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Tuberculosis and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (TB-DM) comorbidity care: Barriers from the patients’ perspective
Merita Arinia,
Corresponding author
merita.arini@umy.ac.id

Corresponding author.
, Riris Andono Ahmadb, Adi Utarinic
a Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
b Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
c Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TB-DM is a new looming co-epidemic condition with quite high prevalence&#44; ranging from 1&#46;9 to 45&#37; and Indonesia is among the top three countries of the diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Since a surge of multiple and chronic diseases occurs throughout the world&#44; new approaches are needed to overcome them&#46; Integrated care is required to resolve the problems due to the complexity of patients&#8217; needs and duration of treatment that affects the increasing risk of the unsafe and low quality of care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Indonesian Ministry of Health has developed the TB-DM integrated guideline&#44; and the WHO framework for TB-DM collaboration also exists&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Yet&#44; this has not been fully implemented&#46; Consider the patients&#8217; perspectives to provide services according to addressing patient centered-care is one of the vital strategies for improving integrated care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This study aims to explore patients&#8217; perspectives about TB-DM care&#44; obstacles&#44; and their experiences to get the expected outcomes in Yogyakarta&#44; Indonesia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A qualitative study drew on subjective patients&#8217; perspectives as informants&#44; and their experiences in managing the barriers of TB-DM comorbidity treatment was conducted&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Study setting</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted between June-August 2019 in Yogyakarta City&#44; an urban and densely populated area located in Yogyakarta Special Region&#44; Indonesia&#46; With a population of 431&#44;939 in 2019&#44; health care services are provided by a network of 18 community health centers &#40;CHCs&#41;&#44; 20 hospitals and 127 clinics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Data collection</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TB-DM patients were identified from TB register in all 18 CHCs and two hospitals &#40;type D hospital&#44; public&#44; and private&#41; within the period of 2018&#8211;2019&#46; Fourteen patients were selected purposively through criterion sampling&#44; i&#46;e&#46; those who had been declared cured of TB or had completed an intensive phase of TB treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In-depth interviews were conducted by the first author &#40;MA&#41; and research assistants&#46; MA is a woman&#44; has a medical background with a master&#39;s in hospital management&#44; and was trained in a qualitative research method&#46; The research assistants have a health background and were also trained in qualitative data collection&#46; The face-to-face interviews were either conducted in their home setting &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;&#44; workplace &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; or healthcare facilities where they received care from &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#46; The informants chose the place of interview&#46; Each interview took about 30&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min duration&#44; using a mixture of Indonesian and some local Javanese languages&#46; MA piloted the interview guide to one informant before the formal interviews&#46; All interviews were audio-recorded&#44; and field notes were also taken during the interview process&#46; Eleven informants were interviewed independently&#46; During the interview&#44; three informants were accompanied by others&#44; such as a community health worker&#44; the wife &#40;without answering the questions&#41; and the son who inevitably answered the questions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Data analysis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research assistants did verbatim transcriptions&#46; Thematic analysis was applied&#44; and codings&#44; categories&#44; and themes were generated using the nVivo 12&#46;0 software&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Data credibility was ensured during the interview process by asking questions repeatedly in a rephrased way for confirmation&#46; Transcripts were not given to the informants but were rechecked by MA and research assistants before coding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Ethics</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee Faculty of Medicine&#44; Public Health&#44; and Nursing at Gadjah Mada University &#40;Ref&#58; KE&#47;FK&#47;0177&#47;EC&#47;2019&#41;&#46; The informants were first contacted by the TB program manager and asked to participate&#46; The interviewers gave informed consent as written informed consent before the interviews&#44; except one informant who gave verbal consent&#46; At the end of the interview&#44; respondents were given modest incentives as compensation for their time&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Result</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fourteen informants were interviewed &#40;male<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#44; female<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&#44; and their age varied from 35 to 73 years&#46; Twelve informants were first diagnosed as DM patients and had been undergoing treatment before diagnosed with TB&#46; The remaining two informants had been first diagnosed with TB before they were found to have DM&#46; Based on DM treatment duration&#44; patients have undergone DM treatment for about 1&#8211;20 years&#46; The majority of informants use insulin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#41; with additional drugs &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41;&#44; and only one patient takes pills only for DM treatment&#46; As for the TB treatment&#44; there were seven informants have completed a 6-month treatment&#46; Another three informants have completed 9-month treatment&#44; two informants are still in the 6-month treatment process&#44; and the rests &#40;two informants&#41; are still in the 9-month treatment process&#46; All informants were diagnosed with TB category 1&#46; Almost all informants have poor housing with a lack of solar lighting and ventilation&#46; Four themes obtained from the analysis of the in-depth interviews are illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Theme 1&#58; Healthcare service-related barriers</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients faced various barriers in healthcare processes&#46; Cost of treatments&#44; particularly the part out of pocket payment for diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and hospitalization&#44; as well as the complexity of care procedures due to the registration&#44; long waiting period&#44; drug unavailability&#44; and inadequate waiting room infrastructure accumulated barriers in accessing healthcare&#46; The inadequate self-management support was reported around lack of dietary advice and anticipating risks &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; hypoglycemia&#44; drug side effect&#41;&#46; This conditions&#44; along with an insufficient reminder for taking medications and scheduling systems that may influence patients capacity in dietary control and taking medicine&#46; Moreover&#44; the insufficient implementation of bi-directional screening resulted in TB and DM diagnosis delays&#44; which may impede treatment&#46; Fragmented care due to separated TB-DM clinics and low readiness of private hospitals in TB-DM collaboration services contribute not only to diagnosis delay but also to services quality and safety&#46; The quotation below illustrates fragmented care problems across health facilities&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;In a week&#44; I feel getting worse &#40;because of&#41; no treatment&#46; I told my son&#44; &#8220;You have to say to the TB program manager at the health center that I did not get any treatment from the hospital&#46; When my son did report&#44; the TB program manager was upset&#44; &#8220;You have not got anything from the hospital&#63; Why is this hospital like that&#63;&#8221;</span> &#40;Informant 14&#44; female&#41;</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Theme 2&#58; Patient-related barriers</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with TB-DM have experienced intense barriers related to the diseases&#44; existing socioeconomic conditions&#44; and low literacy&#44; leading to less collaborative actions in care processes&#46; Regarding the disease&#44; three categories emerged&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; physical severity as a consequence of multiple diseases and treatment complexity&#44; which is interrelated with the emotional burden&#46; Physical weakness may prevent them from visiting healthcare&#44; worsens their mental and emotional conditions and limits their ability to have a social life and ability to work&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Their financial barriers also limit patients&#8217; responses to the disease due to suffering from the disease despite the availability of the national social insurance scheme&#46; Factors such as low income&#44; inability to work&#44; transportation costs were beyond what the insurance covers&#44; and the barriers were perceived to be increasing with the nature of chronic diseases&#46; These conditions are challenging in requiring long treatment duration&#46; In general&#44; TB-DM patients also have low health literacy&#44; which in turn&#44; the interaction of all patient-related barriers may affect treatment adherence&#44; hence the clinical outcomes&#44; as illustrated in the following quotation&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0010"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;I already use insulin&#46; To save money and not to have to visit the health center too often&#44; I change 10 &#40;unit&#41; doses in the morning and ten at night to only 5-5 doses&#46; Yesterday&#44; I visited the health center for a routine check&#44; the doctor asked&#44; &#8220;Why is your blood sugar 483&#63; Why don&#8217;t you use insulin&#63;&#8221;</span> &#40;informant 7&#44; male&#41;</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Theme 3&#58; Health provider-patient interaction related barriers</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients reported compelling conditions from their interaction with providers&#46; Divergent patients&#8217; perceptions of receiving information as a result of several factors that lead to challenges in self-management support and healthcare&#46; Patients reported that post-TB treatment engagement and monitoring were applied sporadically&#46; Furthermore&#44; patient doubts staff can be trusted because of professional behavior issue related to confidentiality&#44; as emphasized in the quotation below&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0015"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;A TB program manager told my mother&#44; &#8220;Ms&#46; X is suffering from TB&#44; Mom&#46;&#8221; Then my sister&#44; like the police&#44; asked the health center&#46; Yes&#44; even if I have a disease&#44; it doesn&#8217;t matter&#44; but don&#8217;t announce it to others&#46;&#8221;</span> &#40;informant 5&#44; female&#41;</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Theme 4&#58; Strategies to resolve the Barriers</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients described numerous beneficial strategies to overcome barriers while seeking treatment and uptake&#46; Social supports&#44; specifically family support and patient empowerment&#44; helped alleviate their problems&#44; yet community support linkage was still insufficient&#46; Strengthening patients&#8217; motivation&#44; acceptance of illness&#44; and appropriate health-seeking behavior are essentials to get proper treatment&#46; Health worker&#39;s support and their communication skills created excellent relationships with patients and became enablers of successful treatment&#46; Additionally&#44; accessible care in time&#44; distance&#44; and care processes&#44; along with social insurance scheme conjointly free TB services policy&#44; were the aspects contribute to overcoming the obstacles&#44; as shown in the quotation below&#58;<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0020"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;I was given &#40;TB drugs&#41; for free&#44; even though I do not have any health insurance&#44; and I am not a resident of this district&#46; All for free and very helpful for me&#46;&#8221;</span> &#40;informant 9&#44; male&#41;</p></span></p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the integration of TB-DM services was established in 2014 in Indonesia&#44; the collaboration of care has been partially implemented&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;11</span></a> Therefore&#44; several aspects of service need to be improved&#46; The integration of DM management into the TB-DM collaboration program creates challenges as well as opportunities to increase case finding and treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study found diverse TB-DM patients&#8217; perceived barriers due to their condition&#44; health system&#44; and interrelation between them&#46; Nevertheless&#44; several aspects that were used as coping strategies for the obstacles and healthcare improvements were also revealed&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like TB-DM patients&#44; TB-HIV patients confessed their experiences due to their complicated barriers&#46; Research by Matima et al&#46; &#40;2018&#41; revealed barriers of TB-HIV patients predominantly highlighted in long waiting periods&#44; administrative burdens&#44; and separated clinics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> This fragmented healthcare undermines the continuity of care since it complicates the communication and coordination lines&#44; insufficient guidelines implementation&#44; and the absence of interconnection and feedback mechanisms within the health system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Meanwhile&#44; the problem of waiting time and administration can cause exhaustion and lowering patients&#8217; adherence to visiting healthcare&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnostic delays and hospitals&#8217; un-readiness of TB-DM services&#44; as well as the private sector&#44; were revealed&#46; These indicated the urgency of strengthening the Public-Private Mix &#40;PPM&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Moreover&#44; low economic status interacts with partial out of pocket and financial burden in accessing healthcare&#46; Economic hardship is patient&#39;s common significant barrier&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Therefore&#44; the support of health financing policies and establish accessible healthcare is beneficial for patients in receiving TB-DM services as our study concedes&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients-related barriers compel on their clinical and socioeconomic problems&#46; As the problems accumulate&#44; they are lowering patient capacity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;13</span></a> Conditions of low literacy and self-care inability may be caused or exacerbated due to lack of self-management support&#46; Strengthening self-management support is&#44; thus&#44; crucial in improving patient capacity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;18</span></a> Long engagement and monitoring of former TB patients is further needed to prevent TB relapse&#46; At least there were three challenges of self-management integration into health care&#58; insufficient preparation of the system&#44; patients&#44; and payment mechanisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Family support&#44; as found in this study&#44; plays essential roles in the success of treatment&#44; while linkage to community support has only been partially applied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> This finding indicates an opportunity for care improvement by strengthening community support&#44; as various studies proved their potential to improve chronic care successfully&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study suggests that it is essential to review the Ministry of Health TB-DM collaborative care guidelines and to improve providers&#8217; and health organizations&#8217; readiness for integrated care&#46; Health services should be reoriented to engage the patients by strengthening their capacity and community support in order to achieve the expected outcome&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusion</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TB-DM patients faced various levels of the barriers due to self-care burden and the healthcare system&#46; Consolidate patients support&#44; health system&#44; including professional roles are essential strategies of strengthening the integrated care system to achieve better quality of care&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 11308621
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos