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Inicio Gastroenterología y Hepatología Epidemiología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal crónica en Gijón. Astu...
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Vol. 24. Issue 5.
Pages 228-235 (January 2001)
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Vol. 24. Issue 5.
Pages 228-235 (January 2001)
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Epidemiología de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal crónica en Gijón. Asturias
Epidemiology of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in gijÓn, asturias (spain)
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C. Saro Gismera
Corresponding author
csarog@meditex.es

Correspondencia: Dra. C. Saro Gismera. Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital de Cabueñes. Camino de Cabueñes, s/n. 33394 Gijón. Asturias.
, G. Argüelles Fernández, C.A. Navascues, R.García López, A.Suárez González, G.Díaz Álvarez, A.Palacios Galán, A.González Bernal, A. Martínez
M. Lacort Fernándeza, J. Antón Magarzob, A. Altadill Arreguic, F. Vizosoc
a Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. UCI.Hospital de Cabueñes
b Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Servicio de Cirugía. Hospital de Cabueñes
c Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital de Jove. Gijón. Asturias
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Objetivo

Conocer los distintos aspectos epidemiológicos de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal crónica. Para ello se han analizado la distribución de las enfermedades que la componen, el sexo y la edad en el momento diagnóstico, y se han valorado el tiempo de latencia, los criterios empleados para el diagnóstico, la relación entre el nivel cultural del paciente y la actividad, la agregación familiar, el fenotipo (extensión y tipos clínicos), el número de ingresos y estancias medias por año, las necesidades quirúrgicas y la mortalidad. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 595 pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal crónica según los criterios de Lennard-Jones, Truelove y Ashley B. Price. Realizamos un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo, poblacional, retrospectivo (1954-1993) y prospectivo (1994-1997) en el Área Sanitaria V de Gijón (Asturias) con 225.798 habitantes.

Resultados

Se estudiaron 595 pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal crónica, de los cuales 305 (51,3%) padecían colitis ulcerosa, 272 (45,7%) enfermedad de Crohn y 18 (3%) colitis indeterminada. Un total de 287 (48,2%) pacientes eran mujeres y 308 (51,8%) varones, con una relación varón/mujer de 1,07. La media de edad en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 38,79 ± 17,44 (colitis ulcerosa: 43,37 ± 17,55; enfermedad de Crohn: 33,98 ± 16,16; colitis indeterminada: 33,73 ± 13,48; p = 0,000). La edad de inicio de síntomas previos al diagnóstico fue, para la colitis ulcerosa, de 42,03 años, para la enfermedad de Crohn, de 30,47 años y para la colitis indeterminada, de 30,99 años (p = 0,000). El diagnóstico se estableció en la colitis ulcerosa mediante criterios clínicos en el 99,01% de los casos (p = NS), criterios endoscópicos en el 95,04% (p = 0,000) y criterios histológicos en el 87,21% (p = 0,000); en la enfermedad de Crohn mediante criterios radiológicos en el 85,29% de los casos (p = 0,000). En cuanto al nivel de estudios superiores, en la colitis ulcerosa fue del 29,1% y en la enfermedad de Crohn del 66,7% (p = 0,0005). La asociación familiar fue del 9,8%. La extensión, para la colitis ulcerosa, fue: proctitis 21%, colitis distal 28,2%, colitis izquierda 22,3%, colitis extensa 4,2% y pancolitis 24%; en la enfermedad de Crohn, el 32,72% presentaban afección de íleon terminal, el 19,11% afección del colon, el 37,13% del colon y el intestino, el 11,02% con afecciones intestinales extensas y el 3,67% enfermedad gastroduodenal. La media de enfermos ingresados (1994-1997) con colitis ulcerosa fue del 8,37% y con enfermedad de Crohn del 14,51%; la estancia media global en la colitis ulcerosa fue de 1,63 días y en la enfermedad de Crohn de 2,27 días. La media de intervenciones quirúrgicas necesarias para el control de la enfermedad fue de 0,54 ± 1,08 (31,59% de los enfermos); para la colitis ulcerosa de 0,11 ± 0,36 (10,2%) y para la enfermedad de Crohn de 1,04 ± 1,38 (56,25%); p = 0,000. La tasa de mortalidad fue 48,73 fallecimientos/1.000 habitantes (colitis ulcerosa: 65,57; enfermedad de Crohn: 33,08, y ningún caso para la colitis indeterminada; p = NS). La ratio de mortalidad estándar fue de 4,83 (colitis ulcerosa: 6,51 y enfermedad de Crohn: 3,28).

Conclusiones

Destacamos la uniformidad de distribución de la enfermedad en relación a los tipos y el sexo. Confirmamos un mayor nivel sociocultural sólo para los enfermos con enfermedad de Crohn. En estas enfermedades, las influencias genéticas son importantes y se observa una agregación familiar elevada, más relevante en la enfermedad de Crohn. Las complicaciones en este grupo de enfermos son poco frecuentes, destacando una mayor morbilidad para la enfermedad de Crohn reflejada en los requerimientos quirúrgicos e ingresos, pero, sin embargo, con una menor mortalidad que en la colitis ulcerosa.

Aims

To determine several aspects of the epidemiology of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including distribution of the various forms of IBD, sex, age at diagnosis considering lag-time to diagnosis, criteria used in the diagnosis, the relationship between educational level and acti-vity, familial aggregation, phenotype (site and clinical type), number of admissions and mean hospital stay/year, surgical requirements and mortality.

Patients And Methods

We carried out a retrospective (1954-1993) and prospective (1994-97) descriptive epidemiologic population study, in the fifth health district of Gijón in Asturias (Spain), with 225,798 inhabitants. A total of 595 patients diagnosed with chronic IBD according to the diagnostic criteria described by Lennard-Jones and Truelove for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and according to Ashley B. Price's criteria for indeterminate colitis (IC) were studied. In all patients a complete clinical followup was performed.

Results

During the study period, we diagnosed 595 patients with IBD [305 patients with UC (51.3%), 272 (45.7%) patients with CD and 18 (3%) with IC]. Sex distribution was 287 females (48.2%) and 308 males (51.8%), with a male/female ratio of 1.07. Mean age at presentation was 38.79 ± 17.44 years (UC: 43.37 ± 17.55; CD: 33.98 ± 16.16; IC: 33.73 ± 13.48), p = 0.000. Age at onset prior to diagnosis was as follows: UC: 42.03; CD: 30.47; IC: 30.99 (p = 0.000). Diagnostic criteria used in UC was symptomatic in 99.01% (p = ns), endoscopic in 95.04% (p = 0.000), and pathologic in 87.21% (p = 0.000); in CD diagnostic criteria used was radiologic in 85.29% (p = 0.000). A total of 29.1% of patients with UC and 66.7% of those with CD had higher education (p = 0.0005). Family history was found in 9.8%. Anatomical site was as follows: in UC: rectum 21%, 28.2% rectum and sigmoid, 22.3% left colitis, 4.2% distal to hepatic flexure and 24% pancolitis; in CD: 32.72% terminal ileum, 19.11% colon, 37.13% ileo-colon, 11.02% extensive intestinal and 3.67% gastro-duodenal. A total of 8.37% of patients with UC and 14.51% of those with CD had been hospitalized during the previous 4 years; mean hospital stay was 1.63 days in UC and 2.27 days in CD. The mean surgical requirements were 0.54 ± 1.08 (31.59%); UC: 0.11 ± 0.36 (10.2%); CD: 1.04 ± 1.38 (56.25%), p = 0.000. The mortality rate was 48.73 deaths/1,000 inhabitants (UC: T = 65.57; CD: T = 33.08; IC:T= 0) p = ns. The standardized mortality ratio was 4.83 (UC: 6.51; CD: 3.28).

Conclusions

We highlight the uniformity of the distribution of IBD in relation to types of disease and sex. Patients with CD had a higher level of education. Genetic components play an important role in these diseases and familial aggregation was high, especially in CD. Complicated situations are infrequent in this group of patients. Morbidity was higher in patients with CD as reflected by surgical requirements and hospital stay. Mortality was lower in CD than in UC.

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