Relationship between early marriage and teenager pregnancy to stunting in toddler at Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa District, Tanjung Morawa, Deli Serdang 2019

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Pangaribuan, Isyos Sari, Marlina Simbolon, Basaria Manurung, Kosheila Ramuni" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ingka K." "apellidos" => "Pangaribuan" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ingka.kristina@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Isyos" "apellidos" => "Sari" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marlina" "apellidos" => "Simbolon" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Basaria" "apellidos" => "Manurung" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Kosheila" "apellidos" => "Ramuni" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Midwifery, Stikes Mitra Husada, Medan, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Nursing, Lincoln University College, Malaysia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionIndonesia is the country with the second highest percentage of young marriages in ASEAN region after Cambodia and ranks 37th in the world. More than 22,000 women aged 10–14 years in Indonesia are married, and 11.7% of women aged 15–19 years are also married. Kalimantan is the province with the highest percentage of young marriages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">1</a>Based on research conducted by Afifah<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">2</a> in Indonesia, it shows that mothers who marry early tend to have children with impaired growth and development. This was evident from the data obtained from the age group of mothers aged 25–29 years have 33.7% short children, and the age group of mothers 20–24 years have 37.2% short children and mothers aged 15–19 years have short children 42.2%. The younger the mothers age, the proportion of children under five with poor nutritional status increases.Stunting is a state of the body that is short or so short that it exceeds −2SD below the median length based on height by age. The World Health Organization sets a stunting tolerance limit of maximum of 20% or 1/5 of the total number of children under five. Estimated global stunting of 171 million to 314 million occurs in children aged 5 years and 90% are in the continent of Africa and Asia. Indonesia recorded 7.8 million out of 23 million children under five with stunted growth (35.6%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">3</a>Preliminary survey, from the results of interviews with village officials, it is known that there are still many incidents of early marriage, in the last 5 years between 2012 and 2017. It was seen that about 268 cases of adolescent's growth defect had parents who did early marriage.MethodsThe type of study carried out in this research is analytic descriptive, with the cross-sectional study design. The location of this research is Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency in 2019.The population in this study were all children aged 0–59 months in the Bangun Rejo Manis Village, Tanjung Morawa District in 2019 with a population of 645 toddlers. The sample of this study was 106 toddlers, 42 from families who were married early and 64 from families who were not married early. Sample selection was done using the systematic random sampling method.Primary data were obtained directly from respondents, and secondary data were obtained from village records and midwife data. The questionnaire is no longer tested for validity and reliability because the questionnaire is considered standard from the Ministry of Health. Data analysis consisted of univariate and bivariate analyses using the chi-square test.Results and discussionFamily characteristicsThe research was based on the results of the study shown in the Bangun Rejo village of Tanjung Morawa subdistrict of Deli Serdang in 2019. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the distribution of family characteristics. Based on family education most of the wife's education is elementary education (SMP) of 53 (50%), most of the husband's education is higher education (SMA) as many as 47 (44.3%). Based on the age of most wives were aged 21–30 years as many as 63 (59.4%), most husbands aged 21–30 years were 60 (56.6%) among the families. By age the family did that not get married early as many as 64 respondents, families that married early as many as 42 respondents. Based on teenage pregnancies, 21% of the respondents were pregnant (pregnant age <20 years), and 85% respondents were pregnant (pregnant age >20 years).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Toddler characteristicsBased on the results of the study shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, it is seen that the distribution of the characteristics of toddlers in Bangun Rejo village, Tanjung Morawa subdistrict, Deli Serdang district in 2016, of 193 respondents based on the sex of the respondents, the majority of the sex of under-five girls i.e. 108 (56%) respondents. Based on age, the majority of children under five in the age group of 0–11-month age range were 70 (36.3%) and the minority are in the range of 48–59 months represented by 19 (9.8%).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Relationship of early marriage with stunting incidence rateBased on the results of statistical tests using chi-squared calculation, the value of p=0.001 (p<α=0.05) means that there is a relationship between early marriage and the incidence of stunting in infants in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency in 2019. This shows that families who marry early tend to have stunting children compared to children from families who are not married early.The disruption of the growth of children under five in families who get married early is because majority of the mothers have only basic education as education is the basis of mother's knowledge to capture information. There are 70 mothers with basic education, 70 (66.7%) were related to nutrition need of a toddler.Various research results show that, mother with early marriage are less capable in fulfilling the nutrition of children, because early marriage will result in poor education resulting in less educated mothers that impacts on their poor knowledge regarding childcare. It was found that the performance and attitude of mothers who married early were not enough in fulfilling the nutritional status of their toddlers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">4</a>In the research it is said that becoming a parent at an early age will cause someone to have less skills in caring for their children, in contrast to people who have toddlers in adulthood.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">5</a> This causes the child to get the wrong treatment. Therefore, children born from early marriage have a higher risk of experiencing developmental delays in contrast to children born to parents who are not married early.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">6</a>Getting married at a young age while still in their teenagers will have negative effect on their children. Psychologically, a child who has become a mother at a young age will have difficulty in providing the best care related to the growth and development of their children. This is because they are mentally not ready to become parents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">7</a>Relationship of teenage pregnancy with stunting incidence rateBased on the results of statistical tests using the chi-square calculation, the value of p=0.000 (p<α=0.05) indicate that there is a relationship between teenage pregnancy and the incidence of stunting in infants. The results of the present studies in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency in 2019 found that most stunting events occur in teenage pregnancies.Based on the results of a study on 21 families, with mothers becoming pregnant in their teens, the majority have toddlers whose height was not in accordance with the toddler's age of 13 (62%) toddlers. Study among 79 families showed that women who are pregnant at 20 years, the majority (79, 74.5% toddlers) have children under five with height not in accordance to the age of under-five.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">8,7</a>As a result of teenage pregnancy there is a greater chance of giving birth to a premature baby or having a baby with a low birth weight. Teenage pregnancy is usually not planned, teenage pregnancy is more common in economically underprivileged populations and teenage mothers tend to lack experience in childcare because of shortage of education. Research reveals that the majority of stunting events occur in the first 2 years of life. The initial period of malnutrition in children is during fetal development caused by malnourished mothers. Therefore, maternal nutrition during pregnancy plays an important role in the growth and survival of children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">9</a>In the Larasati study in 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">10</a> it was found that mothers who experience pregnancy at a young age are biologically as the flow of blood to the cervix and uterus is not fully developed in some adolescents at this age. This causes lesser flow of nutrients to the fetus during pregnancy. Teenage pregnant women are also still not physically developed, so there can be a struggle for nutrients between the fetus and the mother's metabolism itself. This situation will cause inadequate intake of maternal nutrients so that the fetus will experience growth restriction. Thereby increasing the risk of a fetus born with low birth weight or premature birth in which both of these factors are responsible for stunting in infants.Research limitationsThis study uses a cross-sectional design where data collection is only done once and does not look at previous growth records. It would be better if you use a case control design to see how growth and development of mothers are related to the growth and development of toddlers, as well other the factors that cause stunting in toddlers in case of parents with early marriage. This study looked into factors such as age of first marriage and teenage pregnancy related to early marriage and stunting in infants. This research was conducted using random sampling techniques, it would be more difficult if all respondents were sampled. There is a relationship between early marriage and the incidence of stunting in infants in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency in 2019.RecommendationsFor the village head of Bangun Rejo, it is expected to be able to minimize the incidence of early marriage in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency by promoting and initiating youth care health program where positive activities are formed for youth and also providing other health care servicesConflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1366047" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1255793" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Family characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Toddler characteristics" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Relationship of early marriage with stunting incidence rate" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Relationship of teenage pregnancy with stunting incidence rate" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Research limitations" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Recommendations" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-09-25" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-11-11" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1255793" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Early marriage" 1 => "Teenager pregnancy" 2 => "Stunting" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The brain undergoes very rapid growth and development among toddler below 5 year of age. The fault in their upbringing during this period of time will cause them to undergo growth and development disorder, and parents who get married too young early have lack of knowledge of raising their young children. As a result, the latter become vulnerable during their growth and development.The objective of the research was to analyze the correlation between early marriage and teenager pregnancy to stunting in growth among toddlers. The research used descriptive analytic method with cross-sectional design. It was conducted at Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa District, Deli Serdang regency from June to September 2019. The population consisted of 645 toddler aged between 0 and 59 months. The sample was chosen by using systematic random sampling technique. The data were gathered by using questionnaires in order to get the information about early marriage and by conducting observation in order to find out toddler stunting.The result of univariate analysis showed that 87 (82.1%) infants had normal growth. The result of bivariate analysis, using chi-square test, showed that there was correlation between early marriage and toddler stunting, teenager pregnancy (p=0.000) and marriage age (p=0.001).The conclusion of the research was that there was correlation between early marriage and teenager pregnancy to stunting in toddler. The study showed that toddlers in case of parent with early marriage was more vulnerable to growth and development disorder. It is recommended that health service of care for adolescents and integrated monitoring of toddler be established in order to decrease the risk of incidence of early marriage and toddler stunting." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Healthcare and Allied Sciences (2019). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article." ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Toddler characteristics." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Family characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age of first marriage</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1. Not married early >20 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2. Married early <20 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Teenage pregnancies</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1. Pregnant age <20 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2. Pregnant age >20 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2346306.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Distribution of family characteristics in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Deli Serdang." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Age of first marriage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Height/body length</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p-Value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">RP (95% CI) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normal</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Stunting</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">(%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1. Not married early >20 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">0.001</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">4.267 (1.660–10.967)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2. Married early <20 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2346307.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relationship of early marriage with stunting incidence rate." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012: adolescent reproductive health" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik—BPS)" 1 => "National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN)" 2 => "Kementerian Kesehatan (Kemenkes—MOH)" 3 => "ICF International" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2013" "editorial" => "BPS, BKKBN, Kemenkes and ICF International" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Jakarta, Indonesia" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early marriage and impact of nutrition status on children (Riskesdas Data Analysis 2010)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "T. 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Arief" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Amerta Nutr" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "392" "paginaFinal" => "401" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11308621/00000030000000S5/v1_202007240748/S1130862120300607/v1_202007240748/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11308621/00000030000000S5/v1_202007240748/S1130862120300607/v1_202007240748/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862120300607?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Ingka K. Pangaribuana,

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ingka.kristina@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Isyos Saria, Marlina Simbolona, Basaria Manurunga, Kosheila Ramunib

a Faculty of Midwifery, Stikes Mitra Husada, Medan, Indonesia

b Faculty of Nursing, Lincoln University College, Malaysia

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  "pii" => "S1130862120300607"
  "issn" => "11308621"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.11.028"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-06-01"
  "aid" => "1353"
  "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46;. All rights reserved"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2020"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
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    "titulo" => "Relationship between early marriage and teenager pregnancy to stunting in toddler at Bangun Rejo Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa District&#44; Tanjung Morawa&#44; Deli Serdang 2019"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Indonesia is the country with the second highest percentage of young marriages in ASEAN region after Cambodia and ranks 37th in the world&#46; More than 22&#44;000 women aged 10&#8211;14 years in Indonesia are married&#44; and 11&#46;7&#37; of women aged 15&#8211;19 years are also married&#46; Kalimantan is the province with the highest percentage of young marriages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on research conducted by Afifah<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> in Indonesia&#44; it shows that mothers who marry early tend to have children with impaired growth and development&#46; This was evident from the data obtained from the age group of mothers aged 25&#8211;29 years have 33&#46;7&#37; short children&#44; and the age group of mothers 20&#8211;24 years have 37&#46;2&#37; short children and mothers aged 15&#8211;19 years have short children 42&#46;2&#37;&#46; The younger the mothers age&#44; the proportion of children under five with poor nutritional status increases&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stunting is a state of the body that is short or so short that it exceeds &#8722;2SD below the median length based on height by age&#46; The World Health Organization sets a stunting tolerance limit of maximum of 20&#37; or 1&#47;5 of the total number of children under five&#46; Estimated global stunting of 171 million to 314 million occurs in children aged 5 years and 90&#37; are in the continent of Africa and Asia&#46; Indonesia recorded 7&#46;8 million out of 23 million children under five with stunted growth &#40;35&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Preliminary survey&#44; from the results of interviews with village officials&#44; it is known that there are still many incidents of early marriage&#44; in the last 5 years between 2012 and 2017&#46; It was seen that about 268 cases of adolescent&#39;s growth defect had parents who did early marriage&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The type of study carried out in this research is analytic descriptive&#44; with the cross-sectional study design&#46; The location of this research is Bangun Rejo Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict&#44; Deli Serdang Regency in 2019&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The population in this study were all children aged 0&#8211;59 months in the Bangun Rejo Manis Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa District in 2019 with a population of 645 toddlers&#46; The sample of this study was 106 toddlers&#44; 42 from families who were married early and 64 from families who were not married early&#46; Sample selection was done using the systematic random sampling method&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary data were obtained directly from respondents&#44; and secondary data were obtained from village records and midwife data&#46; The questionnaire is no longer tested for validity and reliability because the questionnaire is considered standard from the Ministry of Health&#46; Data analysis consisted of univariate and bivariate analyses using the chi-square test&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Family characteristics</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research was based on the results of the study shown in the Bangun Rejo village of Tanjung Morawa subdistrict of Deli Serdang in 2019&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the distribution of family characteristics&#46; Based on family education most of the wife&#39;s education is elementary education &#40;SMP&#41; of 53 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; most of the husband&#39;s education is higher education &#40;SMA&#41; as many as 47 &#40;44&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; Based on the age of most wives were aged 21&#8211;30 years as many as 63 &#40;59&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; most husbands aged 21&#8211;30 years were 60 &#40;56&#46;6&#37;&#41; among the families&#46; By age the family did that not get married early as many as 64 respondents&#44; families that married early as many as 42 respondents&#46; Based on teenage pregnancies&#44; 21&#37; of the respondents were pregnant &#40;pregnant age &#60;20 years&#41;&#44; and 85&#37; respondents were pregnant &#40;pregnant age &#62;20 years&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Toddler characteristics</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of the study shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; it is seen that the distribution of the characteristics of toddlers in Bangun Rejo village&#44; Tanjung Morawa subdistrict&#44; Deli Serdang district in 2016&#44; of 193 respondents based on the sex of the respondents&#44; the majority of the sex of under-five girls i&#46;e&#46; 108 &#40;56&#37;&#41; respondents&#46; Based on age&#44; the majority of children under five in the age group of 0&#8211;11-month age range were 70 &#40;36&#46;3&#37;&#41; and the minority are in the range of 48&#8211;59 months represented by 19 &#40;9&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Relationship of early marriage with stunting incidence rate</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of statistical tests using chi-squared calculation&#44; the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; means that there is a relationship between early marriage and the incidence of stunting in infants in Bangun Rejo Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict&#44; Deli Serdang Regency in 2019&#46; This shows that families who marry early tend to have stunting children compared to children from families who are not married early&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disruption of the growth of children under five in families who get married early is because majority of the mothers have only basic education as education is the basis of mother&#39;s knowledge to capture information&#46; There are 70 mothers with basic education&#44; 70 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41; were related to nutrition need of a toddler&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various research results show that&#44; mother with early marriage are less capable in fulfilling the nutrition of children&#44; because early marriage will result in poor education resulting in less educated mothers that impacts on their poor knowledge regarding childcare&#46; It was found that the performance and attitude of mothers who married early were not enough in fulfilling the nutritional status of their toddlers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the research it is said that becoming a parent at an early age will cause someone to have less skills in caring for their children&#44; in contrast to people who have toddlers in adulthood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> This causes the child to get the wrong treatment&#46; Therefore&#44; children born from early marriage have a higher risk of experiencing developmental delays in contrast to children born to parents who are not married early&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Getting married at a young age while still in their teenagers will have negative effect on their children&#46; Psychologically&#44; a child who has become a mother at a young age will have difficulty in providing the best care related to the growth and development of their children&#46; This is because they are mentally not ready to become parents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Relationship of teenage pregnancy with stunting incidence rate</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of statistical tests using the chi-square calculation&#44; the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;000 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; indicate that there is a relationship between teenage pregnancy and the incidence of stunting in infants&#46; The results of the present studies in Bangun Rejo Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict&#44; Deli Serdang Regency in 2019 found that most stunting events occur in teenage pregnancies&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results of a study on 21 families&#44; with mothers becoming pregnant in their teens&#44; the majority have toddlers whose height was not in accordance with the toddler&#39;s age of 13 &#40;62&#37;&#41; toddlers&#46; Study among 79 families showed that women who are pregnant at 20 years&#44; the majority &#40;79&#44; 74&#46;5&#37; toddlers&#41; have children under five with height not in accordance to the age of under-five&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a result of teenage pregnancy there is a greater chance of giving birth to a premature baby or having a baby with a low birth weight&#46; Teenage pregnancy is usually not planned&#44; teenage pregnancy is more common in economically underprivileged populations and teenage mothers tend to lack experience in childcare because of shortage of education&#46; Research reveals that the majority of stunting events occur in the first 2 years of life&#46; The initial period of malnutrition in children is during fetal development caused by malnourished mothers&#46; Therefore&#44; maternal nutrition during pregnancy plays an important role in the growth and survival of children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the Larasati study in 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> it was found that mothers who experience pregnancy at a young age are biologically as the flow of blood to the cervix and uterus is not fully developed in some adolescents at this age&#46; This causes lesser flow of nutrients to the fetus during pregnancy&#46; Teenage pregnant women are also still not physically developed&#44; so there can be a struggle for nutrients between the fetus and the mother&#39;s metabolism itself&#46; This situation will cause inadequate intake of maternal nutrients so that the fetus will experience growth restriction&#46; Thereby increasing the risk of a fetus born with low birth weight or premature birth in which both of these factors are responsible for stunting in infants&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Research limitations</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study uses a cross-sectional design where data collection is only done once and does not look at previous growth records&#46; It would be better if you use a case control design to see how growth and development of mothers are related to the growth and development of toddlers&#44; as well other the factors that cause stunting in toddlers in case of parents with early marriage&#46; This study looked into factors such as age of first marriage and teenage pregnancy related to early marriage and stunting in infants&#46; This research was conducted using random sampling techniques&#44; it would be more difficult if all respondents were sampled&#46; There is a relationship between early marriage and the incidence of stunting in infants in Bangun Rejo Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict&#44; Deli Serdang Regency in 2019&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Recommendations</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the village head of Bangun Rejo&#44; it is expected to be able to minimize the incidence of early marriage in Bangun Rejo Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict&#44; Deli Serdang Regency by promoting and initiating youth care health program where positive activities are formed for youth and also providing other health care services</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The brain undergoes very rapid growth and development among toddler below 5 year of age&#46; The fault in their upbringing during this period of time will cause them to undergo growth and development disorder&#44; and parents who get married too young early have lack of knowledge of raising their young children&#46; As a result&#44; the latter become vulnerable during their growth and development&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objective of the research was to analyze the correlation between early marriage and teenager pregnancy to stunting in growth among toddlers&#46; The research used descriptive analytic method with cross-sectional design&#46; It was conducted at Bangun Rejo Village&#44; Tanjung Morawa District&#44; Deli Serdang regency from June to September 2019&#46; The population consisted of 645 toddler aged between 0 and 59 months&#46; The sample was chosen by using systematic random sampling technique&#46; The data were gathered by using questionnaires in order to get the information about early marriage and by conducting observation in order to find out toddler stunting&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The result of univariate analysis showed that 87 &#40;82&#46;1&#37;&#41; infants had normal growth&#46; The result of bivariate analysis&#44; using chi-square test&#44; showed that there was correlation between early marriage and toddler stunting&#44; teenager pregnancy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;000&#41; and marriage age &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The conclusion of the research was that there was correlation between early marriage and teenager pregnancy to stunting in toddler&#46; The study showed that toddlers in case of parent with early marriage was more vulnerable to growth and development disorder&#46; It is recommended that health service of care for adolescents and integrated monitoring of toddler be established in order to decrease the risk of incidence of early marriage and toddler stunting&#46;</p></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Family characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46; Not married early &#62;20 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Married early &#60;20 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Teenage pregnancies</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46; Pregnant age &#60;20 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46; Pregnant age &#62;20 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Total</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">RP &#40;95&#37; CI&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; Not married early &#62;20 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">92&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">0&#46;001</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">4&#46;267 &#40;1&#46;660&#8211;10&#46;967&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Married early &#60;20 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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      "titulo" => "References"
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Article information

ISSN: 11308621
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.11.028

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	10	1	11
2024 October	126	22	148
2024 September	67	16	83
2024 August	74	23	97
2024 July	112	25	137
2024 June	96	23	119
2024 May	124	30	154
2024 April	134	19	153
2024 March	116	18	134
2024 February	132	13	145
2024 January	209	25	234
2023 December	135	25	160
2023 November	185	20	205
2023 October	197	28	225
2023 September	179	38	217
2023 August	129	30	159
2023 July	120	29	149
2023 June	178	36	214
2023 May	262	34	296
2023 April	186	35	221
2023 March	296	53	349
2023 February	316	37	353
2023 January	207	34	241
2022 December	153	34	187
2022 November	233	53	286
2022 October	135	30	165
2022 September	203	44	247
2022 August	158	50	208
2022 July	129	27	156
2022 June	143	26	169
2022 May	124	29	153
2022 April	107	19	126
2022 March	113	26	139
2022 February	101	15	116
2022 January	126	21	147
2021 December	90	20	110
2021 November	115	24	139
2021 October	99	36	135
2021 September	71	32	103
2021 August	41	18	59
2021 July	24	18	42
2021 June	32	12	44
2021 May	15	36	51
2021 April	50	38	88
2021 March	15	10	25
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