methods used for their diagnosis, and the evaluation of antiviral drugs and strategies for their prevention and treatment are now the subject of extensive research
Key words:
Beta-herpesviruses
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)
Human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7)
Transplantation
Solid organ transplantation
Bone marrow transplantation
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
S.Z. Salahuddin, D.V. Ablashi, P.D. Markham, S.F. Josephs, S. Sturzenegger, M. Kaplan, et al.
Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoprolifertative disorders.
Science, 234 (1986), pp. 596-601
[2.]
M.T. Caserta, D.J. Mock, S. Dewhurst.
Human herpesvirus 6.
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 829-833
[3.]
G. Campadelli-Fiume, P. Mirandola, L. Menotti.
Human herpesvirus 6: An emerging pathogen.
Emerg Infect Dis, 5 (1999), pp. 353-366
[4.]
D.K. Braun, G. Domínguez, P.E. Pellet.
Human herpesvirus 6.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 10 (1997), pp. 521-567
[5.]
N. Frenkel, E.C. Schirmer, L.S. Wyatt, L.S. Wyatt, G. Katsafanas, E. Roffman, et al.
Isolation of a new herpesvirus from human CD4+ cells.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87 (1990), pp. 748-752
[6.]
U.A. Gompels, J. Nicholas, G. Lawrence, M. Jones, B.J. Thomson, M.E. Martin, et al.
The DNA sequence of human herpesvirus-6: Structure, coding content, and genome evolution.
Virology, 209 (1995), pp. 29-51
[7.]
G. Domínguez, T.R. Dambaugh, F.R. Stamey, S. Dewhurst, N. Inoue, P.E. Pellett, et al.
Human herpesvirus 6B genome sequence: coding content and comparison with human herpesvirus 6A.
J Virol, 73 (1999), pp. 8040-8052
[8.]
J. Nicholas.
Determination and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of human herpesvirus 7.
J Virol, 70 (1996), pp. 5975-5989
[9.]
F. Santoro, P.E. Kenny, G. Locatelli, M.S. Malnati, E.A. Berger, P. Lusso.
CD46 is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus 6.
Cell, 99 (1999), pp. 817-827
[10.]
P. Lusso, P. Secchiero, R.W. Crowley, A. Garzino-Demo, Z.N. Berneman, R.C. Gallo, et al.
CD4 is a critical component of the receptor for human herpesvirus 7: Interference with human immunodeficiency virus.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91 (1994), pp. 3872-3876
[11.]
D.H. Dockrell, C.V. Payá.
Human herpesvirus-6 and –7 in transplantation.
Rev Med Virol, 11 (2001), pp. 23-36
[12.]
M. Yasukawa, Y. Yakushijin, M. Furukawa, S. Fujita.
Specificity analysis of human CD4+ T-cell clones directed against human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, and human cytomegalovirus.
J Virol, 67 (1993), pp. 6259-6264
[13.]
L. Flamand, J. Gossehn, I. Stefanescu, D. Ablashi, J. Menezes.
Immunosuppressive effect of human herpes virus 6 on T cell function: Suppression of interleukin-2 synthesis and cell proliferation.
Blood, 85 (1995), pp. 1263-1271
[14.]
L. Flamand, J. Gossehn, I. Stefanescu, D. Ablashi, J. Menezes.
Human herpesvirus 7 induces CD4+ T-cell apoptosis by human herpesvirus 6.
J Virol, 71 (1997), pp. 3751-3759
[15.]
Y. Inoue, M. Yasukawa, S. Fujita.
Induction of T-cell apoptosis by human herpesvirus 6.
J Virol, 71 (1997), pp. 3751-3759
[16.]
P. Secchiero, L. Flamand, D. Gibellini, E. Falcieri, I. Robuffo, S. Capitani, et al.
Human herpesvirus 7 induces CD4+ T-cell death by two distinct mechanisms: Necrotic lysis in productively infected cells and apoptosis in uninfected or nonproductively infected cells.
Blood, 90 (1997), pp. 4502-4512
[17.]
P. Lusso, M.S. Malnati, A. Garzino-Demo, R.W. Crowley, E.O. Long, R.C. Gallo.
Infection of natural killer cells by human herpesvirus 6.
Nature, 362 (1993), pp. 458-462
[18.]
L. Flamand, I. Stefanescu, J. Menezes.
Human herpesvirus-6 enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity via IL-15.
J Clin Invest, 97 (1996), pp. 1373-1381
[19.]
B.N. Atedzoe, A. Ahmad, J. Menezes.
Enhancement of natural killer cell citotoxicity by the human herpesvirus-7 via IL-15 induction.
J Immunol, 159 (1997), pp. 4966-4972
[20.]
E.M. Burd, D.R. Carrigan.
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-associated dysfunction of blood monocytes.
Virus Res, 29 (1993), pp. 79-90
[21.]
L. Flamand, J. Gosselin, M. D’Addario, J. Hiscott, D.V. Ablashi, R.C. Gallo, et al.
Human herpesvirus 6 induces interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not interlukin-6, in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures.
J Virol, 65 (1991), pp. 5105-5110
[22.]
C.B. Hall, C.E. Long, K.C. Shnabel, M.T. Caserta, K.M. McIntyre, M.A. Costanzo, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children: A prospective study of complications and reactivation.
N Engl J Med, 331 (1994), pp. 432-438
[23.]
K. Yamanishi, T. Okuno, K. Shiraki, M. Takahashi, T. Kondo, Y. Asano, et al.
Identification of human herpesvirus-6 as a causal agent for exanthem subitum.
Lancet, 1 (1988), pp. 1065-1067
[24.]
P. Pruksannanonda, C.B. Hall, R.A. Insel, K.M. McIntyre, P.E. Pellet, C.E. Long, et al.
Primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in young children.
N Engl J Med, 331 (1992), pp. 432-438
[25.]
M. Portolani, C. Cermelli, A. Moroni, M.F. Bertolani, D. Di Luca, E. Cassai, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 infections in infants admitted to hospital.
J Med Virol, 39 (1993), pp. 146-151
[26.]
K. Akashi, Y. Eizuru, Y. Sumiyoshi, T. Minematsu, S. Hara, M. Harada, et al.
Brief report: Severe infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome and primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in an adult.
N Engl J Med, 329 (1993), pp. 168-171
[27.]
K. Tanaka, T. Kondo, S. Torigoe, S. Okada, T. Mukai, K. Yamanishi.
Human herpesvirus 7: Another causal agent for roseola (exantema subitum).
J Pediatr, 125 (1994), pp. 1-5
[28.]
K. Ueda, K. Kusuhara, K. Okada, C. Miyazaki, Y. Hidaka, K. Tokugawa, et al.
Primary human herpesvirus 7 infection and exanthema subitum.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 13 (1994), pp. 167-168
[29.]
S. Torigoe, W. Koide, M. Yamada, E. Miyashiro, K. Tanaka-Taya, K. Yamanishi.
Human herpesvirus 7 infection associated with central nervous system manifestations.
J Pediatr, 129 (1996), pp. 301-305
[30.]
M.P. Civeira, I. Cuende, A. Castilla, J. Prieto.
Prevalencia de anticuerpos frente al virus herpes humano 6 (VHH-6 o HBLV) en la población general.
Med Clín (Barc), 92 (1989), pp. 199
[31.]
T. Okuno, K. Takahashi, K. Balachandra, K. Shiraki, K. Yamanishi, M. Takahashi, et al.
Seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 6 infection in normal children and adults.
J Clin Microbiol, 27 (1989), pp. 651-653
[32.]
D. Di Luca, P. Mirandola, T. Ravaioli, B. Bigoni, E. Cassai.
Distribution of HHV-6 variants in human tissues.
Infectious agents and disease, 5 (1996), pp. 203-214
[33.]
J.A. Levy, F. Ferro, D. Greenspan, E.T. Lennette.
Frequent isolation of HHV-6 from saliva and high seroprevalence of the virus in the population.
Lancet, 335 (1990), pp. 1047-1050
[34.]
G.B. Harnett, T.J. Farr, G.R. Pietroboni, M.R. Bucens.
Frequent sedding of human herpesvirus 6 in saliva.
J Med Virol, 30 (1990), pp. 128-130
[35.]
D. Di Luca, P. Mirandola, T. Ravaioli, R. Dolcetti, A. Frigatti, P. Bovenzi, et al.
Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 in salivary glands and shedding in saliva of healthy and human immunodeficiency virus positive individuals.
J Med Virol, 45 (1995), pp. 462-468
[36.]
L. Cuomo, P. Trivedi, M.R. Cardillo, F.M. Gagliardi, A. Vecchione, R. Caruso, et al.
Human herpesvirus 6 infection in neoplastic and normal brain tissue.
J Med Virol, 63 (2001), pp. 45-51
[37.]
P.K. Chan, H.K. Ng, M. Hui, M. Ip, J.L. Cheung, A.F. Cheng.
Presence of human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 DNA sequences in normal brain tissue.
J Med Virol, 59 (1999), pp. 491-495
[38.]
M.T. Caserta, C.B. Hall, K. Schnabel, K. McIntyre, C. Long, M. Costanzo, et al.
Neuroinvasion and persistence of human herpesvirus 6 in children.
J Infect Dis, 170 (1994), pp. 1586-1589
[39.]
N. Singh, D.L. Paterson.
Encephalitis caused by human herpesvirus-6 in transplant recipients: Relevance of a novel neurotropic virus.
Transplantation, 69 (2000), pp. 2474-2479
[40.]
J.A. McCullers, F.D. Lakeman, R.J. Whitley.
Human herpesvirus 6 is associated with focal encephalitis.
Clin Infect Dis, 21 (1995), pp. 571-576
[41.]
W. Kempf, A. Volker, P. Mirandola, L. Menotti, D. Di Luca, N. Wey, et al.
Persistence of human herpesvirus 7 in normal tissues detected by expression of a structural antigen.
J Infect Dis, 178 (1998), pp. 841-845
[42.]
K.K. Knox, D.R. Carrigan.
Disseminated active HHV-6 infections in patients with AIDS.
Lancet, 343 (1994), pp. 577-578
[43.]
P. Lusso, R.C. Gallo.
HHV-6 and CMV pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients.
Lancet, 343 (1994), pp. 1647-1648
[44.]
D.A. Clark, M. Ait Khaled, A.C. Wheeler, I.M. Kidd, J.E. McLaughlin, M.A. Johnson, et al.
Quantification of human herpesvirus 6 in immunocompetent persons and post-mortem tissues from AIDS patients by PCR.
J Gen Virol, 77 (1996), pp. 2271-2275
[45.]
D. Moschettini, A. De Milito, M. Catucci, A. Marconi, C. Rinina, M.L. Bianchi-Bandinelli, et al.
Detection of human herpesviruses 6 and 7 in heart transplant recipients by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 17 (1998), pp. 117-119
[46.]
P.D. Griffiths, M. Ait-Khaled, C.P. Bearcroft, D.A. Clark, A. Quaglia, S.E. Davies, et al.
Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 as potential pathogens after liver transplant: prospective comparison with the effect of cytomegalovirus.
J Med Virol, 59 (1999), pp. 496-501
[47.]
N. Singh, R. Carrigan Donald.
Human Herpesvirus-6 in Transplantation: An emerging pathogen.
Ann Intern Med, 124 (1996), pp. 1065-1071
[48.]
D. Boutolleau, C. Fernández, E. André, B.M. Imbert-Marcille, N. Milpied, H. Agut, et al.
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7: Two closely related viruses with different infection profiles in stem cell transplantation recipients.
J Infect Dis, 187 (2003), pp. 179-186
[49.]
P.D. Griffiths, D.A. Clark, V.C. Emery.
Betaherpesviruses in transplant recipients.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 45 (2001), pp. 29-34
[50.]
P. Ljungman.
Herpesvirus challenges in the transplant recipient.
J Infect Dis, 186 (2002), pp. 99-109
[51.]
F.Y. Chang, N. Singh, T. Gayowski, M.M. Wagener, I.R. Marino.
Fever in liver transplant recipients: Changing spectrum of etiologic agents.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 59-65
[52.]
T. Yoshikawa, Y. Asano, M. Ihira, K. Suzuki, M. Ohashi, S. Suga, et al.
Human herpesvirus 6 viremia in bone marrow trasnsplant recipients: Clinical features and risk factors.
J Infect Dis, 185 (2002), pp. 847-853
[53.]
A. Humar, D. Kumar, A.M. Caliendo, G. Moussa, A. Ashi-Sulaiman, G. Levy, et al.
Clinical impact of human herpesvirus 6 infection after liver transplantation.
Transplantation, 73 (2002), pp. 599-604
[54.]
R.R. Razonable, A. Rivero, R.A. Brown, M.J. Espy, J.A. Wilson, C. Groettum, et al.
Human herpes virus (HHV) 6 and HHV7 cause cytomegalovirus (CMV)-negative syndromes among transplant patients (TXP) (abstract 444).
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 1164
[55.]
R.R. Razonable, C.V. Payá.
The impact of human herpesvirus-6 and –7 infection on the outcome of liver transplantation.
Liver Transpl, 8 (2002), pp. 651-658
[56.]
I. Lautenschlager, M. Härmä, K. Höckerstedt, K. Linnavuori, R. Loginov, E. Taskinen.
Human herpesvirus-6 infection is associated with adhesion molecule induction and lymphocyte infiltration in liver allografts.
J Hepatol, 37 (2002), pp. 648-654
[57.]
I. Lautenschlager, K. Höckerstedt, K. Linnavuori, E. Taskinen.
Human herpesvirus-6 infection after liver transplantation.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 702-707
[58.]
P. Ljungman, F.Z. Wang, D.A. Clark, V.C. Emery, M. Remberger, O. Ringdén, et al.
High levels of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in peripheral blood leucocytes are correlated to platelet engraftment and disease in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients.
Br J Haemat, 111 (2000), pp. 774-781
[59.]
W.R. Drobyski, W.M. Dunne, E.M. Burd, K.K. Knox, R.C. Ash, M.M. Horowitz, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients: evidence of a marrow-suppressive role for HHV-6 in vivo.
J Infect Dis, 167 (1993), pp. 735-739
[60.]
K.K. Knox, D.R. Carrigan.
In vitro suppression of bone marrow progenitor cell differenciation by human herpesvirus 6 infection.
J Infect Dis, 165 (1992), pp. 925-929
[61.]
C.S. Rosenfeld, W.B. Rybka, D. Weinbaum, D.R. Carrigan, K.K. Knox, D.F. Andrews, et al.
Late graft failure due to dual bone marrow infection with variants A and B of human herpesvirus-6.
Exp Hematol, 23 (1995), pp. 626-629
[62.]
D.R. Carrigan, K.K. Knox.
Bone marrow suppression by human herpesvirus-6: Comparison of the A and B variant of the virus.
Blood, 86 (1995), pp. 835-836
[63.]
C. Rossi, M.L. Delforge, F. Jacobs, M. Wissing, O. Pradier, M. Remmlink, et al.
Faltal primary infection due to human herpesvirus 6 variant A in a renal transplant recipient.
Transplantation, 71 (2000), pp. 288-292
[64.]
N. Singh, D.R. Carrigan, T. Gayowski, J. Singh, I.R. Marino.
Variant B human herpesvirus-6 associated febril dermatosis with thrombocytopenia and encephalopathy in a liver transplant recipient.
Transplantation, 60 (1995), pp. 1355-1357
[65.]
N. Singh, D.R. Carrigan, T. Gayowski, I.R. Marino.
Human herpesvirus-6 infection in liver transplant recipients: Documentation of pathogenicity.
Transplantation, 64 (1997), pp. 674-678
[66.]
K.K. Knox, D.R. Carrigan.
Chronic myelosuppression associated with persistent bone marrow infection due to human herpesvirus 6 in a bone marrow transplant recipient.
Clin Infect Dis, 22 (1996), pp. 174-175
[67.]
D.R. Carrigan, W.R. Drobyski, S.K. Russler, M.A. Tapper, K.K. Knox, R.C. Ash.
Interstitial pneumonitis associated with human herpesvirus-6 infection after marrow transplantation.
Lancet, 338 (1991), pp. 147-149
[68.]
R.W. Coned, R.C. Hackman, M.W. Huang, R.A. Bowden, J.D. Meyers, M. Metcalf, et al.
Human herpesvirus 6 in lung tissue from patients with pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation.
N Engl J Med, 329 (1993), pp. 156-161
[69.]
R.W. Cone, M.L. Huang, R.C. Hackman, L. Corey.
Coinfection with human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B in lung tissue.
J Clin Microbiol, 34 (1996), pp. 877-881
[70.]
N. Singh, D. Paterson.
Encephalitis caused by human herpesvirus-6 in transplant recipients: relevance of a novel neurotropic virus.
Transplantation, 69 (2000), pp. 2474-2479
[71.]
F.Z. Wang, A. Linde, H. Hagglund, M. Testa, A. Locasciulli, P. Ljungman.
Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients: Does it have clinical significance?.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 562-568
[72.]
D.L. Paterson, N. Singh, T. Gayowski, D.R. Carrigan, I.R. Marino.
Encephalopathy associated with human herpesvirus 6 in a liver transplant recipient.
Liver Transpl Surg, 5 (1999), pp. 454
[73.]
N. Singh, D.R. Carrigan, T. Gayowski, J. Singh, I.R. Marino.
Variant B human herpesvirus-6 associated febrile dermatosis with thrombocytopenia and encephalopathy in a liver transplant recipient.
Transplantation, 60 (1995), pp. 1355-1357
[74.]
P.K.S. Chan, J.S.M. Peiris, K.Y. Yuen, R.H.S. Liang, Y.L. Lau, F.E. Chen, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-7 infections in bone marrow transplant recipients.
J Med Virol, 53 (1997), pp. 295-305
[75.]
A. Humar, G. Malkan, G. Moussa, P. Greig, G. Levy, T. Mazzulli.
Human herpesvirus-6 is associated with cytomegalovirus reactivation in liver transplant recipients.
J Infect Dis, 181 (2000), pp. 1450-1453
[76.]
J. DesJardin, E. Cho, S. Supran, L. Gibbons, B.G. Werner, D.R. Snydman.
Association of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation with severe cytomegalovirus-associated disease in orthotopic liver transplant recipients.
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 1358-1362
[77.]
D.H. Dockrell, J. Prada, M.F. Jones, R. Patel, A.D. Badley, W.S. Harmsen, et al.
Seroconversion to human herpesvirus 6 following liver transplantation is a marker of cytomegalovirus disease.
J Infect Dis, 176 (1997), pp. 1135-1140
[78.]
J.C. Mendez, D.H. Dockrell, M.J. Espy, T.F. Smith, J.A. Wilson, W.S. Harmsen, et al.
Human β-herpesvirus interactions in solid organ transplant recipients.
J Infect Dis, 183 (2001), pp. 179-184
[79.]
I. Lautenschlager, M. Lappalainen, K. Kinnavuori, J. Suni, K. Höckerstedt.
CMV infection is usually associated with concurrent HHV-6 and HHV-7 antigenemia in liver transplant patients.
J Clin Virol, 25 (2002), pp. 57-66
[80.]
H.K. Osman, J.S. Peiris, C.E. Taylor, P. Warwicker, R.F. Jarret, C.R. Madeley.
“Cytomegalovirus disease” in renal allograft recipients: Is human herpesvirus 7 a co-factor for disease progression?.
J Med Virol, 48 (1996), pp. 295-301
[81.]
J.A. DesJardins, L. Gibbons, C. Eunhui, S.E. Supran, M.E. Falagas, B.G. Werner, et al.
Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation is associated with cytomegalovirus infection and syndromes in kidney transplant recipients at risk for primary cytomegalovirus infection.
J Infect Dis, 178 (1998), pp. 1783-1786
[82.]
V.M. Ratnamohan, J. Chapman, H. Howse, K. Bovington, P. Robertson, B. Karen, et al.
Cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus both cause viral disease after renal transplantation.
Transplantation, 66 (1998), pp. 877-882
[83.]
I.M. Kidd, D.A. Clark, C. Sabin, D. Andrew, A.F. Hassan-Walker, P. Sweny, et al.
Prospective study of human betaherpesviruses after renal transplantation: Association of human herpesvirus 7 and cytomegalovirus co-infection with cytomegalovirus disease and increased rejection.
Transplantation, 69 (2000), pp. 2400-2404
[84.]
C.Y.W. Tong, A. Bakran, H. Williams, C.Y. Cheung, J.S.M. Peiris.
Association of human herpesvirus 7 with cytomegalovirus disease in renal transplant recipients.
Transplantation, 70 (2000), pp. 213-216
[85.]
M.P. Kadakia, W.B. Ribka, J.A. Stewart, M.P. Kadakia, W.B. Rybka, J.A. Stewart, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6: Infection and disease following autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Blood, 87 (1996), pp. 5341-5354
[86.]
L. Flamand, I. Stefanescu, D.V. Ablashi, J. Menezes.
Activation of Epstein-Barr virus replicative cycle by human herpesvirus 6.
J Virol, 67 (1993), pp. 6768-6777
[87.]
M. Schonnebeck, G.R. Krueger, M. Braun, M. Fischer, B. Koch, D.V. Ablashi, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 infection may predispose cells to superinfection by other viruses.
In vivo, 5 (1991), pp. 255-263
[88.]
N. Singh, S. Husain, D.R. Carrigan, K.K. Know, K.E. Weck, M.M. Wagener, et al.
Impact of human herpesvirus-6 on the frequency and severity of recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis in liver transplant recipients.
Clin Transplant, 16 (2002), pp. 92-96
[89.]
I. Lautenschlager, K. Linnavuori, K. Höckerstedt.
Human herpesvirus-6 antigenemia after liver transplantation.
Transplantation, 69 (2000), pp. 2561-2566
[90.]
F.Z. Wang, H. Dahl, A. Linde, M. Brytting, A. Ehrnst, P. Ljungman.
Lymphotropic herpesviruses in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Blood, 88 (1996), pp. 3615-3620
[91.]
Y. Maeda, T. Teshima, M. Yamada, K. Shinagawa, S. Nakao, Y. Ohno, et al.
Monitoring of human herpesviruses after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and bone marrow transplantation.
Brit J Haemat, 105 (1999), pp. 295-302
[92.]
F. Wilborn, V. Brinkmann, C.A. Schmidt, F. Neipel, H. Gelderblom, W. Siegert.
Herpesvirus type 6 in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: Serologic features and detection by polymerase chain reaction.
Blood, 83 (1994), pp. 3052-3058
[93.]
A.L. Appleton, L. Sviland, J.S.M. Peiris, C.E. Taylor, J. Wilkes, M.A. Green, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 infection in marrow graft recipients: Role in pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 16 (1995), pp. 777-782
[94.]
D.H. Dockrell, J.C. Méndez, M. Jones, W.S. Harmsen, D.M. Ilstrup, T.F. Smith, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 seronegativity before transplantation predicts the occurrence of fungal infection in liver transplant recipients.
Transplantation, 67 (1999), pp. 399-403
[95.]
J. Rogers, S. Rohal, D. Carrigan, S. Kusne, K. Knox, T. Gayowski, et al.
Human herpesvirus-6 in liver transplant recipients: Role in pathogenesis of fungal infections, neurologic complications, and outcome.
Transplantation, 69 (2000), pp. 2566-2573
[96.]
C. Saxinger, H. Polesky, N. Eby, S. Grufferman, R. Murphy, G. Tegtmeir, et al.
Antibody reactivity with HBLV (HHV-6) in U.S. populations.
J Virol Methods, 21 (1988), pp. 199-208
[97.]
D.H. Dockrell, T.F. Smith, C.V. Payá.
Human herpesvirus 6.
Mayo Clin Proc, 74 (1999), pp. 163-170
[98.]
P. Secchiero, D.R. Carrigan, Y. Asano, L. Benedetti, R.W. Crowley, A.L. Komaroff, et al.
Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in plasm of children with primary infection and immunosuppressed patients by polymerase chain reaction.
J Infect Dis, 171 (1995), pp. 273-280
[99.]
P. Secchiero, D. Zella, R.W. Crowley, R.C. Gallo, P. Lusso.
Quantitative PCR for human herpesviruses 6 and 7.
J Clin Microbiol, 33 (1995), pp. 2124-2130
[100.]
A. Gautheret-Dejean, C. Manichanh, F. Thien-Ah-Koon, A.M. Fillet, N. Mangeney, M. Vidaud, et al.
Development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of human herpesvirus-6 infection and application to bone marrow transplant patients.
J Virol Methods, 100 (2002), pp. 27-35
[101.]
I.M. Kidd, D.A. Clark, J.A.G. Bremner, D. Pillay, P.A. Griffiths, V.C. Emery.
A multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7, with typing of HHV-6 by enzyme cleavage of PCR products.
J Virol Methods, 70 (1998), pp. 29-36
[102.]
V.C. Emery.
Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 in solid organ transplant recipients.
Clin Infect Dis, 32 (2001), pp. 1357-1360
Copyright © 2003. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
